NURS 142 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED A, Exams of Nursing

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NURS 142 FINAL EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 200 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A In what shape do you palpate and auscultate the lungs? - ...ANSWER a Z shape (same lung and side to side) How does blood flow through the heart starting at the superior vena cava? - ...ANSWER right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta What are the three reference lines for assessing the heart? - ...ANSWER mid-sternal line, mid-clavicular line, and interior axillary line Where is the mid-sternal reference line on the heart? - ...ANSWER vertical down the sternum Where is the mid-clavicular line reference line on the heart? - ...ANSWER vertical down the middle of the clavicle Where is the interior axillary reference line on the heart? - ...ANSWER vertical down the axilla What are some risk factors for developing heart problems? - ...ANSWER- smoking - sedentary lifestyle - obese - high sodium and high fat diet - alcohol intake What are you looking for when inspecting the precordium? - ...ANSWER skin color, lesions, or masses What areas do you palpate on the heart? - ...ANSWER apex, left sternal border, and base What are you looking for when palpating the precordium? - ...ANSWER masses, tenderness, lifts, heaves, thrills, and PMI What is the PMI - ...ANSWER point of maximal impulse Where is the PMI located? - ...ANSWER at the apex at the 4th-5th ICS at the MCL What are the 5 different areas of the heart to identify? - ...ANSWER1. aortic area 2. pulmonic area 3. erb's point 4. tricuspid area 5. mitral area What are you listening for when auscultating the carotid arteries? - ...ANSWER bruit or other abnormal sounds What are you looking for when inspecting the jugular vein? - ...ANSWER location and if there is distension when laterally rotating Is distension of the jugular vein normal or abnormal? - ...ANSWERabnormal What circulatory systems are involved in the peripheral vascular system? - ...ANSWERarterial, venous, lymphatic What do the arteries do? - ...ANSWERcarry oxygenated blood to the body What do the veins do? - ...ANSWERreturn deoxygenated blood to the lungs What do the lymph vessels do? - ...ANSWERexchange fluid What are DVT's - ...ANSWERdeep vein thrombosis (blood clots) What is PAD - ...ANSWERperipheral artery disease (thickening of arterial walls) What are you looking for when inspecting the extremities during a peripheral vascular assessment? - ...ANSWERsymmetry, skin color such as cyanosis, erythema, pallor, and jaundice, lesions, hair distribution, clubbing of nails, muscle bulk, atrophy, and hypertrophy What are you looking for when palpating the extremities during a peripheral vascular assessment? - ...ANSWERtemperature, texture, skin turgor (elasticity, resiliency, tenting), capillary refill, edema (pitting or non pitting) What is the normal time it should take for capillary refill? - ...ANSWER2-3 seconds What is considered a sluggish capillary refill? - ...ANSWERif it it less than 5 seconds What is the scale for pitting edema? - ...ANSWER+1- slight pitting (2mm) +2- increased pitting (4mm) +3- deeper pitting (6mm) +4- severe pitting (8mm) What are the peripheral pulses? - ...ANSWER- temporal - carotid - brachial - radial - femoral - popliteal - posterior tibial - dorsalis pedis What are you looking for when palpating the peripheral pulses? - ...ANSWERpresent/absent, symmetry (equal bilaterally), strength What is the scale for assessing pulse strength? - ...ANSWER0- absent +1- weak, thready +2- normal +3- increased +4- bounding How would you properly document a +2, normal pulse? - ...ANSWER+2/4 Where do you palpate for edema? - ...ANSWERover bony prominences Where is the epitrochlear lymph node? - ...ANSWERbehind and right above the elbow Where is the inguinal lymph node? - ...ANSWERmedial groin area Which arteries do you auscultate during a peripheral vascular assessment? - ...ANSWERtemporal and carotid arteries distention), hair distribution, movements (peristalsis, pulsations), umbilicus (inverted, everted, midline) What is the correct order in assessing the abdomen? - ...ANSWERinspection, auscultation, palpation What are you listening for when auscultating the abdomen? - ...ANSWERpresence/absence, character(describe), frequency(#/min) How long do you listen for in each quadrant? - ...ANSWER15 seconds each What are you looking for when palpating the abdomen? - ...ANSWERsoft/hard, tenderness, guarding, distention, masses, muscle resistance Is abdominal guarding voluntary or involuntary? - ...ANSWERvoluntary Is abdominal muscle resistance voluntary or involuntary? - ...ANSWERinvoluntary What is the midpoint of the abdomen? - ...ANSWERumbilicus What are the 9 regions of the abdomen? - ...ANSWERright hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilicus, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, and left inguinal What is odynophagia? - ...ANSWERpainful swallowing What is dysphagia? - ...ANSWERdifficulty swallowing What is anorexia? - ...ANSWERlack of appetite What is rebound tenderness? - ...ANSWERwhile palpating the abdomen, they have no pain but pain when not palpating What is hematuria? - ...ANSWERblood in the urine What is pyuria? - ...ANSWERpus in the urine What does darker bloody stool indicate? - ...ANSWERit has been there awhile in the lower GI What does a lighter bloody stool indicate? - ...ANSWERfresh, higher in GI How long do you assess each quadrant if no bowel sounds were heard in a quadrant? - ...ANSWERstart over, listen for 1 minute in each quadrant What are you looking at when taking a full nutritional assessment? - ...ANSWER- food intake - height and weight - labs - nestle nutritional tool - dementia/ neuro disorders - mobility What are primary nutrients? - ...ANSWERcarbohydrates, fats and proteins What are secondary nutrients? - ...ANSWERvitamins and minerals How many calories are in a gram of carbohydrates? - ...ANSWER4 How many calories are in a gram of protein? - ...ANSWER4 How many calories are in a gram of fat? - ...ANSWER9 What are you looking for when inspecting the head? - ...ANSWERsize, shape, symmetry, deformities, facial symmetry, facial expression, skin color, erect, proportional to body size. look at hair for color and hygiene What are you looking for when palpating the head? - ...ANSWERtexture of hair, infestations, masses, lesions, and mobility What are you looking for when inspecting the neck? - ...ANSWERtrachea (midline), lesions, fullness of neck, swelling, erythema, and ROM when laterally turning head general appearance of the teeth: how many, alignment, dental work, color, signs of decay, dentures and fit, and abnormal odor color and intactness of hard and soft palate uvula lift, midline and symmetry of uvula and tongue general salivary flow What is the scale for grading tonsils? - ...ANSWER+1 pillar +2 beyond pillar +3 see them +4 touching What is halitosis? - ...ANSWERbad breath What is anosmia? - ...ANSWERloss of smell How can anosmia affect the elderly? - ...ANSWERcan happen with dementia. decreases appetite and overall food intake What are you looking for when inspecting the eyes? - ...ANSWERsymmetry, alignment of outer canthus with pinna of ears, obvious deformities, eye shape and symmetry, clarity of cornea, color of sclera, clarity of conjunctiva, color and symmetry of iris, fullness and symmetry of eyelashes and eyebrows, ability to close eyelids all the way while blinking and symmetry, and drooping What is ptosis? - ...ANSWEReyelid drooping What are you looking for when palpating the eyes? - ...ANSWERif the orbits are tender and if the lacrimal apparatus is tender or swollen What chart is used to measure distance vision? - ...ANSWERsnellen chart What chart is used to measure near vision? - ...ANSWERjaeger chart How can color blindness be tested? - ...ANSWERon the snellen chart What does the corneal light reflex test test for? - ...ANSWERstrabismus What are you looking for when performing the corneal light reflex test? - ...ANSWERsymmetry of reflection of light on the cornea What test would you perform if the patient was strabismus positive? - ...ANSWERcover/uncover test What is strabismus? - ...ANSWERlazy eye What are you looking for when performing the six cardinal fields of gaze? - ...ANSWERsymmetry and smoothness of the eye and no nystagmus What is nystagmus? - ...ANSWERinvoluntary shakiness of eyes What are you looking for when performing the pupillary reflex test? - ...ANSWERsize, shape, symmetry, direct pupillary constriction and accommodation, PERRLA What is the expected finding after performing the pupillary reflex test? - ...ANSWERconsensual response What does PERRLA stand for? - ...ANSWERpupils equal, round, reactive to light, and accommodation What does a dead retina indicate? - ...ANSWERblindness What does intraocular mean? - ...ANSWERthe lens and back What does extra ocular mean? - ...ANSWERin front of the lens What determines eyesight? - ...ANSWERthe lens and how light hits the retina What is glaucoma? - ...ANSWERincreased intraocular pressure What is a cataract? - ...ANSWERclouding of the lens What is an example of a ball and socket joint? - ...ANSWERthe hip What is an example of a hinge joint? - ...ANSWERelbow What is an example of a pivot joint? - ...ANSWERatlas and axis What is an example of a saddle joint? - ...ANSWERcarpal and metacarpal of the thumb What is an example of a gliding/ plane joint? - ...ANSWERbetween tarsal bones What is an example of a condyloid joint? - ...ANSWERwrist What is osteoporosis? - ...ANSWERa loss of bone density What are examples of things that can cause loss of bone density? - ...ANSWER- excessive alcohol or caffeine - smoking - lack of weight bearing exercises - low calcium or vitamin D levels - genetics Where is the morse fall scale used? - ...ANSWERmostly hospitals What two scales are used to assess if someone is a fall risk? - ...ANSWERmorse fall scale and hendrich II fall risk model What is a fibrous joint and an example? - ...ANSWERimmovable joints, sutures of the skull What are cartilaginous joints and examples? - ...ANSWERsemi movable, pubic symphysis and ribs and sternum What is active ROM? - ...ANSWERthe patient is able to move the joint on their own What is passive ROM? - ...ANSWERintervention to help the patient move joints What are you looking for when inspecting the body of a patient during a musculoskeletal assessment? - ...ANSWERposture, gait, mobility, ability to stand, deformities of spine, muscle characteristics such as swelling, hypertrophy, atrophy, and symmetry, and lacerations of lesions on skin What is scoliosis? - ...ANSWERlateral curvature of the spine What is kyphosis? - ...ANSWERconvex curvature of the thoracic spine What is lordosis? - ...ANSWERswayback, concaveness of lumbar spine What are you looking for while inspecting/palpating the joints? - ...ANSWERtissue color and condition, symmetry, size, contour, temperature, tenderness, swelling, masses, deformities, crepitus What is crepitus? - ...ANSWERcracking sound from bone and cartilage friction What is the ROM for the TMJ? - ...ANSWERopening and closing and clench teeth What is the resistance test for the TMJ? - ...ANSWERopening mouth against resistance What is the ROM for the cervical spine and neck area? - ...ANSWERflexion, extension, hyperextension, lateral flexion, lateral rotation What is the resistance test for the cervical spine and neck area? - ...ANSWERlateral rotation right and left against resistance What is the ROM for the shoulders? - ...ANSWERflexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation, and circumduction What is the range for a severe case of scoliosis? - ...ANSWER40+ What is structural scoliosis? - ...ANSWERcurvature of the spine due to vertebral rotation What is non structural scoliosis? - ...ANSWERone side of the body is not strong enough to hold the other side up What does idiopathic mean? - ...ANSWERunknown cause What is the time frame of someone to be considered a fall risk? - ...ANSWERif they had a fall within the past 30 days to 3 months What is the Adam forward bend test? - ...ANSWERpatient leans forward and assess for scoliosis by looking at a height difference in shoulder blades or hips What is the thoracic cage? - ...ANSWERbony structure that protects the lungs and thorax What are the structures associated with the thoracic cage? - ...ANSWERsternum, ribs, spine, and scapula What are the three anterior reference lines of the thorax? - ...ANSWERmid-sternal, mid-clavicular, and anterior axillary What are the two posterior reference lines of the thorax? - ...ANSWERspinal/vertebral and scapular Where does the mid-sternal reference line run? - ...ANSWERvertical down the sternum Where does the mid-clavicular reference line run? - ...ANSWERvertical down the middle of the clavicle Where does the anterior axillary reference line run? - ...ANSWERvertical down the axilla Where does the spinal/vertebral reference line run? - ...ANSWERvertical down the spine Where does the scapular reference line run? - ...ANSWERvertical down the middle of the scapula How many lobes does the right lung have? - ...ANSWER3 How many lobes does the left lung have? - ...ANSWER2 Where is the apex of the lung on the body? - ...ANSWERabove the clavicle Where else can you listen to lung sounds other than anteriorly and posteriorly? - ...ANSWERlaterally underneath the axilla Is inspiration an active or passive process? - ...ANSWERactive What does the lung do during inspiration? - ...ANSWERthe lung descends Is expiration an active or passive process? - ...ANSWERpassive What does the lung do during expiration? - ...ANSWERthe lung recoils What do patients with chronic respiratory issues do to exhale? - ...ANSWERforce exhale and lung recoilation What can you teach about health promotion for the lungs and thorax? - ...ANSWER- smoking cessation - aerobic exercise - healthy environment - controlling asthma attacks - how to use inhalers What is hypoxemia? - ...ANSWERlow concentration of oxygen in the blood What is hypoxia? - ...ANSWERlow oxygen in the tissues What is pneumothorax? - ...ANSWERcollapsed area of a lung lobe/ area of the lung When auscultating the bronchovesicular location, should the inspiration be shorter, longer, or equal to expiration? - ...ANSWERequal to When auscultating the vesicular location, should the inspiration be shorter, longer, or equal to expiration? - ...ANSWERlonger and louder About how many locations should you auscultate on a patient with a shorter stature? - ...ANSWER6-8 spaces About how many locations should you auscultate on a patient with a taller stature? - ...ANSWER8-10 spaces What are some factors influencing nutrition? - ...ANSWER- medication - lifestyle choices - socioeconomic status - geographical status (availability) - education - cultural influences (healing properties) - religious influences (fasting or abstaining) What are areas of health promotion for nutrition? - ...ANSWER- access to healthy foods - physical activity - excessive alcohol intake - lifestyle choices T or F malnutrition can come across as both overweight or underweight - ...ANSWERT What are landmarks of assessment for the breast? - ...ANSWERupper inner, upper outer, lower inner, lower outer, tail of spence What are you looking for when inspecting the breast? - ...ANSWER- color and texture - size and shape - symmetry - contour - venous patterns - moles - nipple and areola characteristics What are you looking for when palpating the breast? - ...ANSWER- skin texture - vertical or concentric - consistency - tenderness - nodular - location - size - shape - mobility - nipple and areola What are the different positions to assess the patients breasts? - ...ANSWERwhen sitting, raise hands, and hands firmly on hips Do you palpate the genitourinary systems of the male and female? - ...ANSWERno What are you looking for when inspecting the genitourinary system in males and females? - ...ANSWER- trauma - lesions - piercing - uncircumcised/circumcised - bulges - infestations - swelling - inflammation In what position do you put the patient when inspecting to anus? - ...ANSWERsims What are indications of hemorrhoids? - ...ANSWER- pain - bleeding - discharge - itching - color changes - swelling What is rectocele? - ...ANSWERprolapse of the rectum through the vagina What is radiating pain? - ...ANSWERfeel the site of origin and spreads What is referred pain? - ...ANSWERcannot feel pain at site of origin, feel the pain elsewhere What is chronic pain? - ...ANSWERlasting longer than expected ( >6 months) What is breakthrough pain? - ...ANSWERpain that is no longer helped by medicine regimen What is neuropathic pain? - ...ANSWERpain that results from damage to central or peripheral nerves What is phantom pain? - ...ANSWERpain that comes from a body part that has been amputated or that is paralyzed What is psychogenic pain? - ...ANSWERemotional or mental originated What is intractable pain? - ...ANSWERpain that cannot be controlled What is a pain threshold? - ...ANSWERamount of pain stimulation that is takes to feel pain What is pain tolerance? - ...ANSWERmaximum level of pain someone can tolerate What are factors that influence pain? - ...ANSWER- past pain experience - anxiety and other stressors - cultural/ethnic variables - religious beliefs - family, age, gender variables - environment and support people What are characteristics of pain? - ...ANSWER- location - intensity (pain scale) - onset - quality - duration - etiology - relieving/aggravating factors What are the two scales used to measure pain? - ...ANSWERfaces scale and flack scale What happens to the vitals and pupils when someone is experiencing pain? - ...ANSWERvitals increase and pupils dilate? What are psychosocial manifestations of pain? - ...ANSWER- fight or flight response - visible symptoms - verbal expressions - uncontrolled pain What is rest? - ...ANSWERa condition in which the body is in a decreased state of activity, with the consequent feeling of being refreshed What is sleep? - ...ANSWERa state of rest accompanied by altered consciousness and relative inactivity What are the two main stages of sleep? - ...ANSWERNREM and REM How many sub stages are in the NREM stage of sleep? - ...ANSWER4 Describe stage 1 of NREM sleep - ...ANSWERgradual decrease in VS, lasts a few minutes and easily aroused Describe stage 2 of NREM sleep - ...ANSWERrelaxation continues, lasts 10-20 minutes, relatively easy to arouse Describe stage 3 of NREM sleep - ...ANSWERmuscles relax, rarely move, lasts 15-30 minutes, difficult to arouse Describe stage 4 of NREM sleep - ...ANSWERdeepest sleep, lasts 15-30 minutes, very difficult to arouse, rejuvenation period What are components of the general objective assessment of psychosocial health? - ...ANSWER- general appearance - behavior - cognitive function - thought process - mini mental health assessment What are the two parts of a emotional assessment? - ...ANSWER- self concept - stress and coping What is self concept? - ...ANSWERhow someone feels about themselves What is stress and coping? - ...ANSWERhow someone is feeling about their life stressors What is the SAFET mnemonic? - ...ANSWERSuicide Assessment Five step Evaluation Triage What are the 5 components of a SAFET assessment? - ...ANSWER1. identify risk factors 2. identify protective factors 3. conduct suicide inquiry 4. determine risk level/ intervention 5. documentation What is the alcohol CAGE mnemonic? - ...ANSWERC- cut down on drinking A- annoyed by criticism of drinking G- guilty feelings about drinking E- eye opener needed to steady your nerves or get started in the morning What is the spiritual HOPE mnemonic? - ...ANSWERH- source of hope O- organized religion P- personal practices E- effects of medical care and end of life issues What is the cycle of abuse? - ...ANSWER1. tensions build 2. incident 3. reconciliation 4. calm What are you looking for psychically when inspecting during a violence assessment? - ...ANSWER- bruising and different stages of healing - baggy and covered clothing - fractures (multiple) - spiral fractures in children - sexual trauma What are you looking for psychosocial wise when performing a violence assessment? - ...ANSWER- evasive - guarded communication - incongruence in story or facts - interactions between caregiver or family members - neglect How long do you have to report abuse via phone call? - ...ANSWER24 hours How long do you have to report abuse via a written note? - ...ANSWER48 hours What must you do as the nurse during an abuse case? - ...ANSWER- report - make sure the patient is safe - document what you see - get patient alone What are the three principal components are breast tissue? - ...ANSWER...1. glandular tissue 2. fibrous tissue that supports the glandular tissue, includes suspensory tissue 3. fat What are the three things that male breasts consist of? - ...ANSWER...1. small nipple 2. areola 3. thin disc of undeveloped breast tissue What are the lymphatics of breast tissue, when fluid drains from the breast, where does it go? - ...ANSWER...1. most drain toward axilla 4. nipple inversion 5. bloody discharge What causes dimpling of the breast tissue? - ...ANSWER...1. tissue fibrosis - causes tissue contraction and dimpling 2. may be visible only when tissue is compressed What causes Peau d'orange? - ...ANSWER...1. breast tumor blocking the flow of lymph causing edema 2. looks like a pinpoint rash on breast What does bloody discharge of a breast suggest? - ...ANSWER...1. a ductal carcinoma How do you document masses? - ...ANSWER...1. Location 2. Size 3. Shape/ Surface 4. Consistency 5. Mobility 6. Tenderness When examining a male patient's chest, you find abnormal breast tissue. What is this called? And when is it normal? - ...ANSWER...1. gynecomastia 2. in prepubertal males When teaching a self breast exam to a patient, what instructions do you give them? - ...ANSWER...1. a consistent time each month 2. one week after period starts - breasts are less tender 3. if patient is postmenopausal suggest first day of month What is a BSE? - ...ANSWER...Self breast exam What are Bartholin's glands and why are they important? - ...ANSWER...1. located in lower right and left portions of the vagina 2. mucus-secreting glands that play a role in vaginal lubrication 3. can become infected, swollen, and painful What is dysuria? - ...ANSWER...pain w/ urination What is hematuria? - ...ANSWER...blood in the urine What is anuria? - ...ANSWER...no urine production what is polyuria? - ...ANSWER...frequent urination what is nocturia? - ...ANSWER...excessive voiding at night What is another name for kidney stones? - ...ANSWER...renal calculi or urolithiasis What are some symptoms of kidney stones? - ...ANSWER...1. severe pain, nausea, vomiting, chills, and hematuria 2. pain is sharp in side, back, abdomen, or groin 3. pain is excruciating - worse than childbirth What is another name for a UTI? - ...ANSWER...1. cystitis What is a urinary tract infection? What are the symptoms and how is it diagnosed? - ...ANSWER...1. caused by bacteria entering the bladder via the urethra 2. symptoms include burning on urination, feeling an urgent and frequent need to urinate 3. hematuria 4. diagnosed by urinalysis or culture Why should the UTI be treated? - ...ANSWER...can cause urosepsis - bacteria in blood What is a cystocele? - ...ANSWER...1. when the wall b/t the vagina and the bladder weakens 2. can cause bladder to drop or sag into the vag 3. caused by increased pressure on pelvic muscles - like childbirth What is a rectocele? - ...ANSWER...1. when the wall of the rectum bulges into the vagina 2. results from weakness b/t the rectum and the vaginal wall What is a Benign Prostate Hyperplasia? (BPH) - ...ANSWER...1. an enlarged prostate lead to? What should you try to avoid that is in all of these? - ...ANSWER...1. obesity and pre-diabetes 2. chronic inflammation - causes vascular disease, strokes, dementia, and cancer 3. high fructose corn syrup should be avoided!! Why is seafood beneficial? How much should you consume in a week? - ...ANSWER...1. protein, minerals, and omega-3 fatty acids 2. at least 8 oz a week What are 4 contributing factors to poor nutrition? - ...ANSWER...1. low SES 2. illness --> depression 3. stress 4. ignorance What are five social determinants of health? - ...ANSWER...1. social and community context 2. education 3. economic stability 4. neighborhood and built environment 5. healthcare access Who are the most at risk for malnutrition? - ...ANSWER...1. infants 2. children 3. adolescents What ensures the best possible start to life? - ...ANSWER...nutrition early in life - 1000 days from conception to 2nd bday What is available to fight malnutrition to lower income families? - ...ANSWER...The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) What encourages poor eating and malnutrition? And what is it? - ...ANSWER...1. food desert 2. an urban area where it is difficult to buy affordable/ good-quality fresh food With the Objective Nutrition Assessment of the Skin, what are you looking for and why is it important? - ...ANSWER...1. looking for skin that bruises easily and is flaky and dry - caused by dehydration 2. look for delayed wound healing - lack of nutrients delay the stages of wound healing How should you check for dehydration? - ...ANSWER...1. pinch skin and look for "tenting" - when skin does not immediately go back to flat state 2. check on abdominal wall 3. skin on elderly has lost elasticity so this is not an accurate measure on them With the Objective Nutrition Assessment of the hair what are you looking for and why? - ...ANSWER...1. look for dull, brittle dry hair that falls out easily - cells turn over rapidly With the Objective Nutrition Assessment of the nails, what are you looking for? - ...ANSWER...1. look for nails that are weak and brittle - cells turn over quickly What does BMI measure and why it it important? - ...ANSWER...1. Body Mass Index 2. measures Body size - combines weight and height 3. this measurement can give an idea about a person's weight category What are the BMI measurements for underweight, healthy, overweight, obese, and morbidly obese? - ...ANSWER...1. underweight - below 18.5 2. healthy - 18.5 through 24.9 3. overweight - 25 through 29.9 4. obese - 29.9 through 39.9 5. morbidly obese - 40 + What four things are important about waist circumference? - ...ANSWER...1. helps screen possible health risks that come with overweight and obesity 2. fat around waist metabolizes differently from hip fat 3. higher waist circumference increases risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes 4. risk increases with women waist size higher than 35 inches and 40 inches for men What 10 factors affect physical growth of a human? - ...ANSWER...1. heredity Sensorimotor stage of cognitive development - ...ANSWER...1. birth to 2 years 2. uses senses and motor skills, items known by use 3. object permanence learned Pre-operational stage of cognitive development - ...ANSWER...1. 2-6 2. symbolic thinking, language used, egocentric thinking 3. imagination/ experience grow, child de-centers Concrete Operation stage of cognitive development - ...ANSWER...1. 7-11 2. logic applied, has objective/ rational interpretations 3. conservation, numbers, ideas, classifications Formal Operational stage - ...ANSWER...1. 12 to adulthood 2. thinks abstractly, hypothetical ideas - broader issues 3. ethics, politics, social/ moral issues explored What is the Mini-Nutritional Assessment form? MNA - ...ANSWER...1. used globally 2. prediction of poor outcomes What is a Mini Mental State Exam? What is it used for? - ...ANSWER...1. orientation to time: "what is the date" 2. registration: "repeat these 4 words after me" 3. attention and calculation - subtract 7 from 100, continue 5 times 4. recall - ask 3 words repeated earlier 5. language 6. coping - ask patient to copy intersecting pentagons 7. used to screen for dementia, helpful to assess with patients that have a cognitive disruption What is important about verbal and nonverbal communication? - ...ANSWER...1. body lanuage, facial expression, tone and volume of voice 2. nonverbal cues are more believable than verbal cues 3. communication contains both a message and an emotion 4. emotion is expressed through non-verbal cues What are some potential questions to assess suicidal intent? - ...ANSWER...1. "Do you ever feel like life is not worth living?" 2. How often do you feel completely hopeless? 3. Have you lost interested in things that usually interest you? 4. How likely are you to hurt yourself? 5. How often do you think about killing yourself?