Nursing Exam Preparation: Comprehensive Guide to NUR 231 Exam, Exams of Nursing

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what is the purpose of nurse practice acts? - ANSWER- protect the public ANA Code of Ethics - ANSWER- guidelines and standards for professional practice and nursing actions Florence Nightingale - ANSWER- theory was about a clean environment Virginia Henderson - ANSWER- 14 basic needs Hildegard Peplau - ANSWER- nurse-patient relationship in psychiatric nursing Patricia Benner - ANSWER- novice to expert theory Madeliene Leininger - ANSWER- Transcultural Nursing Theory Jean Watson - ANSWER- Science of Human Caring inductive reasoning - ANSWER- specific to general deductive reasoning - ANSWER- general to specific Defamation - ANSWER- false communication that injures a person's reputation slander - ANSWER- oral defamation libel - ANSWER- written defamation contract law - ANSWER- Dealing with agreements between individuals Explicit or implicit

Tort Law - ANSWER- - Dealing with duties and rights among individuals

• Involves claims for damages Civil Law - ANSWER- allows for resolution of dispute between private parties Criminal Law - ANSWER- A law that defines crimes against the public order. health-illness continuum - ANSWER- no breakage, continuous continuum 6 competencies of QSEN - ANSWER- 1. Patient-centered care

2. Teamwork and collaboration
3. Evidence-based practice
4. Quality improvement
5. Safety
6. Informatics acute illness - ANSWER- Occurs suddenly and lasts for a limited amount of time. chronic illness - ANSWER- lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer and often for the person's life Nursing Process - ANSWER- Assessment Diagnosis Planning Implementation Evaluation Assessment - ANSWER- gathering information/data subjective data - ANSWER- things a person tells you objective data - ANSWER- what you observe Nurse-Patient Relationship - ANSWER- to establish trust and report during the first initial contact diagnosis - ANSWER- identify characteristics that help establish diagnosis planning outcomes - ANSWER- specific time, realistic goal, has to be achievable and measurable

Implementation - ANSWER- putting the plan into action Evaluation - ANSWER- seeing if plan worked/goal was achieved verbal communication - ANSWER- the use of spoken or written words to send messages nonverbal communication - ANSWER- exchange of information without the use of words holds more weight to patient Therapeutic Communication Techniques - ANSWER- 1) ACTIVE LISTENING - Shows clients that they have your undivided attention

2. OPEN-ENDED QUESTIONS - Used initially to encourage clients to tell their story in their own way. Ask questions in a language that a client can understand
3. CLARIFYING - Questioning clients about specific details in greater depth or directing them toward relevant parts of the history.
4. SUMMARIZING - Validates the accuracy of the story. Barriers to Therapeutic Communication - ANSWER- - not listening -Too many questions -Closed-ended questions -Asking "Why?" -Changing the subject abruptly -Failing to listen -Failing to explore issues in detail -Expressing approval or disapproval -Offering advice -Giving false reassurance -Stereotyping -Using patronizing language Therapeutic Questions - ANSWER- Open ended. Listening. Silence. Be Physically at their level. Repeating back. occurence report - ANSWER- identify ways to prevent incidents

documentation - ANSWER- never chart ahead only chart for yourself Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANSWER- (level 1) Physiological Needs- (food, air, water, rest, physical activity) (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization nursing diagnosis components - ANSWER- diagnostic label→ related to, →related factors/etiology, as evidenced by, →defining characteristics, risk factors interpreter - ANSWER- never use family or friends always someone that is trained from the facility Delegation in Nursing - ANSWER- can delegate vital signs, ADLs cannot delegate care plan, cannot assess, cannot administer meds ALWAYS FOLLOW UP DELEGATION Number one way to prevent the spread of infection - ANSWER- handwashing 6 links in the chain of infection - ANSWER- 1. Infectious Agent

2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Mode of Transmission
5. Portal of Entry
6. Susceptible Host infectious agent - ANSWER- pathogen Resovoir - ANSWER- where the pathogen lives and multiplies humans, animals ,insects, food, floors, contaminated water portal of exit - ANSWER- Bodily fluids Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea Seeping wounds Tubes, IV lines

mode of transmission - ANSWER- direct- touching, kissing, sexual contact indirect- contact with fomite airborne- air conditioning droplet- cough, sneeze portal of entry - ANSWER- Eyes Nares Mouth Vagina Cuts Scrapes Wounds Surgical sites IV or drainage tube sites Bite from a vector susceptible host - ANSWER- Person with inadequate defense Four determining factors: -Virulence -Organism's ability to survive in the host's environment -Number of organisms -Host's defenses antigen - ANSWER- initiate immune response Stages of infection - ANSWER- incubation- from time of infection until manifestation of symptoms prodromal- appearance of vague symptoms illness- signs and symptoms present decline- number of pathogens decline convalescence- tissue repair, return to health prevention of infection - ANSWER- -medical asepsis -Maintaining a clean environment -Hand hygiene -Staff must follow protocol for colds, coughs, or skin infections Local infection - ANSWER- occurs in a limited region in the body (UTI) systemic infection - ANSWER- affects the entire body

spread via blood or lymph falls - ANSWER- Prevalent in those older than 65 years Slippery floors, stairs, tubs; low toilet seat; high bed Prevention: -nonskid shoes -tidy clothes -proper lighting -grab bars/rails -no scatter rugs restraints on a patient - ANSWER- has to be a doctors order, false imprisonment without order primary health prevention - ANSWER- prevent/slow onset of disease (eating healthy, exercising) secondary health prevention - ANSWER- screenings/detect and treat illnesses in early stages (mammograms) tertiary health prevention - ANSWER- treatment, stopping disease progression; return to pre-illness state cognitive learning - ANSWER- storing and recall of information (facts about disease) psychomotor learning - ANSWER- "Hands-on" skill Requires thinking and doing (e.g., self-administration of insulin) affective learning - ANSWER- changes in attitudes, values, and feelings (belief about diet) Traits of Critical Thinkers - ANSWER- inquisitive, open minded, flexible honest, seeks info, reflective critical thinking - ANSWER- increases quality of care given to patient and improves outcomes self-concept - ANSWER- overall view of oneself

forms out of a person's evaluation of oneself self esteem - ANSWER- how a person likes oneself ideal self vs actual self religion - ANSWER- an organized system of worship many of the worlds religions hold common beliefs a map that outlines essential beliefs, values, and codes of conduct spirituality - ANSWER- belief in/or relationship with some higher power a journey Spiruality of patients - ANSWER- patients tell us what they need medicare - ANSWER- A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older, disabled, and renal disease medicaid - ANSWER- operated by the state funded by state and federal goverment sentinel event - ANSWER- an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or psychological injury, or the risk thereof ethical agency - ANSWER- the ability of nurses to base their practice on professional standards of ethical conduct and to participate in ethical decision making nursing ethics - ANSWER- helps make moral decisions formal questions that arise out of nursing practice ethical dilemma - ANSWER- a situation in which you have to decide whether to pursue a course of action that may benefit you or your organization but that is unethical or even illegal autonomy - ANSWER- person right to choose and act on choice (stop treatment) Nonmaleficence - ANSWER- duty to do no harm and prevent harm Benefecience - ANSWER- do good and promote good fidelity - ANSWER- keep promises

veracity - ANSWER- to tell the truth justice - ANSWER- fairness emergency medical treatment and active labor act EMTALA - ANSWER- requires emergency department to provide treatment regardless of insurance, cannot turn down anyone Patient Self-Determination Act - ANSWER- gives clients right to make decisions on their own healthcare (living will) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) - ANSWER- protects health insurance benefits for workers who have or do not have a job statutory law - ANSWER- nurse practice acts passed through legislature body of each state regulators that govern nursing federal and state legislatures - ANSWER- federal state nurse practice acts policies and procedures Malpractice - ANSWER- professional negligence Negligence - ANSWER- failure to perform as a reasonable prudent person would no intent to harm is present False Imprisonment - ANSWER- restraining a client against their will fraud - ANSWER- failing to provide essential info for informed consent assualt - ANSWER- nurse place patient in immediate fear battery - ANSWER- contact made to a person without consent Quantitative Research - ANSWER- generalized to populations, recorded in numbers

Qualitative Research - ANSWER- focuses on lived experiences of people, recorded in participants own words Legal Documentation - ANSWER- Describes exactly what happens to the patient and must follow agency standards, never add other patients names