NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2024 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2024 VERIFIED SOLUTIONS and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!   Question 1 0 out of 1 points  Question 2 1 out of 1 points  Question 3 0 out of 1 points NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM 2024 VERIFIED EXPERT SOLUTIONS INCLUDED ALREADY GRADED A+ IN ALL 100 QUESTIONS When endothelial cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? Selected Answer: The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low- density lipoproteins (LDLs) A patient has been diagnosed with an empyema. What does the healthcare professional tell the patient about this condition? Selected Answer: We will have to drain the pus out of your pleural space. A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this condition? Selected Answer: Vomiting  Question 9  Question 4 1 out of 1 points  Question 5 1 out of 1 points  Question 6 1 out of 1 points  Question 7 1 out of 1 points  Question 8 0 out of 1 points Autocrine stimulation is the ability of cancer cells to do what? Selected Answer: Secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth A patient had a myocardial infarction that damaged the SA node, which is no longer functioning as the pacemaker of the heart. What heart rate would the healthcare provider expect the patient to have? Selected Answer: 40 to 60 beats/min Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? Selected Answer: Active-acquired immunity In teaching a women's community group, which risk factor does the healthcare professional teach is related to high morbidity of cancer of the colon, uterus, and kidney? Selected Answer: Women who have a high body mass index A student asks the healthcare professional to describe exotoxins. Which statement by the professional is best? Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?  Question 14 1 out of 1 points  Question 15 1 out of 1 points  Question 16 1 out of 1 points  Question 17 1 out of 1 points  Question 18 0 out of 1 points Selected Answer: Secondary Which renal change is found in older adults? Selected Answer: Decrease in the number of nephrons What is the single most common cause of cellular injury? Selected Answer: Hypoxic injury What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? Selected Answer: Proteins In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release what? Selected Answer: Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other  Question 19 1 out of 1 points  Question 20 1 out of 1 points  Question 21 0 out of 1 points  Question 22 1 out of 1 points gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate? Selected Answer: Administer intravenous hydration. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause? Selected Answer: Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance A patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; positive urine glucose and ketones; serum potassium (K +) 2 mEq/L; serum sodium (Na +) 130 mEq/L. The patient reports that he has been sick with the flu for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency? Selected Answer: Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis. A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Decreased hormonal secretion is a response to rising hormone levels. The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by Selected Answer: Facilitating the motility of the colon  Question 27 1 out of 1 points  Question 28 0 out of 1 points  Question 29 1 out of 1 points  Question 30 1 out of 1 points  Question 31 1 out of 1 points An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident? Selected Answer: Alpha fetoprotein Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel? Selected Answer: Pulmonary artery A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare professional is best? Selected Answer: Give the patient an antihistamine. Which normal physiologic change occurs in the aging pulmonary system? Selected Answer: Stiffening of the chest wall A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?  Question 32 1 out of 1 points  Question 33 0 out of 1 points  Question 34 1 out of 1 points  Question 35 1 out of 1 points Selected Answer: A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best? Selecte d Answe r: Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: Presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)? Selected Answer: Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat?  Question 41 1 out of 1 points  Question 42 1 out of 1 points  Question 43 1 out of 1 points  Question 44 1 out of 1 points A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material? Selecte d Answe r: Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain. A patient has a peptic ulcer related to h. pylori bacteria. What treatment does the healthcare professional educate the patient on? Selected Answer: Antibiotic therapy What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine? Selected Answer: Salivation decreases. A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best? Selected Answer: Tell the student to get some normal saline instead. Which cardiac chambers have the thinnest wall and why?  Question 45 1 out of 1 points  Question 46 1 out of 1 points  Question 47 1 out of 1 points  Question 48 1 out of 1 points  Question 49 1 out of 1 points Selected Answer: The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? Selected Answer: Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease A student asks why carbon monoxide causes tissue damage. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Binds to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen The glomerular filtration rate is directly related to which factor? Selected Answer: Perfusion pressure in the glomerular capillaries What is one function of the tumor cell marker? Selected Answer: To screen individuals at high risk for cancer A patient has a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure of 30mmHg. What assessment  Question 50 1 out of 1 points  Question 51 1 out of 1 points  Question 52 1 out of 1 points  Question 53 0 out of 1 points finding by the healthcare professional would be most consistent with this reading? Selected Answer: Pink, frothy sputum A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate? Selected Answer: Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure. What are blood pressure variations associated with? Selected Answer: The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best? Selected Answer: No, many hormones are made from cholesterol. A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best? Selected Different routes allow the speed of onset of the antigen to  Question 59 0 out of 1 points  Question 60 0 out of 1 points  Question 61 1 out of 1 points  Question 62 0 out of 1 points A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet? Selected Answer: Iodine A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned? Selected Answer: Increase water intake. A professor has taught a student about skeletal alterations seen in chronic kidney disease. Which statement by the student indicates the professor needs to give more information? Selected Answer: The effectiveness of calcium and phosphate resorption from bone is impaired. What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? Selected Answer: Ischemia of the tubule A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the  Question 63 1 out of 1 points  Question 64 1 out of 1 points  Question 65 1 out of 1 points  Question 66 0 out of 1 points professor should review this material? Selected Answer: Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia. What physical sign does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? Selected Answer: Murmur heard on auscultation A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best? Selected Answer: Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system. A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review? Selected Answer: Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid. The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells?  Question 76 1 out of 1 points  Question 77 0 out of 1 points  Question 78 1 out of 1 points  Question 79 1 out of 1 points muscles. What response by the professional is best? Selected Answer: The papillary muscles open the semilunar valves. The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location? Selected Answer: Atria A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)? Selected Answer: Anterior pituitary tumor A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for? Selected Answer: Hemosiderosi s A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition? Selected Answer: Low platelet count  Question 80 1 out of 1 points  Question 81 0 out of 1 points  Question 82 1 out of 1 points  Question 83 1 out of 1 points  Question 84 0 out of 1 points A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would the student expect to see when examining this patient? Selected Answer: Signs of decreased cardiac output Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? Selected Answer: The response is innate, rather than acquired. Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant? Selected Answer: Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding? Selected Answer: Ca ++: 8.2 mg/dL What are tumor cell markers? Selected Answer: Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked  Question 85 1 out of 1 points  Question 86 1 out of 1 points  Question 87 1 out of 1 points  Question 88 0 out of 1 points  Question 89 1 out of 1 points A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D] immunoglobulin with her, what information should the healthcare professional provide? Selected Answer: It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the newborn. If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner? Selected Answer: Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O 2) to be released to the cells What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection? Selected Answer: It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? Selected Answer: Oxygen A female patient has been diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Answer: tubules  Question 98 0 out of 1 points  Question 99 1 out of 1 points  Question 100 0 out of 1 points What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process? Selected Answer: Emigration of neutrophils After a partial gastrectomy, gastric bypass, or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism? Selected Answer: Rapid gastric emptying A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior? Selected Answer: Potassium 2.5 mEq/L