Anatomy and Pathology of the Skin and Skin Disorders, Exams of Nursing

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NURS 407 Midterm HCT Slides (Weeks 1, 5-6)

2024 FINAL EXAM UPDATE GRADED A+

Cardiovascular system - SOLUTION The system that transports substances to and from cells Circulatory system - SOLUTION The system that circulates blood throughout the body Oxygen - SOLUTION A substance transported by the cardiovascular system to cells Water - SOLUTION A substance transported by the cardiovascular system to cells Nutrients - SOLUTION Substances transported by the cardiovascular system to cells Hormones - SOLUTION Substances transported by the cardiovascular system to cells Heart - SOLUTION The organ that acts as a pump in the cardiovascular system Vessels - SOLUTION The pipes that deliver blood in the cardiovascular system Cardiology - SOLUTION The specialty that diagnoses, treats, and prevents heart and vascular disorders Cardiologist - SOLUTION A specialist in cardiology Interventional cardiologist - SOLUTION A specialist in diagnosing and treating structural disorders of the heart through catheterization procedures Cardiothoracic surgeon - SOLUTION A specialist who performs surgeries on thoracic cavity structures including the heart, lungs, and great vessels

Vascular surgeon - SOLUTION A specialist who diagnoses and treats vascular disorders with surgical interventions Pulmonary circulation - SOLUTION The circulation of blood between the heart and lungs Systemic circulation - SOLUTION The circulation of blood between the heart and the rest of the body Arteries - SOLUTION Thick and muscular vessels that withstand pressure and carry blood away from the heart Veins - SOLUTION Thinner, more flexible vessels with one-way valves that prevent backflow and carry blood back to the heart Capillaries - SOLUTION Very small vessels that allow for the exchange of substances between the blood and cells Heart chambers - SOLUTION The four chambers of the heart: left and right atria, and left and right ventricles Endocardium - SOLUTION The thin membrane on the inner lining of the cardiac chambers and valves Myocardium - SOLUTION The muscular middle layer of the heart Epicardium - SOLUTION The serous membrane on the external surface of the heart Pericardium - SOLUTION The membrane enclosing the heart containing the pericardial cavity or space Systolic pressure - SOLUTION The pressure in the arteries during contraction of the heart Diastolic pressure - SOLUTION The pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the heart Electrocardiography - SOLUTION The recording of electrical impulses of the heart to diagnose cardiac conditions

Cardiac enzymes - SOLUTION Enzymes released during a myocardial infarction that are measured in blood tests Lipid profile - SOLUTION A blood test to measure cholesterol and triglyceride levels Angioplasty - SOLUTION A surgical procedure to open blocked arteries using a balloon-tipped catheter Pacemaker - SOLUTION A device that helps regulate the heartbeat Defibrillator - SOLUTION A device that provides an electronic shock to restore a normal heart rhythm Coronary artery bypass graft - SOLUTION A surgical procedure to reroute blood around a blockage in a coronary artery Calcium channel blockers - SOLUTION Drugs that relax blood vessels and reduce myocardial oxygen demand Dermatology - SOLUTION Study of the skin and skin disorders Dermatologist - SOLUTION Specialist in the study of the skin and skin disorders Plastics/Cosmetics/Reconstructive Surgery - SOLUTION Restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body Aesthetics - SOLUTION Cosmetic services related to skin Aesthetician - SOLUTION Professional in the field of aesthetics Skin Anatomy - SOLUTION Structure and layers of the skin Epidermis - SOLUTION Top layer of the skin structure Dermis - SOLUTION True layer of the skin that contains blood vessels, glands, and nerves

Hypodermis - SOLUTION Layer below the skin structure filled with adipose tissue Sudoriferous Glands - SOLUTION Glands that produce sweat Sebaceous Glands - SOLUTION Glands that produce sebum, an oily substance Hair - SOLUTION Filamentous structure growing from the skin Nails - SOLUTION Coverings of digits Skin Lesions - SOLUTION Visible, localized abnormality of the skin Macule - SOLUTION Discolored, flat lesion less than 1 cm in diameter Papule - SOLUTION Firm, raised, solid lesion less than 1 cm in diameter Nodule - SOLUTION Firm, raised, solid lesion larger than 1 cm in diameter Plaque - SOLUTION Flat-topped, raised, irregular lesion greater than 1 cm in diameter Tumor - SOLUTION Solid mass larger than 2 cm Vesicle - SOLUTION Raised, filled with transparent fluid, less than 1 cm in diameter Bulla - SOLUTION Raised, filled with transparent fluid, greater than 1 cm in diameter Pustule - SOLUTION Raised, filled with purulent fluid, less than 1 cm in diameter Cyst - SOLUTION Abnormal pocket of fluid or semisolid substances Burrow - SOLUTION Tunnel in the skin from parasitic infestations Telangiectasia - SOLUTION Dilated superficial venules and capillaries

Ecchymosis - SOLUTION Extravasation of blood into subcutaneous tissue Hematoma - SOLUTION Collections of extravasated blood trapped in tissues Petechia - SOLUTION Small, discolored, flat spots of ecchymosis Purpura - SOLUTION Larger spots of ecchymosis Wheal - SOLUTION Irregular patch of edematous skin Dermatitis - SOLUTION Inflammation of the skin Cellulitis - SOLUTION Bacterial inflammation of soft tissues Impetigo - SOLUTION Superficial vesiculopustular infection that leaves a crust Pediculosis - SOLUTION Infestation with lice Scabies - SOLUTION Infestation with scabies mites Exanthematous Diseases - SOLUTION Diseases characterized by a widespread rash Herpes Simplex Virus - SOLUTION Virus that causes clusters of small vesicles on the skin or mucosa Acne Vulgaris - SOLUTION Inflammatory disease of sebaceous glands Albinism - SOLUTION Lack of pigmentation in skin, hair, and eyes Hypertrichosis - SOLUTION Excessive hair growth Psoriasis - SOLUTION Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by thickened skin Burns - SOLUTION Injuries caused by heat, radiation, chemicals, or electricity

Biopsies - SOLUTION Examination of living tissues Laboratory Testing - SOLUTION Testing of fluids and tissues for diagnosis Grafting - SOLUTION Transplantation of skin to correct tissue loss Other Therapies - SOLUTION Laser, occlusive, and phototherapy treatments Tissue Removal - SOLUTION Removal of damaged or unwanted tissue Cosmetic/Aesthetic Procedures - SOLUTION Procedures to enhance appearance Pharmacology - SOLUTION Study of drugs and their effects Routes of Administration - SOLUTION Methods of delivering medications Anesthetic Agents - SOLUTION Medications to reduce pain and discomfort Antibacterials/Antibiotics - SOLUTION Medications to prevent and stop bacterial replication Antifungals - SOLUTION Medications to prevent and stop fungal replication Antihistamines - SOLUTION Medications to decrease inflammation effects from allergic responses Anti-inflammatory Medications - SOLUTION Medications to reduce inflammation and pain Antipsoriatic Medications - SOLUTION Medications to treat psoriasis Antiseptic Agents - SOLUTION Agents to prevent infection by destroying microbes Antiviral Agents - SOLUTION Agents to decrease the effects of viruses Emollients - SOLUTION Agents to hydrate and soften dry and hardened skin

Immunomodulator/Immunosuppressant Medications - SOLUTION Medications to suppress or alter the immune system Keratolytics - SOLUTION Medications to break down keratinized skin Pediculicides - SOLUTION Medications to destroy lice Scabicides - SOLUTION Agents to destroy mites and scabies Protective Topical with SPF - SOLUTION Topical agents with sun protection factor Retinoids - SOLUTION Drugs that alter the growth of the top layers of skin Herbal Medications - SOLUTION Medications derived from plants Root words - SOLUTION Basic building blocks of healthcare terms Combining vowels - SOLUTION Vowels used to connect word parts in healthcare terms Combining forms - SOLUTION Word parts that can be combined with other word parts to form healthcare terms Prefixes - SOLUTION Word parts added to the beginning of a term to modify its meaning Suffixes - SOLUTION Word parts added to the end of a term to modify its meaning Decodable terms - SOLUTION Healthcare terms that can be understood by breaking them down into their word parts Non-decodable terms - SOLUTION Healthcare terms that cannot be understood by breaking them down into their word parts Eponyms - SOLUTION Healthcare terms named after a person Abbreviations - SOLUTION Shortened forms of healthcare terms

Symbols - SOLUTION Mathematical and scientific characters used in healthcare Signs - SOLUTION Objective, observable indications of a disease or condition Symptoms - SOLUTION Subjective experiences reported by a patient Laboratories - SOLUTION Facilities where medical tests are performed Diagnoses - SOLUTION Identifications of diseases or conditions Prognoses - SOLUTION Predictions of the likely course and outcome of a disease or condition Procedures - SOLUTION Medical interventions or treatments Devices/instruments - SOLUTION Tools or equipment used in medical procedures Derivations - SOLUTION The origins or sources of healthcare terms Rules for Building and Spelling Healthcare Terms - SOLUTION Guidelines for constructing and writing healthcare terms Color Key to Healthcare Terminology - SOLUTION A system for categorizing healthcare terms based on their prefixes, root terms, and suffixes CARD Method - SOLUTION A mnemonic device for analyzing and understanding healthcare terms New Root Words - SOLUTION Additional word parts used in healthcare terms Arthr/o - SOLUTION Greek root word meaning 'joint' Gastr/o - SOLUTION Greek root word meaning 'stomach'

Ophthalm/o - SOLUTION Greek root word meaning 'eye' Ot/o - SOLUTION Greek root word meaning 'ear' Rhin/o - SOLUTION Latin root word meaning 'nose' -scopy/-scope - SOLUTION Suffix meaning 'viewing' or 'examination' -plasty - SOLUTION Suffix meaning 'surgical repair' or 'reconstruction' -algia - SOLUTION Suffix meaning 'pain' -tomy - SOLUTION Suffix meaning 'surgical incision' or 'cutting' -logy - SOLUTION Suffix meaning 'study' or 'science' Word Banks - SOLUTION Lists of word parts used to build healthcare terms Noun Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate places or things in healthcare terms Pathology Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate diseases or conditions in healthcare terms Diagnostic Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate diagnostic procedures in healthcare terms Therapeutic Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate therapeutic interventions in healthcare terms Instrument Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate instruments or tools in healthcare terms Specialties/Specialists Suffixes - SOLUTION Suffixes used to indicate medical specialties or specialists in healthcare terms Singular/Plural Endings - SOLUTION Different forms of healthcare terms to indicate singular or plural

Pronouncing Unusual Letter Combinations - SOLUTION Tips for pronouncing challenging letter combinations in healthcare terms Eu - SOLUTION Prefix meaning 'good' or 'well' Ph - SOLUTION Letter combination pronounced like 'f' Ps - SOLUTION Letter combination pronounced like 's' Pn - SOLUTION Letter combination pronounced like 'n' Rh, rrh - SOLUTION Letter combination pronounced like 'ruh' Aorta - SOLUTION The largest artery in the body Atrium/atria - SOLUTION The smaller superior chambers of the heart Ventricle(s) - SOLUTION The larger, inferior, more muscular chambers of the heart Septum/Septa - SOLUTION Walls of muscle and connective tissue between the heart chambers Sinoatrial (SA) node - SOLUTION The natural pacemaker of the heart that initiates atrial contraction Atrioventricular (AV) node - SOLUTION The node that delays the signal from the SA node to coordinate with the ventricles Bundle of His - SOLUTION The pathway that carries the signal from the AV node to the ventricles Dysrhythmias - SOLUTION Abnormal heart rhythms Ectopic beats - SOLUTION Heartbeats that occur outside of a normal rhythm Fibrillation - SOLUTION Extremely rapid and irregular contraction of the heart

Heart block - SOLUTION Lack of electrical communication between the atria and the ventricles Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - SOLUTION Drugs that relax blood vessels and decrease blood pressure Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) - SOLUTION Drugs that lower blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin II Antiarrhythmic drugs - SOLUTION Drugs that treat cardiac arrhythmias and restore normal sinus rhythm Anticoagulants - SOLUTION Drugs that prevent the formation of blood clots Antihyperlipidemics - SOLUTION Drugs that lower cholesterol levels Beta-blockers - SOLUTION Drugs that depress the heart rate and the force of heart contractions Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) - SOLUTION Drugs that decrease myocardial oxygen demand by inhibiting the flow of calcium to smooth muscle cells Diuretics - SOLUTION Drugs that promote the excretion of sodium and water as urine Nitrates - SOLUTION Drugs that relax blood vessels and reduce myocardial oxygen consumption Thrombolytics - SOLUTION Drugs that aid in the dissolution of blood clots Atherectomy - SOLUTION The removal of plaque from a blood vessel through a catheter Commissurotomy - SOLUTION Surgical division of a fibrous band or ring connecting corresponding parts of a body structure Pacemakers - SOLUTION Devices that help the heart beat in a regular rhythm

Automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD) - SOLUTION A device that monitors and corrects the heartbeat if needed Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - SOLUTION Manual external cardiac massage and artificial respiration to restart the heartbeat and breathing Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery - SOLUTION A procedure in which a blood vessel is grafted onto a coronary artery to reroute blood around a blockage Extracorporeal circulation (ECC) - SOLUTION The use of a cardiopulmonary machine to do the work of the heart during open-heart procedures Heart transplantation - SOLUTION The removal of a diseased heart and transplantation of a donor heart Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) - SOLUTION A mechanical pump device that assists a weakened heart Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) - SOLUTION A surgical procedure in which the heart is still beating while a minimal incision is made over a blocked coronary artery Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) - SOLUTION A surgical procedure in which a catheter is threaded into a coronary artery to compress plaque and increase blood flow Pericardiocentesis - SOLUTION The aspiration of fluid from the pericardium to treat cardiac tamponade Radiofrequency catheter ablation - SOLUTION The destruction of abnormal cardiac electrical pathways causing arrhythmias Transmyocardial revascularization - SOLUTION A procedure used to relieve severe angina by creating holes in the heart tissue to stimulate new blood vessel growth Valvuloplasty - SOLUTION The repair of a stenosed heart valve

Angiotensin II - SOLUTION A substance that causes vasoconstriction Angiotensin II receptor - SOLUTION A receptor that binds to angiotensin II Antiarrhythmic - SOLUTION A drug that treats cardiac arrhythmias Anticoagulant - SOLUTION A drug that prevents the formation of blood clots Antihyperlipidemic - SOLUTION A drug that lowers cholesterol levels Beta-blocker - SOLUTION A drug that depresses the heart rate and the force of heart contractions Calcium channel blocker (CCB) - SOLUTION A drug that decreases myocardial oxygen demand by inhibiting the flow of calcium to smooth muscle cells Diuretic - SOLUTION A drug that promotes the excretion of sodium and water as urine Nitrate - SOLUTION A drug that relaxes blood vessels and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption Thrombolytic - SOLUTION A drug that aids in the dissolution of blood clots