NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 3 LATEST REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 3 LATEST REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING Pathophysiology Module 3 Latest Review Exam Q & A 2024 1. Which of the following is a primary physical barrier in the body's defense system against pathogens? A) Mucous membranes B) T lymphocytes C) Antibodies D) Fever Answer: A) Mucous membranes Rationale: Mucous membranes line various cavities in the body and are one of the first lines of defense in the immune response, trapping pathogens and preventing further entry into the body. 2. During an infection, which cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T cells? A) Neutrophils B) Macrophages C) Erythrocytes D) Platelets Answer: B) Macrophages Rationale: Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that engulf pathogens and present their antigens on their surface to T cells, initiating an adaptive immune response. 3. What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in pathogen elimination? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis of pathogens C) Destruction of virus-infected cells D) Activation of the complement system Answer: C) Destruction of virus-infected cells Rationale: NK cells are a type of lymphocyte that can recognize and destroy cells infected by viruses, playing a crucial role in the innate immune response. 4. Which complement pathway is activated directly by pathogens without the need for antibodies? A) Classical pathway B) Lectin pathway C) Alternative pathway Rationale: Antibodies can neutralize pathogens by binding to them and blocking their ability to attach to and enter host cells. 12. Which of the following best describes the function of the thymus in immunity? A) It is the site of B cell maturation. B) It produces hormones that regulate metabolism. C) It is involved in the maturation of T cells. D) It stores excess iron from the diet. Answer: C) It is involved in the maturation of T cells Rationale: The thymus is an organ where T cells mature and differentiate, becoming equipped to respond to pathogens. 13. How do cytotoxic T cells contribute to the immune response? A) By producing antibodies B) By activating B cells C) By killing infected or abnormal cells D) By releasing histamine Answer: C) By killing infected or abnormal cells Rationale: Cytotoxic T cells recognize and destroy cells that are infected with viruses or have become cancerous, thus contributing to the immune response. 14. What is the role of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system? A) They regulate body temperature during fever. B) They recognize specific patterns on pathogens and activate immune responses. C) They produce antibodies against pathogens. D) They are involved in the clotting process. Answer: B) They recognize specific patterns on pathogens and activate immune responses Rationale: TLRs are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system by recognizing molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens. 15. Which process involves the sequential activation of proteins that leads to the lysis of pathogens? A) Phagocytosis B) The complement cascade C) Antibody production D) Cell-mediated immunity Answer: B) The complement cascade Rationale: The complement cascade is a series of protein activations that culminate in the lysis of pathogens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes or directly killing them. 1. Which of the following best describes the concept of the body’s immunity relative to innate and adaptive responses? A. The innate immune response is always faster and more specific than the adaptive immune response B. Adaptive responses involve the use of pre-formed antibodies, while innate responses involve cell-mediated immunity C. The innate immune response is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, followed by the adaptive immune response D. The adaptive immune response is non-specific and does not involve memory cells Answer: C. The innate immune response is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens, followed by the adaptive immune response. Rationale: The innate immune response is the body’s immediate, non-specific defense mechanism against pathogens, while the adaptive immune response is more specific and involves memory cells. 2. Which of the following is NOT an example of an innate immune response? A. Inflammation B. Phagocytosis C. Production of antibodies D. Natural killer cell activity Answer: C. Production of antibodies. Rationale: Antibody production is a function of the adaptive immune response, not the innate immune response. 3. Which of the following cells are part of the innate immune response? A. T cells B. B cells C. Macrophages D. Memory cells Answer: C. Macrophages. Rationale: Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that is part of the innate immune response, while T cells, B cells, and memory cells are part of the adaptive immune response. 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the complementary roles of the innate and adaptive immune responses? A. The adaptive immune response is always more effective at preventing infections B. The innate immune response provides immediate, non-specific defense, while the adaptive immune response provides long-lasting, specific defense C. The innate immune response involves the use of antibodies, while the adaptive immune response involves cell-mediated immunity D. The innate and adaptive immune responses do not interact with each other Answer: B. The innate immune response provides immediate, non-specific defense, while the adaptive immune response provides long-lasting, specific defense. Rationale: The innate immune response provides the body’s immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens, while the adaptive immune response provides long-lasting, specific defense with the help of memory cells. 5. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response? A. It is non-specific and does not involve memory cells B. It is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens C. It involves the use of pre-formed antibodies D. It provides long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens Answer: D. It provides long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens. Rationale: The adaptive immune response involves the production of memory cells, which provide long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens. Answer: C. They are involved in the recognition of pathogens and activation of the innate immune response. Rationale: Toll-like receptors are a key component of the innate immune response, as they recognize specific structures on pathogens and help activate the immune response. 13. Which of the following is an example of an adaptive immune response mechanism? A. Phagocytosis by macrophages B. Production of antibodies C. Inflammation at the site of infection D. Activation of natural killer cells Answer: B. Production of antibodies. Rationale: Antibody production is a key function of the adaptive immune response, as antibodies are produced by B cells to target and neutralize specific pathogens. 14. Which of the following best describes the concept of antigen presentation in the adaptive immune response? A. It involves the activation of natural killer cells to destroy infected cells B. It is a mechanism by which dendritic cells present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response C. It is a non-specific defense mechanism that does not involve memory cells D. It is the production of cytokines by memory cells Answer: B. It is a mechanism by which dendritic cells present antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response. Rationale: Antigen presentation is a critical step in the adaptive immune response, as dendritic cells present antigens to T cells to initiate the immune response. 15. Which of the following is an example of an innate immune response mechanism? A. Production of antibodies B. Antigen-specific T cell response C. Phagocytosis by neutrophils D. Activation of memory cells Answer: C. Phagocytosis by neutrophils. Rationale: Phagocytosis is a key function of the innate immune response, as neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens. 16. Which of the following best describes the role of cytokines in the immune response? A. They are involved in the production of antibodies by B cells B. They regulate the inflammatory response and communication between immune cells C. They are responsible for antigen presentation in the adaptive immune response D. They provide long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens Answer: B. They regulate the inflammatory response and communication between immune cells. Rationale: Cytokines are signaling molecules that regulate the immune response by coordinating communication between immune cells and regulating inflammation. 17. Which of the following is an example of an adaptive immune response mechanism? A. Activation of natural killer cells B. Phagocytosis by macrophages C. Production of antibodies by B cells D. Inflammation at the site of infection Answer: C. Production of antibodies by B cells. Rationale: Antibody production is a key function of the adaptive immune response, as B cells produce antibodies that target specific pathogens. 18. Which of the following is an example of an innate immune response mechanism? A. Production of antibodies B. Antigen-specific T cell response C. Phagocytosis by macrophages D. Activation of memory cells Answer: C. Phagocytosis by macrophages. Rationale: Phagocytosis is a key function of the innate immune response, as macrophages and other phagocytic cells engulf and destroy pathogens. 19. Which of the following cells are responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune response? A. T cells B. B cells C. Natural killer cells D. Macrophages Answer: B. B cells. Rationale: B cells are responsible for producing antibodies in the adaptive immune response, while T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity. 20. Which of the following is NOT a function of the adaptive immune response? A. Production of antibodies B. Activation of memory cells C. Phagocytosis by macrophages D. Antigen-specific T cell response Answer: C. Phagocytosis by macrophages. Rationale: Phagocytosis is a function of the innate immune response, not the adaptive immune response. 21. Which of the following best describes the concept of memory cells in the adaptive immune response? A. They are only produced during the first exposure to a pathogen B. They are responsible for the immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens C. They provide long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens D. They are only produced by T cells Answer: C. They provide long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens. Rationale: Memory cells are produced during the adaptive immune response and provide long-lasting immunity to specific pathogens by recognizing and responding to them upon re-exposure. 22. Which of the following cells are responsible for antigen presentation in the adaptive immune response? Answer: C. Passive immunity Rationale: Newborn infants acquire passive immunity from their mothers through the transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta or through breast milk. What is the primary immunoglobulin class transferred from mother to infant through breast milk? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgM D. IgE Answer: A. IgA Rationale: IgA is the primary immunoglobulin class present in breast milk, providing localized protection in the mucosal surfaces of the infant. Which of the following is a characteristic of the adaptive immune response in infants compared to adults? A. Faster response to novel antigens B. Greater diversity of memory cells C. Lower production of antibodies D. Limited ability to produce cytokines Answer: C. Lower production of antibodies Rationale: Infants have a reduced capacity to produce antibodies compared to adults, leading to a less robust adaptive immune response. What is the main function of the thymus gland in the immune system? A. Production of antibodies B. Maturation of T lymphocytes C. Activation of natural killer cells D. Phagocytosis of pathogens Answer: B. Maturation of T lymphocytes Rationale: The thymus gland plays a crucial role in the maturation and selection of T lymphocytes, which are vital components of cell-mediated immunity. Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of dendritic cells in the immune system? A. Produce antibodies in response to antigens B. Activate B cells to secrete immunoglobulins C. Present antigens to T cells for recognition D. Release cytokines to induce fever Answer: C. Present antigens to T cells for recognition Rationale: Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells that play a key role in initiating adaptive immune responses by presenting antigens to T cells for recognition. Which immunoglobulin class is the first to be produced during the primary immune response to an infection? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgM D. IgE Answer: C. IgM Rationale: IgM is the first immunoglobulin class produced during the primary immune response, serving as an early marker of infection. What is the process by which immune cells recognize self from non-self antigens to prevent autoimmunity? A. Clonal expansion B. Tolerance induction C. Opsonization D. Complement activation Answer: B. Tolerance induction Rationale: Tolerance induction is the process by which the immune system learns to distinguish self-antigens from foreign antigens, preventing autoimmune reactions. Which of the following cell types is responsible for producing antibodies in response to an antigen? A. Neutrophils B. Macrophages C. B lymphocytes D. Natural killer cells Answer: C. B lymphocytes Rationale: B lymphocytes are specialized immune cells that produce antibodies in response to specific antigens encountered by the immune system. What is the primary function of memory T cells in the immune response? A. Phagocytosis of pathogens B. Immediate release of cytokines C. Rapid response upon re-exposure to antigens D. Regulation of inflammation Answer: C. Rapid response upon re-exposure to antigens Rationale: Memory T cells are long-lived immune cells that provide an enhanced and rapid response upon re-exposure to previously encountered antigens. Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is most abundant in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgM D. IgE Answer: B. IgG Rationale: IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin class in the bloodstream and plays a key role in providing long-term immunity against pathogens. What is the primary function of regulatory T cells in the immune system? A. Inducing inflammation B. Suppressing immune responses C. Activating cytotoxic T cells D. Enhancing antibody production response? A. Phagocytosis of pathogens B. Activation of natural killer cells C. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns D. Production of antibodies Answer: C. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns Rationale: Toll-like receptors are key components of the innate immune system that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate immune responses. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier that serves as the first line of defense in innate immunity? A. Antibodies B. Complement proteins C. Mucous membranes D. Cytokines Answer: C. Mucous membranes Rationale: Mucous membranes act as physical barriers that prevent the entry of pathogens into the body, serving as the first line of defense in innate immunity. What is the primary function of complement proteins in the immune system? A. Phagocytosis of pathogens B. Activation of B lymphocytes C. Opsonization and lysis of pathogens D. Inhibition of inflammation Answer: C. Opsonization and lysis of pathogens Rationale: Complement proteins play a crucial role in the immune response by opsonizing pathogens for phagocytosis and inducing their lysis through the formation of membrane attack complexes. Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of immunological memory? A. Rapid response upon re-exposure to antigens B. Production of antibodies by memory cells C. Phagocytosis of pathogens D. Activation of natural killer cells Answer: A. Rapid response upon re-exposure to antigens Rationale: Immunological memory refers to the ability of the immune system to mount a faster and more robust response upon re-exposure to previously encountered antigens. What is the process by which neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens in the body? A. Phagocytosis B. Opsonization C. Cytotoxicity D. Apoptosis Answer: A. Phagocytosis Rationale: Phagocytosis is the process by which immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages engulf and destroy pathogens within the body to eliminate infections. Which of the following immune cells is specialized in recognizing and eliminating virus-infected cells? A. B lymphocytes B. Macrophages C. Natural killer cells D. T lymphocytes Answer: C. Natural killer cells Rationale: Natural killer cells are immune cells that play a critical role in the innate immune response by recognizing and eliminating virus- infected cells through cytotoxic mechanisms.