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A comprehensive set of questions and answers covering key concepts in nurs 231 pathophysiology module 2. It covers topics such as tumor markers, cancer diagnosis, tnm system, cell proliferation and differentiation, stem cells, polyps, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, cancer treatment, metastasis, risk factors, and screening methods. Ideal for students preparing for exams or seeking a deeper understanding of the subject.
Typology: Exams
1 / 22
Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 57 minutes 90.5 out of 100
This attempt took 57 minutes.
True/False:
Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not?
Your Answer:
it is false because,levels are elevated under the bening condition, however the most levels are not elevated in early stages of malignant
False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence.
What is the most important procedure in diagnosing the correct cancer and histology?
Your
Answer:
tissue
biopsy
tissue biopsy
Your Answer:
pain and bleeding
weight loss and hair loss,
**1. Bleeding; sore that doesn’t heal; fluid in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces; chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal discomfort or swelling. Other possible answers can include a mass or lump, pain (need to be specific), fatigue, fevers, weight loss
Explain the TNM system:
Your Answer:
TNM system is divided 3 stages to dignose
cancer, T- is the shape and location of the
primary tumor
N- is envolment of the lymp nodes
M- is the extend of matastatic envelment
T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor.
N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes.
M is the extent of the metastatic involvement.
Your Answer:
surgery is the is the first treatment of solid tumor when it has well deferentiated margin, it can be remove completely, or oncology emergancy and prophalcit surgery for high risk PT
neutropenia , risk of
infection anamia ,fatigue
thromyopenia risk of
bleeding
1. Surgery is often the first treatment for solid tumors. If the tumor is small with well-defined margins, it can be removed completely. It is also used for oncologic emergencies and prophylactic surgery in high risk patients.
Neutropenia- risk for infections
Anemia- causing fatigue
Thrombocytopenia- risk for bleeding
Correct!
True/False:
Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
True
False
False, cell differentiation
Correct!
What are two important properties that stem cells
possess? Your Answer:
self
renewal
potncy
Potency and self-renewal
True/False: Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types.
True
False
These are cells of the same lineage that have not yet differentiated to the extent that they have lost their ability to divide:
Your
Answer:
angiogenesi
s
progenitor or parent cells
Define polyp. Are they benign or
malignant? Your Answer:
they project from the mecousas of in the intestine, they are fingerlike and project, they are bening
A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant
What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if
mutated?
Your Answer:
protoocongenes
protooncogenes
What is a tumor suppressor gene? Give one
example. Your Answer:
tumer supress gene slows the cell division, repair DNA mistakes, also play role by inhibiting the proleferation of the cell
example is brca1 and 2 , tp 53
Tumor suppressor genes are associated with gene underactivity. These genes slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die. BRCA1 or 2, TP
A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor.
Your Answer:
bening has well differentaited ,grows by expansion, progress slow, does not metastasis, does not cause problem , unles its compressing blood vessels or the brain
malignant invades surrounding tissue and oragan, grows rapidly, spread, can matastasis can cause cancer, c and invade other organs and tissue and its very dengerous
Leiomyoma is a benign tumor. (Leiomyosarcoma is malignant) Student can add any of the following: Benign tumors are well-differentiated cells, resemble the cells of tissues of origin, and have a slow, progressive rate of growth. They grow by expansion and remain localized to their site of origin, not capable of metastasizing. They develop a rim of connective tissue around the tumor called a fibrous capsule, which aids in surgical removal. Benign tumors are less of a threat unless they interfere with vital functions Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy tissue. They grow rapidly, spread to other parts of the body, and lack well- defined margins. They can compress blood vessels and outgrow their blood supply, causing ischemia and tissue injury. Surgery can be more difficult if it has spread.
A 62-year-old man with a 30-pack year smoking history is diagnosed with small cell lung cancer with metastasis to the bone. (1) Explain the process of how cancer spreads metastatically. (2) What symptoms might he have presented with? (3) Which screening test would he have benefited from?
Your Answer:
first matastasisng cancer cell must break lose, and invade the surounding extra cellualr matrix to get acecess blod vessels,to gorw, then it must survive through the blood stream until it comes up a favorable location to deveopl the blood supply and invade the surounding tissue
2- coughing, shortness breath bone
pain 3- yearly shows los dose chest
CT
(1) Metastasis- a cancer cell must break loose from the primary tumor, invade the surrounding extracellular matrix, gain access to a blood vessel, survive its passage in the bloodstream, emerge at a favorable location, invade the surrounding tissue, begin to grow, and establish a blood supply. (2) Chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, bone pain. (3) Yearly low-dose chest CT.
Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply.
Malignant tummors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply.
Correct!
Correct!
Correct!
Correct!
Correct!
Variable rate of growth
Spreads by metastasis
Well-differentiated cells
Fibrous capsule
What are molecular and cellular mechanisms in genes that increase susceptibility to cancer? Select all that apply.
Lack of cellular
senescence Angiogenesis
Ability to undergo apoptosis
Mutations in growth factor signaling pathways
Intact DNA repair genes
List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module.
Your Answer:
obisity
radation
cancer causing agents
envirnmental agent
heredity
hormonal
Heredity, hormonal factors, obesity, immunologic mechanisms, environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, and cancer-causing viruses.
Your Answer:
chemotherapy
cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome
**1. chemotherapy
Correct!
Correct!
Correct!
Which of the following are risk factors for developing cancer? Select all that apply.
HBV
Alcohol
High intake of smoked meats
Deodorant
Correct!
List one example of screening for each method: observation, palpation, and lab test/procedure:
Your Answer:
abservation, skin
mouth palpation,
thyroid, rectum
lab test, pap smear, mommogarphy
All of the following statements about carcinogenesis are true except:
Chemical carcinogenesis is usually a multistep phenomenon
Initiators cause irreversible damage to DNA
Promoters of carcinogenesis exert their effect before
initiation Promoters act at a later stage
Promoters of carcinogenesis induce cell proliferation
Observation: skin, mouth, external genitalia Palpation: breast, thyroid, rectum and anus, prostate, lymph nodes
Laboratory tests and procedures: Pap smear, colonoscopy, mammography
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