NURS 6011 EXAM:NURSING ANATOMY QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+ SUCCESS GUARANTEED, Exams of Nursing

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Consider the two types of muscle contractions described in this chapter; in contractions, the muscle may shorten and movement may occur. isotonic The essential function of any muscle is to

. contract The bending or movement of a limb toward the midline of the body is known as . adduction The muscle whose action is dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot is the . tibialis anterior Which of the following statements is NOT true? Tetanic contraction of muscles refers to a disease that causes total, sustained contraction of muscles. The muscle that facilitates flexion of the forearm is the

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. biceps brachii An important medical injection site in the hip is the . gluteus medius Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle? participates in the transport of oxygen in the blood to the tissues. Referring to the muscle attachment to bones, the is the immovable attachment site. origin The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and . smooth A fascicle is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue called . perimysium The plasma membrane of a muscle cell is most usually termed a

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. sarcolemma Which of these muscles is located in the abdominal region? External oblique The anatomical term for a muscle cell, in skeletal and smooth muscle tissues, is . muscle fiber

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In a skeletal muscle fiber, the sarcomere is a repetitive unit that consists of the entire region between the. Z-discs Considering the relationship between the biceps and the triceps, the biceps is the whereas the triceps is the as the elbow is flexed. prime mover, antagonist Which of the following refers to one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cells it stimulates? Motor unit Exercise throughout life helps muscles to retain both strength and

. mass The endomysium is a delicate connective tissue sheath that surrounds a/an . skeletal muscle fiber The muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular movement is known as the

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. prime mover Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding energy generation for muscle contraction? anaerobic glycolysis is not an energy source for muscle contraction. Which of the following can best be used to distinguish cardiac muscle from smooth muscle? cardiac muscle is striated Muscles that are concerned with bracing actions are called . fixators The neurotransmitter is vital to proper muscle functioning. acetylcholine Although ATP provides the energy for muscle contraction, must also be present for muscle fibers to slide properly during contraction. calcium

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Which of these muscles extends the knee? rectus femoris Which of these muscles is located in the neck? sternocleidomastoid

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Which of these muscles moves the upper limb? latissimus dorsi Which of these terms refers to the shape of a muscle? deltoid Which movement is associated with the hand but actually occurs in the forearm? supination A muscle inserts on which of the following? the bone that moves when the muscle contracts Which of these muscles is named for the arrangement of its fascicles? external oblique What term describes the rotation of a bone around its longitudinal axis? rotation What term refers to a muscle that aids another muscle by producing the same the movement or reducing undesirable movements? synergist What type of exercise causes increase in muscle size? resistance exercise

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What happens to a muscle when the nerve supplying that muscle is cut? Muscle paralysis and atrophy occur. Which chemical is produced during vigorous exercise when the supply of oxygen is limited or inadequate? lactic acid What is the function of creatine phosphate? directly regenerates ATP from ADP within a muscle cell What metabolic waste accumulates in muscle with excessive exertion? lactic acid What mineral is released within muscle cells to trigger contraction? calcium What term refers to a smooth, sustained contraction? complete tetanus What initiates an action potential on a muscle cell? acetylcholine binding to receptors on the sarcolemma within the neuromuscular junction

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What changes occur in the sarcomere during muscle contraction? Z discs move closer together. The cross bridge cycle is a series of molecular events that occur after excitation of the sarcolemma. What is a cross bridge? A myosin head bound to actin {As soon as the activated myosin head forms a cross bridge with actin, the power stroke begins} What structure is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber? The sarcomere {A sarcomere is a regular arrangement of thin and thick myofilaments that extends from one Z disc to the next. A myofibril consists of a series of sarcomeres.} Calcium ions couple excitation of a skeletal muscle fiber to contraction of the fiber. Where are calcium ions stored within the fiber? Calcium ions are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. {Sarcoplasmic reticulum is the specific name given to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is very elaborate in skeletal muscle fibers, allowing for significant storage of calcium ions.}

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After a power stroke, the myosin head must detach from actin before another power stroke can occur. What causes cross bridge detachment? ATP binds to the myosin head {The binding of ATP to the myosin head weakens the bond between myosin and actin, forcing the myosin head to detach. ATP also provides the energy for the next power stroke.} How does the myosin head obtain the energy required for activation? The energy comes from the hydrolysis of ATP. {Myosin is a large, complex protein with a binding site for actin. It also contains an ATPase. The energy released during the hydrolysis of ATP activates the myosin head.} What specific event triggers the uncovering of the myosin binding site on actin? Calcium ions bind to troponin and change its shape. {The shape change caused by the binding of calcium to troponin shifts tropomyosin away from the myosin binding sites on actin.} When does cross bridge cycling end? Cross bridge cycling ends when sufficient calcium has been actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum to allow calcium to unbind from troponin. {The sarcoplasmic reticulum contains Ca2+-ATPases that actively transport Ca2+ into the SR. Without Ca2+, troponin returns to its resting shape, and

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tropomyosin glides over and covers the myosin binding sites on actin.}

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Which neurotransmitter is released by motor neurons at the neuromuscular junction? acetylcholine Which of these characteristics applies only to cardiac muscle tissue? intercalated discs Which layer of connective tissue surrounds each skeletal muscle fiber? endomysium Which connective tissue bundles muscle fibers into fascicles? perimysium There are three types of muscle tissue. Which of the following is classified as part of the muscular system? all skeletal muscles ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a disease that destroys nerve cells that control skeletal muscle activity. Without neural stimulation, skeletal muscles eventually waste away and mobility is impossible. In other words, skeletal muscles. become atrophied What term describes the ability of a muscle to vary its degree of shortening to generate the strength needed to lift a 5 lb weight, a 7 lb weight, and

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finally a 10 lb weight? graded responses Which of these increases as muscles age? amount of connective tissue in a muscle What can older individuals do to increase muscle strength? regularly use hand weights and practice leg lifts {lab} Gluteus Maximus {lab} Gluteus Medias

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{lab} Adductor Longus {lab} Adductor Magnus {lab} Gracilis {lab} Sartorius

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{lab} Rectus femoris {lab} Vastus lateralis {lab} Vastus medialis {lab} Biceps femoris

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{lab} Semitendinosus {lab} Semimembranosus {lab} Gastrocnemius

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{lab} Soleus {lab} Tibialis anterior {lab} Biceps brachii {lab} Brachialis

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{lab} Deltoid {lab} Brachioradialis {lab} Flexor carpi radialis

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{lab} Flexor carpi ulnaris {lab} Palmaris longus {lab} Trapezius {lab} Latissimus dorsi

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{lab} Pectoralis major {lab} Serratus anterior {lab} Extensor carpi radialis

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{lab} External oblique {lab} Internal oblique {lab} Rectus abdominis {lab} Transversus abdominis

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{lab} Frontalis {lab} Orbicularis oculi {lab} Orbicularis oris

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{lab} Sternocleidomastoid {lab} Temporalis {lab} Zygomaticus major {lab} Buccinator

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{lab} Masseter {lab} Occipitalis {lab} Platysma

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{lab} adductor brevis {lab} vastus intermedius Muscular system Responsible for ALL body movements - smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle Dense connective tissue that attaches skeletal muscle to bone Striated SKELETAL and CARDIAC (somewhat) muscle, appears in distinctive bands/stripes (MICROFILAMENTS) Multinucleate (in cells)