NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review, Exams of Nursing

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NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Urinary Incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Loss of bladder control with involuntary urination (loss of urine) Types of incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Stress Urge Mixed Overflow Functional Epidemiology of urinary incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS More common in women than men More prevalent in older people Causes of stress incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Increasing age Vaginal delivery Pelvic surgery Menopause Smoking Causes of Urge incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Detrusor muscle overactivity Idiopathic Detrusor muscle instability NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ CNS lesion BPH Bladder neck obstruction Cystitis Increasing age Obesity Causes of overflow incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Urinary retention Impaired detrusor contractility BPH Diabetes CNS lesion Multiple sclerosis Causes of functional incontinence - CORRECT ANSWERS Environmental barriers to toileting Physical impairments How does smoking contribute to incontinence? - CORRECT ANSWERS Coughing can cause stress incontinence Occurs with situations of increased intra-abdominal pressure - CORRECT ANSWERS coughing NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Renal fascia - CORRECT ANSWERS dense connective tissue, anchors kidney and adrenal gland Adipose capsule - CORRECT ANSWERS Protects the kidney from trauma Renal capsule - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth transparent sheet of dense connective tissue. Gives the kidney its shape Renal medulla - CORRECT ANSWERS inner portion of the kidney Renal cortex - CORRECT ANSWERS outer region of the kidney How many renal pyramids in the renal medulla? - CORRECT ANSWERS 10- 18 Renal papilla - CORRECT ANSWERS apex of renal pyramid Renal columns - CORRECT ANSWERS Inward extensions of the cortex tissue separating the renal pyramids. Renal artery - CORRECT ANSWERS blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Blood flow through the kidney - CORRECT ANSWERS Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar arteries, renal columns, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, cortex Afferent arterioles - CORRECT ANSWERS The small blood vessels approaching the glomerulus (proximal part of the nephron) Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWERS tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney Peritubular capillaries - CORRECT ANSWERS The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney Cortical radiate veins - CORRECT ANSWERS transports blood from a peritubular capillary to an arcuate vein Arcuate veins - CORRECT ANSWERS receives blood that drains from the interlobular veins, and feeds into the interlobar veins Interlobar veins - CORRECT ANSWERS receives blood that drains from the arcuate veins before feeding it into the renal veins Renal veins - CORRECT ANSWERS drain the kidneys NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ How many nephrons in each kidney? - CORRECT ANSWERS ~1 million renal tubule - CORRECT ANSWERS microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration Renal corpuscle - CORRECT ANSWERS filters blood plasma Glomerulus - CORRECT ANSWERS A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney. Bowman's capsule - CORRECT ANSWERS cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place. Podocytes - CORRECT ANSWERS These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus. Filtration slits - CORRECT ANSWERS Gaps between podocyte processes surrounding the glomerulus Renal tubule - CORRECT ANSWERS microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Stretchy allowing for bladder distention Barrier between urine and body Detrusor muscle - CORRECT ANSWERS Smooth muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra. Adventita - CORRECT ANSWERS Outer layer of bladder (fibrous) How much urine does the bladder hold - CORRECT ANSWERS ~750 ml Trigome region - CORRECT ANSWERS ureterovesical junctions and internal urethral orifice where the bladder meets the urethra. Urine flow in men - CORRECT ANSWERS Internal urethral orifice, urethra, prostate, prostatic urethra, perineum, intermediate urethra, spongy urethra, external opening internal sphincter - CORRECT ANSWERS Involuntary, controlled by the autonomic nervous system, keeps urethra closed when bladder isn't full external sphincter of bladder - CORRECT ANSWERS composed of skeletal muscle that contracts voluntarily and allows control over when you void/micturition. NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Act of Urination - CORRECT ANSWERS 1. Stretching of bladder wall signals the micturition center in the sacral spinal cord. 2. Impulses from the micturition center in the brain respond to or ignore this urge, thus making urination under voluntary control. 3. When a person is ready to void, the external sphincter relaxes, the micturition reflex stimulates the detrusor muscle to contract, and the bladder empties. Pontine storage center - CORRECT ANSWERS -inhibits micturition -inhibits parasympathetic pathways -excites sympathetic and somatic efferent pathways Pontine Micturition Center (PMC) - CORRECT ANSWERS collection of neuronal cell bodies located in the rostral pons in the brainstem involved in the supraspinal regulation of micturition Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - CORRECT ANSWERS rapid loss of renal function due to damage to the kidneys; formerly called acute renal failure S/S of AKI - CORRECT ANSWERS Increased serum creatinine Increased BUN Oliguria Oliguria - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreased urine output NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Prerenal - CORRECT ANSWERS Hypovolemia Decreased cardiac output Systemic vasodilation Afferent arteriole constriction Efferent arteriole vasodilation Intrarenal - CORRECT ANSWERS direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply Reasons for intrarenal damage - CORRECT ANSWERS Vasculature (trauma, microangiopathy) Glomerulus (acute glomerular nephritis, immune response) Interstitium (Acute interstitial nephritis, allergic response) Tubules (tubular necrosis, secondary to ischemia) Postrenal - CORRECT ANSWERS Ureters (tumor, calculi) Bladder (tumor, calculi, prostatic hyperplasia) Urethra (tumor) urinary tract infection (UTI) - CORRECT ANSWERS When bacteria invade the urinary epithelium to cause inflammation and infection anywhere along the urinary tract. NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Nitrites - CORRECT ANSWERS Most specific finding in a UTI RBCs in urine - CORRECT ANSWERS Greater than 3 RBCs/hpf is considered abnormal. Abnormal morphology of the RBC strongly suggests glomerular disease. RBCs are often present with a UTI (hematuria) Greater than _______ WBC's/hpf is considered abnormal in a urinalysis - CORRECT ANSWERS 5 Microscopic solids composed of a small number of different ions and molecules. - CORRECT ANSWERS Crystals Crystals in urine - CORRECT ANSWERS Common in urine. If they remain small they are not pathologic. Casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Long cylindrical structures formed in the renal tubules due to the precipitation of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein. The most abundant protein excreted by the urine. Form in concentrated or acidic urine. Hyaline casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Most common, consist of THP without other inclusions Muddy brown casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Suggest tubular necrosis NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Waxy casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Suggestive of acute and chronic renal failure Fatty casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Suggestive of nephrotic syndrome RBC casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Suggest glomerulonephritis WBC casts - CORRECT ANSWERS Suggest interstitial inflammation Irritative symptoms of BPH - CORRECT ANSWERS urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency Obstructive symptoms of BPH - CORRECT ANSWERS Incomplete emptying Post void dribbling How do kidney stones form? - CORRECT ANSWERS Calcium and oxalate combine in the urine Where can renal calculi be found? - CORRECT ANSWERS In the ureter or bladder Struvite stones - CORRECT ANSWERS Result from a UTI NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Gold standard for diagnosing renal calculi - CORRECT ANSWERS CT scan Most commonly formed kidney stones - CORRECT ANSWERS Calcium stones Calcium stones - CORRECT ANSWERS Radio dense (can be seen on X-ray) hypercalciuria - CORRECT ANSWERS excessive amount of calcium in the urine Treatment for hypercaciuria - CORRECT ANSWERS Thiazide diuretic What forms struvite stones? - CORRECT ANSWERS Ammonia, magnesium, and phosphate Why does a struvite stone develop? - CORRECT ANSWERS Due to UTI, most often by proteins, Klebsiella and enterobacter species Staghorn stone - CORRECT ANSWERS Obstructs the renal calyx. So named because it contains irregular, hornlike structures NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Helicobacter pylori - CORRECT ANSWERS Common cause of PUD. The spiral shape helps the bacteria invade the mucosa NSAID usage - CORRECT ANSWERS Decreases production of prostaglandins Prostaglandins - CORRECT ANSWERS Play a huge role in stomach lining health Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS hypersecretion of gastric acid that produces peptic ulcers as a result of a non-beta-cell tumor of the pancreatic islets Gastric ulcers S/S - CORRECT ANSWERS Food makes it worse (1-2 hours after a meal) Pain, dull aching Weight loss Coffee ground emesis Bright red blood emesis Duodenal ulcer S/S - CORRECT ANSWERS Food makes stomach feel better Waking at night with gnawing pain Normal weight Dark tarry stool NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Ulcer diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWERS EGD Upper GI series CT scan abd with contrast Urea breath test - CORRECT ANSWERS Pt ingests urea tablet. If H. pylori is present it will break the urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. A breath sample is then collected to measure CO2 levels. Complications of GI ulcer - CORRECT ANSWERS GI bleeding Perforation peritonitis Blockage Increased risk of GI cancer Treatments for ulcers - CORRECT ANSWERS PPI H2 receptor blockers Antibiotics Antacids Bismuth subsalicylates Vagotomy - CORRECT ANSWERS Cutting parts of the vagus nerve to prevent it from stimulating the gut to produce HCL. NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Pyloroplasty - CORRECT ANSWERS Open the pylorus that has narrowed due to scarring Gastric resection - CORRECT ANSWERS Various types. Remove diseased parts of the stomach. Watch for dumping syndrome. Crohn's disease signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS RLQ abdominal pain Diarrhea (+/- blood) Weight loss Fatigue Fever Ulcerative colitis signs and symptoms - CORRECT ANSWERS Diarrhea Crampy abdominal pain Crohn's disease laboratory findings - CORRECT ANSWERS Leukocytosis Increased sed rate Increased CRP Anemia Decreased albumin NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Decreased energy Digestive problems (constipation/diarrhea) Muscle aches Treatment for generalized anxiety disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS Psychotherapy Medications Cognitive behavior therapy - CORRECT ANSWERS Teaches different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting Medications for generalized anxiety disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS Benzodiazepines SSRI Antidepressants Panic disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror Panic disorder s/s - CORRECT ANSWERS Dizziness Chest pain Fear of dying, losing control, impending doom Feelings of choking, detachment, unreality NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Nausea, upset stomach Palpitations Chills Hot flashes Shortness of breath Sweating Trembling Agoraphobia - CORRECT ANSWERS Fear of public or crowded spaces Medications for agoraphobia - CORRECT ANSWERS Antidepressants (SSRI) Benzos Anti-seizure medications Major depression characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS Intense and sustained unpleasant state of sadness and hopelessness. Bipolar disorder characteristics - CORRECT ANSWERS Recurrent patterns of depression and mania Bipolar disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS Euphoria Sleeping less than usual Increased irritability or agitation NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+ Speaking faster than usual Restlessness and difficulty focusing Unipolar disorder - CORRECT ANSWERS Constantly feeling sad, empty, or hopeless Change in appetite and sleeping patterns Feeling fatigued/lack of energy Feeling guilty or worthless Frequently having thoughts of death or suicide Withdrawing from social activities Depression - CORRECT ANSWERS A reduction in brain monoamine neurotransmission Mania - CORRECT ANSWERS a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state NUR507 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW 172Q & AS LATEST UPDATE 2023 GRADED A+