NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8 LATEST REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MODULE 8 LATEST REVIEW EXAM Q & A 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING Pathophysiology Module 8 Latest Review Exam Q & A 2024 1. Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of fluid balance through its effect on renal tubular reabsorption of water? A) Aldosterone B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D) Renin Answer: B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Rationale: ADH, also known as vasopressin, is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland. It acts on the kidneys to increase water reabsorption, thus playing a key role in regulating fluid balance. 2. In the context of renal physiology, what is the primary function of the loop of Henle? A) Filtration of blood plasma B) Reabsorption of glucose and amino acids C) Concentration of urine D) Secretion of hydrogen ions Answer: C) Concentration of urine Rationale: The loop of Henle is a segment of the nephron that creates a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney. This gradient allows for the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts, leading to the concentration of urine. 3. A patient presents with hypokalemia. Which renal system response is expected to occur? A) Increased reabsorption of potassium in the distal tubules B) Decreased secretion of potassium in the distal tubules C) Increased excretion of sodium in the proximal tubules D) Decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal tubules Answer: A) Increased reabsorption of potassium in the distal tubules Rationale: Hypokalemia, or low serum potassium levels, triggers the kidneys to conserve potassium. This is achieved by increasing the reabsorption of potassium in the distal tubules. 4. What is the primary driving force for the filtration process in the glomeruli of the kidneys? A) Oncotic pressure C) It inhibits the reabsorption of calcium in the distal tubules. D) It enhances the excretion of bicarbonate in the proximal tubules. Answer: B) It promotes the reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium. Rationale: Aldosterone, a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion, thus influencing electrolyte balance. 12. In renal compensation of respiratory acidosis, the kidneys respond by: A) Increasing bicarbonate reabsorption. B) Decreasing bicarbonate reabsorption. C) Increasing chloride excretion. D) Decreasing ammonium excretion. Answer: A) Increasing bicarbonate reabsorption. Rationale: In response to respiratory acidosis, the kidneys compensate by increasing the reabsorption of bicarbonate, which helps to neutralize the excess hydrogen ions and raise the blood pH. 13. Which of the following is a common cause of prerenal acute kidney injury (AKI)? A) Urinary tract infection B) Renal calculi C) Heart failure D) Acute tubular necrosis Answer: C) Heart failure Rationale: Prerenal AKI is often caused by conditions that lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, such as heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. 14. The renal threshold for glucose refers to: A) The maximum rate of glucose filtration by the glomeruli. B) The blood glucose level at which glucose begins to appear in the urine. C) The concentration of glucose in the renal tubules after reabsorption. D) The level of glucose in the blood that stimulates insulin release. Answer: B) The blood glucose level at which glucose begins to appear in the urine. Rationale: The renal threshold for glucose is the plasma glucose concentration at which the kidneys' capacity for glucose reabsorption is exceeded, resulting in the excretion of glucose in the urine. 1. Which of the following best describes the primary function of the renal system? A. Regulation of blood pressure B. Removal of waste products from the body C. Production of hormones D. All of the above Correct answer: B. Removal of waste products from the body Rationale: The primary function of the renal system is to filter waste products from the blood and eliminate them from the body through urine. 2. Which hormone is responsible for regulating water balance in the body? A. Aldosterone B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Renin D. Angiotensin II Correct answer: B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Rationale: ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolality. It helps regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. 3. Which of the following electrolytes plays a key role in muscle function and cardiac rhythm? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Magnesium Correct answer: B. Potassium Rationale: Potassium is essential for maintaining normal muscle and nerve function, including cardiac rhythm. Abnormal potassium levels can lead to dangerous cardiac arrhythmias. 4. Renal failure can result in the retention of which waste product in the body? A. Urea B. Creatinine C. Bilirubin D. Lactic acid Correct answer: B. Creatinine Rationale: Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism that is normally excreted by the kidneys. Renal failure can result in the retention of creatinine in the blood, leading to high levels known as azotemia. 5. Which of the following hormones is produced by the kidney and helps regulate red blood cell production? A. Erythropoietin B. Renin C. Calcitriol D. Angiotensin II Correct answer: A. Erythropoietin Rationale: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. It stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. 6. A patient with severe dehydration may present with which of the following laboratory findings? A. High serum sodium B. Low serum potassium C. High serum calcium D. Low serum magnesium Correct answer: A. High serum sodium Rationale: Dehydration can cause an increase in serum sodium levels due to a relative concentration of sodium in the blood. This is known as hypernatremia. C. Metabolic acidosis D. All of the above Correct answer: D. All of the above Rationale: Acute kidney injury can result in elevated serum creatinine and BUN levels, as well as metabolic acidosis due to impaired renal function. 14. Which of the following electrolyte imbalances can result in dangerous cardiac arrhythmias and respiratory failure? A. Hypernatremia B. Hypokalemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypocalcemia Correct answer: C. Hyperkalemia Rationale: Hyperkalemia, or high serum potassium levels, can disrupt normal cardiac conduction and lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Severe hyperkalemia can also cause muscle weakness and respiratory failure. 15. Which of the following is a common symptom of acute kidney injury? A. Oliguria B. Polyuria C. Hematuria D. Proteinuria Correct answer: A. Oliguria Rationale: Oliguria, or decreased urine output, is a common symptom of acute kidney injury due to impaired renal function and reduced glomerular filtration rate. 16. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating calcium absorption in the intestines and bone metabolism? A. Parathyroid hormone B. Calcitonin C. Vitamin D D. Thyroid hormone Correct answer: A. Parathyroid hormone Rationale: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by the parathyroid glands and plays a key role in calcium homeostasis by increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines, and stimulating bone resorption. 17. A patient with chronic kidney disease is at increased risk for which of the following metabolic disorders? A. Hypercalcemia B. Hypophosphatemia C. Hyperkalemia D. Hypomagnesemia Correct answer: C. Hyperkalemia Rationale: Chronic kidney disease can lead to impaired potassium excretion, resulting in hyperkalemia, a condition associated with cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness. 18. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of kidney stones composed of calcium, oxalate, or uric acid crystals? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Glomerulonephritis C. Renal calculi D. Acute kidney injury Correct answer: C. Renal calculi Rationale: Renal calculi, or kidney stones, can form in the kidneys or urinary tract due to the crystallization of substances such as calcium, oxalate, or uric acid. 19. Which of the following factors can contribute to the development of fluid overload in a patient with heart failure? A. Decreased cardiac output B. Sodium retention C. Impaired renal function D. All of the above Correct answer: D. All of the above Rationale: Fluid overload in heart failure can result from decreased cardiac output leading to venous congestion, sodium retention due to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and impaired renal function leading to decreased fluid excretion. 20. Which of the following conditions is characterized by the presence of red blood cells in the urine? A. Hematuria B. Proteinuria C. Glycosuria D. Pyuria Correct answer: A. Hematuria Rationale: Hematuria refers to the presence of red blood cells in the urine and can be a sign of kidney or urinary tract disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or glomerulonephritis. 21. Which of the following hormones is responsible for regulating blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys? A. Aldosterone B. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. Angiotensin II D. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Correct answer: C. Angiotensin II Rationale: Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the release of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and water retention in the kidneys, thereby raising blood pressure. 22. Which of the following electrolytes is primarily regulated by the hormone aldosterone to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Magnesium Correct answer: A. Sodium A. Loop of Henle B. Proximal convoluted tubule C. Distal convoluted tubule D. Collecting duct Answer: B Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule is where most of the reabsorption of water and electrolytes occurs in the nephron. Question: Which condition is characterized by decreased glomerular filtration rate and retention of waste products in the blood? A. Renal calculi B. Glomerulonephritis C. Chronic kidney disease D. Nephrotic syndrome Answer: C Rationale: Chronic kidney disease is a condition in which there is a gradual loss of kidney function, leading to decreased filtration and retention of waste products. Question: What is the primary function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the kidney? A. Regulation of blood pressure B. Secretion of digestive enzymes C. Regulation of urine concentration D. Production of erythropoietin Answer: A Rationale: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is involved in the regulation of blood pressure by secreting renin in response to changes in blood flow. Question: Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow? A. Thyroid hormone B. Parathyroid hormone C. Aldosterone D. Erythropoietin Answer: D Rationale: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Question: Which electrolyte imbalance is commonly associated with muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and ECG changes? A. Hyperkalemia B. Hyponatremia C. Hypocalcemia D. Hypermagnesemia Answer: A Rationale: Hyperkalemia, an elevated level of potassium in the blood, can lead to muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, and ECG changes. Question: Which of the following is a function of the collecting duct in the nephron? A. Filtration of blood B. Reabsorption of water and electrolytes C. Secretion of hormones D. Formation of urine Answer: D Rationale: The collecting duct is responsible for the final concentration of urine and the excretion of waste products from the body. Question: Which of the following conditions results in excessive loss of protein in the urine? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Renal calculi C. Acute kidney injury D. Diabetic nephropathy Answer: A Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome is a condition characterized by the loss of protein in the urine due to damage to the glomerular filtration barrier. Question: What effect does aldosterone have on potassium levels in the blood? A. Increases potassium excretion B. Decreases potassium excretion C. Increases potassium reabsorption D. Decreases potassium reabsorption Answer: A Rationale: Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion by the kidneys, leading to a decrease in blood potassium levels. Question: Which of the following hormones is responsible for the release of calcium from bone? A. Calcitonin B. Parathyroid hormone C. Thyroid hormone D. Insulin Answer: B Rationale: Parathyroid hormone stimulates the release of calcium from bone into the bloodstream to maintain calcium homeostasis. Question: What is the main function of the loop of Henle in the nephron? A. Reabsorption of water and electrolytes B. Filtration of blood C. Secretion of hormones D. Formation of urine Answer: A Rationale: The loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes from the filtrate to maintain fluid balance in the body. Question: Which of the following conditions is characterized by the formation of mineral deposits in the kidneys? A. Nephrotic syndrome B. Renal calculi C. Chronic kidney disease D. Glomerulonephritis Answer: B Rationale: Renal calculi, also known as kidney stones, are mineral deposits that can form in the kidneys and cause pain and obstruction. Question: What is the role of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the regulation of fluid balance? A. Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys B. Inhibits water reabsorption in the kidneys C. Increases urine output D. Decreases blood pressure