Nursing Exam Preparation: Comprehensive Guide to NSG 300 Exam, Exams of Nursing

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Healthy People 2020 - correct answer - Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death.

• Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups.
• Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
• Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. health beliefs - correct answer a person's ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness (individuals perception about susceptibility, serious of illness, and if they will take preventative action) positive health behaviors - correct answer activities to maintain good health and prevent illness negative health behaviors - correct answer practices potentially harmful to health Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - correct answer (level 1) Physiological Needs (level 2) Safety and Security (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection (level 4) Self Esteem (level 5) Self Actualization holistic health model - correct answer promote health by considering emotional, spiritual, and physical wellbeing. internal variables that influence health beliefs and practices - correct answer developmental intellectual background perception off functioning emotional factors spiritual factors external variables that influence health beliefs and practices - correct answer family practices socioeconomic cultural

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what is an example illness prevention? - correct answer immunization program what are some examples of health promotion? - correct answer routine exercise, good nutrition, adequate sleep what are some examples of wellness? - correct answer physical awareness, stress management, self-responsibility primary prevention - correct answer True prevention that lowers the chances that a disease will develop what are some examples of primary prevention? - correct answer immunizations, physical activity, health education, nutrition, cleanliness secondary prevention - correct answer individual has health issues/illness, this helps to decrease the chance of worsened conditions and to decrease complications from developing what are some examples of secondary prevention - correct answer - screenings

• diagnostic tests
• medications tertiary prevention - correct answer when a deficit is permanent/irreversible, so preventative cares used to prevent further disability what are some examples of tertiary prevention? - correct answer Teach disease management to a patient with diabetes Referral of a patient to OT and PT Support group what are the stages of the change model? - correct answer precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance precontemplation stage - correct answer patient is unaware of problem and/or has no interest in change contemplation stage - correct answer patient is aware of problem and is beginning to think about changing but has not made a commitment to do so (next 6 months)

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preparation stage - correct answer patient is making a small change/coming up with a plan action stage - correct answer patient is actively engaging in the plan maintenance stage - correct answer patient integrates newly adopted behavior patterns into his or her lifestyle normal range for temperature - correct answer 36 - 38 degrees c or 96.8-100.4 degrees f normal temperature range for elderly population - correct answer 35 - 36.1 degrees c or 95- 97 degrees f what are the factors that affect temperature - correct answer age exercise hormone level circadian rhythm stress environment factors affecting temperature: age - correct answer as you age, your temperature tens to run lower factors affecting temperature: exercise - correct answer increase blood supply, increase heat production, increase body temperature factors affecting temperature: hormone level - correct answer women experience increase fluctuation in body temp (progesterone) factors affecting temperature: circadian rhythm - correct answer lowest temperature at 6 am and highest temperature at 4 pm (in healthy people) factors affecting temperature: stress - correct answer stress increases metabolism, increasing oxygen need when the body cant meet this demand = hypoxia factors affecting temperature: environment - correct answer room temperature/ temperature outside can lead to increase or decrease body temperature fever - correct answer Abnormally high body temperature important mechanism and enhances immune system

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hyperthermia - correct answer abnormally high body temperature due to the body inability to promote heat loss or reduce heat production hypothermia - correct answer Abnormally low body temperature often associated with exposure to cold and the body is unable to compensate heatstroke - correct answer prolonged exposure to the sun or high environmental temperature overwhelms the heat-loss mechanisms the body heat exhaustion - correct answer condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through diaphoresis results in excess water and electrolyte loss normal pulse range - correct answer 60 - 100 bpm strong and regular factors that influence pulse: exercise - correct answer short term exercise increases pulse rate heart conditioned by long term exercise (athlete) will have lower resting pulse what factors influence pulse - correct answer Exercise Temperature Acute pain Emotions Drugs Hemorrhage Position changes Pulmonary conditions factors that influence pulse: temperature - correct answer fever and heat increase pulse hypothermia decrease pulse factors that influence pulse: acute pain - correct answer increase in sympathetic activity will increase HR effects of chronic pain/parasympathetic stimulation increases by unrelieved pain which decreases HR

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factors that influence pulse: emotions - correct answer SNS increase pulse (anxiety) PNS decrease pulse factors that influence pulse: medications - correct answer epinephrine- increase HR beta adrenergic and CC blockers decrease HR factors that influence pulse: hemorrhage - correct answer sympathetic stimulation by loss of blood increases HR factors that influence pulse: postural changes - correct answer stand: increases HR lying down: decreases HR factors that influence pulse: pulmonary conditions - correct answer (asthma, COPD)--> increased HR due to poor oxygenation tachycardia - correct answer Abnormally rapid HR >100bpm Bradycardia - correct answer abnormally slow HR <60bpm dysrhythmia - correct answer Abnormal heart rhythm/missed beats normal respiration range - correct answer 12 - 20 breaths per minute deep and regular as you age you need _____ breaths/min - correct answer less factors affecting respiration - correct answer acute pain exercise anxiety smoking body position medications neurological injuries hemoglobin function factors affecting respiration: acute pain - correct answer pain may cause shallow breathing inhibits chest wall movement with chest/abdominal pain

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factors affecting respiration: exercise - correct answer increases rate/depth so that the body can meet the oxygen demand and get rid of carbon dioxide factors affecting respiration: anxiety - correct answer increases RR and depth as result of sympathetic stimulation factors affecting respiration: smoking - correct answer changes pulmonary airways increase RR at rest when not smoking factors affecting respiration: body position - correct answer straight/erect: full chest expansion stooped/slumped: impaired lying flat: prevent full chest expansion factors affecting respiration: medication - correct answer opioid, anesthetics and sedatives decrease RR and depth amphetamines and cocaine increase RR and depth bronchodilators slow rate by causing dilation factors affecting respiration: neurological injury - correct answer injury to brain stem impairs respiratory center and inhibits RR and rhythm factors affecting respiration: hemoglobin function - correct answer decrease hemoglobin (anemia) --> decreases oxygen carrying capacity--> increase RR high oxygen levels are _____ for a patient with COPD - correct answer FATAL do NOT over oxygenate what is a normal SPO2 range - correct answer > 95% what is a normal SPO2 range fro patients with COPD - correct answer 88%-92% normal BP range - correct answer Systolic: <120 mmHg Diastolic: <80 mmHg Normal pulse pressure - correct answer 30 - 50 mmHg what are the factors affecting BP - correct answer age stress ethnicity and genetics

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gender daily variation medications activity and weight smoking factors affecting BP: age - correct answer BP increases throughout life (larger children will have higher BP than smaller children) factors affecting BP: stress - correct answer increase HR --> increase CO--> increase vcasucalr resistance--> which increase BP factors affecting BP: ethnicity and genetics - correct answer increase BP in African Americans factors affecting BP: gender - correct answer after puberty makes then to have higher BP menopausal women then o have higher BP OVERALL no significant differenced in BP factors affecting BP: daily variation - correct answer lower BP during sleep (12am-3am) there will be a slow and steady rise highest during the day (10am-6pm) factors affecting BP: medications - correct answer antihypertensives & diuretics (any medication made to lower BP) factors affecting BP: activity and weight - correct answer period of exercise can reduce BP for several hours afterward increase in the O2 demand increases BP factors affecting BP: smoking - correct answer causes vasodilation which increases BP stage 1 hypertension - correct answer Systolic: 130- 139 Diastolic: 80- 89 stage 2 hypertension - correct answer Systolic: > 140mmHg Diastolic: > 90mmHg hypotension range - correct answer systolic. falls below 90mmHg

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What is the nurses role in measuring, analyzing and reporting abnormal vital signs? - correct answer the nurses role is to ASSESS, then create a NURSING DIAGNOSIS, develop a PLAN, IMPLEMENT the plan/goals, then EVALUATE the outcomes What does caring mean in nursing practice? - correct answer autonomy advocate educator communicator (empathy & comfort) define disease - correct answer harmful deviation from normal structure of functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms acute disease - correct answer symptoms develop rapidly short term self limiting dissipate after injury heals (trauma, surgery, kidney stone) chronic disease - correct answer when pain continues for 6 months or longer chain of infection - correct answer infectious agent reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host reservoir - correct answer where microorganism survives, multiplies and awaits transfer to host portal of exit - correct answer a way for the infectious agent to escape from the reservoir in which it has been growing so it can find a host to enter and cause disease mode of transmission - correct answer a way that the causative agent can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live (often unwashed hands)

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portal of entry - correct answer organisms enter the body through the same routes they use for exiting infectious process - correct answer 1. Incubation period

2. Prodromal stage
3. Illness stage
4. Convalescence incubation period - correct answer time between entrance of pathogen and appearance of first symptoms prodromal stage - correct answer interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms illness stage - correct answer the interval when symptoms specific to the infection occur convalescence - correct answer acute symptoms of infection disappear inflammation - correct answer a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues or infection Signs of inflammation - correct answer swelling redness heat pain/tenderness loss of function serous exudate - correct answer clear, like plasma normal to the healing process sanguineous exudate - correct answer containing red blood cells purulent exudate - correct answer pus; containing WBCs and bacteria indicated infection RACE - correct answer Rescue patient Alarm (pull alarm) Contain (contain fire, close door, turn off O2)

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Extinguish fire PASS - correct answer Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep what is the importance of quality and safety in client care? - correct answer quality and safety minimizes risk of harm to patient and providers through both system effectiveness and individual performance what are some factors that influence infection susceptibility? - correct answer age nutritional status stress disease process treatments or conditions that compromise the immune system standard precautions - correct answer recommendations that must be followed to prevent transmission of pathogenic organisms by way of blood, blood products, body fluids, secretions, excretions(except sweat), non intact skin, and mucous membranes standard precautions (for use with all patients) - correct answer hand hygiene between each patient wash hands if soiled no artificial finger nails wear gloves when touching body fluids use appropriate PPE if needed use of private room (only if needed) discard all contaminated sharp objects respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette what are some methods for providing basic care and comfort to clients? - correct answer encouraging health promotion (exercise, healthy diet, relaxation) basic needs (O2, nutrition, temperature) maintain proper body mechanics (posture and alignment assistive devices for walking (cane) what side of the body should the cane be on - correct answer stronger side

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direct route - correct answer person-to-person (fecal,oral) physical contact between source and susceptible host indirect route - correct answer personal contact of susceptible host with contaminates inanimate object droplet route - correct answer infected person coughs/sneezes, creating droplets that carry germs (w/in 6 feet) airborne route - correct answer organisms are carried droplet nuclei to residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air vehicle route - correct answer contaminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, food vector route - correct answer external mechanical transfer (flies) internal transmission (mosquito, flea, tick) Barrier precautions - correct answer •include the appropriate use of PPE such as gowns, gloves, masks, eyewear, and other protective devices or clothing. Contact precautions PPE - correct answer gown and gloves Droplet precautions PPE - correct answer a surgical mask when within 3 feet of the patient, proper hand hygiene, and some dedicated-care equipment. Airborne precautions PPE - correct answer negative air flow room (airborne infection isolation room) N95 respirator Protective environment PPE - correct answer a specialized room with positive airflow. what is the appropriate technique to maintain safe client handling? - correct answer widen base of support increase balance by bringing center of gravity closer to base of support safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) - correct answer improved assessment, use of mechanical equipment and safety procedures to lift and move patients what is the importance of proper positioning and movement for promoting clients comfort? - correct answer proper positioning and placing them in correct body alignment can help reduce pressure risks movement is important because immobility can cause many systemic effects

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Metabolic System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer endocrine (homeostasis is usual function, can decrease wound healing) calcium absorption (hypercalcemia) GI function (constipation) Respiratory System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer atelectasis (collapse of alveoli) hypostatic pneumonia ( inflammation of lung from stasis or pooling secretions Cardiovascular System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer orthostatic hypotension thrombus Musculoskeletal System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer loss of endurance and muscle mass decrease stability and balance Muscular System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer loss of muscle mass muscle atrophy Skeletal System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer impaires calcium absorption joint abnormalities Urinary System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer urinary stasis renal calculi (kidney stones) UTI Integumentary System: Effects of Immobility - correct answer pressure ulcer ischemia Safe application of physical restraints - correct answer make sure physician knows about this (restraint order) and visits the client within 1 hour of the client receiving physical restraints restraint should never interfere with treatment should not be SNUG (2 fingerwidths btwn)

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fit properly and be as discreet as possible be easy to remove or change (every 2 hours for toileting and checking neurovascular status) only used 4 hrs for adults. for physician prescription, it can go up to 24 hrs. trochanter roll - correct answer prevents external rotation of the hips when a patient is in a supine position how is a trochanter roll implemented? - correct answer fold cotton towel length wise to a width that extends from greater trochanter of the femur to lower border of popliteal space hand roll - correct answer roll placed in the hand to prevent hand contraction trapeze bar - correct answer allows the client to pull with the upper extremities to raise the trunk off the bed, assist in transfer, or to perform exercises increases independence, helps maintain upper body strength, decreases the shearing action supported fowlers - correct answer the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees, and the patient's knees are slightly elevated without pressure to restrict circulation in the lower legs supine - correct answer lying face up prone - correct answer lying face down side lying - correct answer patient rests on the side with the major portion of body weight on the dependent hip and shoulder Sims - correct answer patient places the weight on the anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle what are the psychological effects of immobility? - correct answer emotional/behavior responses (depression, hostility, fear, anxiety) sensory alterations altered sleep patterns social isolation what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence metabolism - correct answer provide high protein, high calorie diet with vitamin C supplements what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence respiratory - correct answer cough and deep breathe every 1-2 hours

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chest physiotherapy (CPT) what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence integumentary - correct answer reposition every 1-2 hours, provide skin care what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence elimination system - correct answer adequate hydration diet increase fluid increase fruit and veg increase fiber what are complementary/alternative therapies that influence cardiovascular - correct answer leg exercises, hose, compression socks health promotion and examples - correct answer directed at increasing a patients wellbeing routine exercise and good nutrition active health promotion - correct answer individual adopts a specific health program passive health promotion - correct answer individual gains from the activity without acting themselves disease prevention and example - correct answer the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress ex: immunization program what are the factors that affect an individuals health - correct answer genetic/physiologic factors age environment lifestyle