Download NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Urinary Incontinence - Correct Answer: Loss of bladder control with involuntary urination (loss of urine) Types of incontinence - Correct Answer: Stress Urge Mixed Overflow Functional Epidemiology of urinary incontinence - Correct Answer: More common in women than men More prevalent in older people Causes of stress incontinence - Correct Answer: Increasing age Vaginal delivery Pelvic surgery Menopause Smoking NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Causes of Urge incontinence - Correct Answer: Detrusor muscle overactivity Idiopathic Detrusor muscle instability CNS lesion BPH Bladder neck obstruction Cystitis Increasing age Obesity Causes of overflow incontinence - Correct Answer: Urinary retention Impaired detrusor contractility BPH Diabetes CNS lesion Multiple sclerosis NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Pharmacologic: Terazosin, tamsulosin Treatment of functional incontinence - Correct Answer: Identify and alleviate barriers Kidneys - Correct Answer: Workhorses of the urinary system. Clear harmful substances by filtering your blood What do the kidneys regulate? - Correct Answer: Blood pH Volume Pressure Osmolality Produce hormones 3 layers of tissue surrounding kidneys - Correct Answer: Renal fascia Adipose capsule Renal capsule NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Renal fascia - Correct Answer: dense connective tissue, anchors kidney and adrenal gland Adipose capsule - Correct Answer: Protects the kidney from trauma Renal capsule - Correct Answer: Smooth transparent sheet of dense connective tissue. Gives the kidney its shape Renal medulla - Correct Answer: inner portion of the kidney Renal cortex - Correct Answer: outer region of the kidney How many renal pyramids in the renal medulla? - Correct Answer: 10- 18 Renal papilla - Correct Answer: apex of renal pyramid Renal columns - Correct Answer: Inward extensions of the cortex tissue separating the renal pyramids. NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Renal artery - Correct Answer: blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney Blood flow through the kidney - Correct Answer: Aorta, renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar arteries, renal columns, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, cortex Afferent arterioles - Correct Answer: The small blood vessels approaching the glomerulus (proximal part of the nephron) Glomerulus - Correct Answer: tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney Peritubular capillaries - Correct Answer: The network of tiny blood vessels that surrounds the proximal and distal tubules in the kidney Cortical radiate veins - Correct Answer: transports blood from a peritubular capillary to an arcuate vein NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. nephron loop (loop of Henle) - Correct Answer: part of renal tubule composed of descending and ascending loop, responsible for reabsorption of water, Na+, CL-, secrete H+ Distal convoluted tubule - Correct Answer: Between the loop of Henle and the collecting duct; Selective reabsorption and secretion occur here, most notably to regulate reabsorption of water and sodium Minor calyces - Correct Answer: cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal papillae juxtaglomerular complex - Correct Answer: Regulates blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. 3 types of cells in juxtaglomerular complex - Correct Answer: macula densa, granular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells Macula densa cells - Correct Answer: Specialized cells in the ascending limb which monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate entering the DCT NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. extraglomerular mesangial cells - Correct Answer: Help with signaling between maculadensa and juxtaglomerular cells Juxtaglomerular cells - Correct Answer: Receive signal Independently sense decreased blood pressure Secrete enzyme RENIN Renin - Correct Answer: hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) Urine flow - Correct Answer: Renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter ureterovesical junction - Correct Answer: junction where the ureter enters the bladder NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Ureterovesical junction function - Correct Answer: Prevents backflow of urine Rugae - Correct Answer: ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach and bladder Mucosa layer of the bladder - Correct Answer: Transitional epithelium Stretchy allowing for bladder distention Barrier between urine and body Detrusor muscle - Correct Answer: Smooth muscle that compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine into the urethra. Adventita - Correct Answer: Outer layer of bladder (fibrous) How much urine does the bladder hold - Correct Answer: ~750 ml Trigome region - Correct Answer: ureterovesical junctions and internal urethral orifice where the bladder meets the urethra. NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Decreased cardiac output Systemic vasodilation Afferent arteriole constriction Efferent arteriole vasodilation Intrarenal - Correct Answer: direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection, or reduced blood supply Reasons for intrarenal damage - Correct Answer: Vasculature (trauma, microangiopathy) Glomerulus (acute glomerular nephritis, immune response) Interstitium (Acute interstitial nephritis, allergic response) Tubules (tubular necrosis, secondary to ischemia) Postrenal - Correct Answer: Ureters (tumor, calculi) Bladder (tumor, calculi, prostatic hyperplasia) Urethra (tumor) NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. urinary tract infection (UTI) - Correct Answer: When bacteria invade the urinary epithelium to cause inflammation and infection anywhere along the urinary tract. UTI classification - Correct Answer: Lower vs upper Uncomplicated vs compilcated Upper UTI - Correct Answer: Pyelonephritis (kidneys) Ureteritis (Ureters) Phynephrosis Lower UTI - Correct Answer: Bladder (cystitis) Urethra (urethritis) Prostatitis in men Common organisms that cause UTI - Correct Answer: E-coli Staphylococcus saprophyticus Proteus mirabellis Klebsiella NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. How to diagnose UTI - Correct Answer: Urinalysis Risk factors for UTI - Correct Answer: Pregnancy Post-menopause Sexual intercourse Indwelling urinary catheterization BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) - Correct Answer: Enlargement of prostate gland by an increased number of benign cells Renal calculi - Correct Answer: kidney stones Found in the ureter or bladder How do individuals get kidney stones - Correct Answer: Lack of water ingestion or by increase of particles or by decreased stone inhibitors in the urine Urinary incontinence - Correct Answer: inability to control urination NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Waxy casts - Correct Answer: Suggestive of acute and chronic renal failure Fatty casts - Correct Answer: Suggestive of nephrotic syndrome RBC casts - Correct Answer: Suggest glomerulonephritis WBC casts - Correct Answer: Suggest interstitial inflammation Irritative symptoms of BPH - Correct Answer: urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency Obstructive symptoms of BPH - Correct Answer: Incomplete emptying Post void dribbling How do kidney stones form? - Correct Answer: Calcium and oxalate combine in the urine NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Where can renal calculi be found? - Correct Answer: In the ureter or bladder Struvite stones - Correct Answer: Result from a UTI Gold standard for diagnosing renal calculi - Correct Answer: CT scan Most commonly formed kidney stones - Correct Answer: Calcium stones Calcium stones - Correct Answer: Radio dense (can be seen on X-ray) hypercalciuria - Correct Answer: excessive amount of calcium in the urine Treatment for hypercaciuria - Correct Answer: Thiazide diuretic What forms struvite stones? - Correct Answer: Ammonia, magnesium, and phosphate NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Why does a struvite stone develop? - Correct Answer: Due to UTI, most often by proteins, Klebsiella and enterobacter species Staghorn stone - Correct Answer: Obstructs the renal calyx. So named because it contains irregular, hornlike structures Uric acid stone - Correct Answer: Found in a patient with gout. Purine increases, leading to stone formation. Radiolucent (cannot be seen on Xray). Uric acid stone treatment - Correct Answer: Hydration, increasing alkalinity of urine with potassium bicarbonate. Allopurinol is also prescribed Cystine stone - Correct Answer: A rare form of kidney stone consisting of the amino acid cystine. NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Helicobacter pylori - Correct Answer: Common cause of PUD. The spiral shape helps the bacteria invade the mucosa NSAID usage - Correct Answer: Decreases production of prostaglandins Prostaglandins - Correct Answer: Play a huge role in stomach lining health Zollinger-Ellison syndrome - Correct Answer: hypersecretion of gastric acid that produces peptic ulcers as a result of a non-beta-cell tumor of the pancreatic islets Gastric ulcers S/S - Correct Answer: Food makes it worse (1-2 hours after a meal) Pain, dull aching Weight loss Coffee ground emesis Bright red blood emesis NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Duodenal ulcer S/S - Correct Answer: Food makes stomach feel better Waking at night with gnawing pain Normal weight Dark tarry stool Ulcer diagnosis - Correct Answer: EGD Upper GI series CT scan abd with contrast Urea breath test - Correct Answer: Pt ingests urea tablet. If H. pylori is present it will break the urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. A breath sample is then collected to measure CO2 levels. Complications of GI ulcer - Correct Answer: GI bleeding Perforation peritonitis Blockage Increased risk of GI cancer NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Treatments for ulcers - Correct Answer: PPI H2 receptor blockers Antibiotics Antacids Bismuth subsalicylates Vagotomy - Correct Answer: Cutting parts of the vagus nerve to prevent it from stimulating the gut to produce HCL. Pyloroplasty - Correct Answer: Open the pylorus that has narrowed due to scarring Gastric resection - Correct Answer: Various types. Remove diseased parts of the stomach. Watch for dumping syndrome. Crohn's disease signs and symptoms - Correct Answer: RLQ abdominal pain Diarrhea (+/- blood) Weight loss NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Delusions of grandeur Racing thoughts emotional highs and emotional lows Generalized anxiety disorder - Correct Answer: Anxiety about every day things Causes of generalized anxiety disorder - Correct Answer: Genetic Environment Fear Generalized anxiety disorder s/s - Correct Answer: Frequent worry & tension Edginess Restlessness Impaired concentration Mind goes blank Irritability NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Physiological symptoms of anxiety - Correct Answer: Insomnia Decreased energy Digestive problems (constipation/diarrhea) Muscle aches Treatment for generalized anxiety disorder - Correct Answer: Psychotherapy Medications Cognitive behavior therapy - Correct Answer: Teaches different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting Medications for generalized anxiety disorder - Correct Answer: Benzodiazepines SSRI Antidepressants Panic disorder - Correct Answer: an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror NUR507 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Questions with Complete solutions 2023. Panic disorder s/s - Correct Answer: Dizziness Chest pain Fear of dying, losing control, impending doom Feelings of choking, detachment, unreality Nausea, upset stomach Palpitations Chills Hot flashes Shortness of breath Sweating Trembling Agoraphobia - Correct Answer: Fear of public or crowded spaces Medications for agoraphobia - Correct Answer: Antidepressants (SSRI) Benzos Anti-seizure medications