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Nursing Final Exam Questions with Answers
1. Examples of Culturally Competent Care: - ask the person or their representa- tives what they
prefer and then to meet their preferences wherever possible.
- try to understand a person's history by talking to them and their family.
- ask questions if you are unsure.
- Use an interpreter
2. What do hospitals focus on?: Acute care needs
3. Hospitals: have become acute care providers for people who are too ill to care for
themselves at home, who are severely injured, who have an exacerbation of a chronic disease, who require surgery or complicated treatment, or who are having babies.
4. Hospitals: Rarely focus on treating chronic illnesses, and they are not primary care centers.
5. Outpatient: Those who require health care but do not need to stay in the facility
6. outpatient surgery: Clients who have this have the procedure, return to a hos- pital room for
recovery, and then are discharged home on the same day
7. Hospice: Is a program of palliative and supportive services providing physical, psychological,
social, and spiritual care for dying persons (with the expectation of 6 months or less of life), along with their families, and other loved ones.
8. Hospice Nurses: Do not implement care to improve health, focus on children with chronic
illnesses, or care for older adults in long-term care.
9. After the death of a client in hospice what happens? the hospice nurse continues to care for the
2 / client's family during the bereavement period, for up to 1 year, regardless of the setting in which the client received hospice care. During this time, nurses help the family to work through their loss
10. What is the goal of Palliative care: The goal is to provide relief from the symptoms, pain,
and stress of a serious illness, and to improve the quality of life for both the client and the family. It is not restricted to end-of-life care.
11. Palliative care: May be given in conjunction with medical treatment and in all types of
health care settings, is client- and family-centered care that optimizes the quality of life by anticipating, preventing, and treating suffering
12. Bereavement Care: Care that is provided to families following the death of a family
member
13. Respite Care: The main purpose of this care is to give the primary caregiver some time
away from the responsibilities of day-to-day care.
14. Speech Therapy: In addition to providing services to improve oral communica- tion, this care
provider may also diagnose and treat swallowing problems in clients who have had a head injury or stroke.
15. Physical Therapy: Assists with musculoskeletal and neurological impairments
16. Respiratory Therapist: provides treatments to improve breathing
17. Social Worker: is educated to help clients with economic and social issues
18. Trends to watch in health care: •Trends to watch in health care include:
- Changing demographics
- Increasing diversity
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- Technology explosion
- Globalization of economy and society
- Educated consumers
- Increasing complexity of client care
- Higher costs of health care
- Effect of health policy and regulation
- Current nursing shortage
19. Business of Health Care: Most common method of health care payment in the United States
is Public or Private Health Insurance
20. Medical Record: Serves as a legal document and Primary purpose: communi- cation
21. Confidentiality: Nurses have a legal and ethical obligation to keep patient information
obtained through examination, observation, conversation, or treatment confidential.
22. Documentation: Patient Records: serve many purposes, but the ANA states that the most
important of these is "communicating within the health care team and providing information for other professionals, primarily for individuals and groups involved with accreditation, credentialing, legal, regulatory and legislative, reim- bursement, research, and quality activities" (ANA, 2010, p. 5).
23. What can help avoid errors when documenting? - Documentation in a timely manner
- Accuracy is prioritized over brevity, and subjectivity is not a goal
- It is necessary to provide sufficient detail, to answer questions or encourage dialogue among colleagues.
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24. Legally speaking documentation: A nursing action not documented in the client's record is a
nursing action not performed. NOT DOCUMENTED = NOT DONE
25. Documentation: PIE Charting: The nurse documents the problem, interven- tion, and
evaluation. This charting system is not multidisciplinary; it provides a documentation system for nursing only.
26. Is client assessment part of PIE charting? No, because this information is recorded on flow
sheets for each shift.
27. Documentation: Flow Sheets: Tables that have vertical and horizontal columns that allow
nurses to document specific client variables such as vital signs, weight, intake and output, and bowel movements.
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28. Documentation: Progress notes: Notes that document care from other health care
professionals.
29. Documentation: Nursing notes: Notes from nurses related to the client care that are
situational in nature and add a descriptive process of events or conversa- tions.
30. Documentation: Critical pathways: Also known as clinical pathways, multi- disciplinary
pathways, collaborative paths, or care maps to name a few—utilize evidence-based practice and apply it to structured, multidisciplinary care tracts to provide guidelines for protocols and best practice.
31. Incident Report: The report should contain all the variables related to the incident
32. Elements of the informed consent document include: 1. Comprehension
2.Disclosure
3.Competence
33. Attributes of a professional nurse: • The willingness to learn from clients
- Awareness of how beliefs and values influence others,
- Motivation to provide the best of one's abilities,
- Acceptance of responsibility for one's own actions.
- The professional nurse is an advocate for all clients and believes all clients are deserving of the nurse's care.
34. Cultural Awareness: Objectively examine one's own beliefs, values, and prac- tices
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35. Nursing is a Recognized Profession: Nursing has a well-defined body of specific and
unique knowledge, strong service orientation, and a code of ethics
36. Florence Nightingale: - Lady with the Lamp
- Founder of Modern Nursing
37. The Broad Aims of Nursing: •Promote health
- Restore health
- Prevent Illness
- Facilitate coping with disability or death
38. The many roles of Nurses: •Advocate
- Leader
- Caregiver
- Collaborator
- Communicator
39. Examination prior to obtaining licensure as a Registered Nurse:: •National Council Licensure
Exam for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN).
40. Nursing Licensure: indicates minimum level of competency;
41. Nursing Certification: indicates advanced level of competency
42. Nursing Practice Acts: Define the legal scope of nursing practice and estab- lishes criteria
for the education and licensure of nurses
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43. State Nurse Practice Acts: Defines the scope and responsibilities of nursing practice in that
state and they determine the educational requirements for licensure
44. Code of Ethics: Philosophy of ethical decision making and professional expec- tations used
as a framework for practice
45. Four concepts common in all nursing theories: •Nursing
- Health
- Environment
- Person
46. Critical Thinking: Systematic way to form and shape thinking
47. The Nursing Process: A patient-centered, systematic, outcome-oriented method of
caring that provides a framework for nursing practice.
48. The Nursing Process: •It is nursing practice in action.
- It is focused on client goals.
49. Nursing process with multiple foci: has multiple foci, not just one focus. Although the
nursing process is presented as an orderly and linear progression of steps, in reality, there is great interaction and overlapping among the five steps.
50. Does each step in the nursing process flow into the next? No single step in the nursing process
is a one-time phenomenon; each step flows into the next step.
51. What does Nursing practice require? The use of blended competencies, not blended skills
52. The Steps of the Nursing Process- (in order): •First: Assessment
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- Third: Planning/Outcomes Identification
- Fourth: Implementation
- Fifth: Evaluation
53. Key to remember about the nursing process: It is patient-centered, system- atic, outcome-
oriented
54. Assessment phase: gathering subjective and objective information
55. The diagnosis phase: Involves the analysis of information and deriving the meaning from
the analysis.
56. The planning phase: Involves preparing a care plan and directing the nursing staff in
providing care.
57. The implementation phase: Involves initiation, evaluation of response to the plan, record of
nursing actions, and client response to actions.
58. Outcome identification: Involves formulating and documenting measurable, realistic,
client-focused goals.
59. Evidence-Based Practice: Is a conscientious, problem-solving approach to clinical practice
60. EBP incorporates the best evidence from:: •Well-designed studies
- Patient values and preferences,
- A clinician's expertise in making decisions about a patient's care
61. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: From the bottom of the hierarchy upwards, the needs are:
physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualization
62. Physiologic needs: the most basic in the hierarchy of needs, are the most essential to
9 / life and have the highest priority. Physiologic needs include oxygen, water, food, temperature, elimination, sexuality, physical activity, and rest.
63. Safety Needs: in Maslow's hierarchy refer to the need for security and protection
64. Love and Belonging Needs: Include the need for interpersonal relationships Love and
belonging needs include the understanding and acceptance of others in both giving and receiving love, and the feeling of belonging to families, peers, friends, a neighborhood, and a community. The inclusion of family and friends in the care of a client is a nursing intervention to meet this need.
65. Self-Esteem Needs: Include the need for confidence, self-esteem, achieve- ment, and
respect. Self-esteem is promoting the self-worth of the individual by focusing on what the client exhibits that is positive.
66. Self-Actualization Needs: which includes acceptance of self and others, reach- ing one's full
potential, and feelings of happiness and affection for others. Self-actu- alization is the client's realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potentialities.
67. Non-Modifiable Risk Factors: age, sex, genetic makeup, family history
68. Modifiable Risk Factors: Smoking, toxins, alcohol intake, stress
69. Acute illness: Comes on sudden, and is usually resolved quickly (appendicitis)
70. Chronic Illness: long term, (hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, Asthma)
71. Primary Health Promotion and Prevention: Directed towards promoting health and
preventing the development of disease processes or injury examples: Immunizations clinics, family planning services, poison-control informa- tion and accident-prevention education
72. Secondary Health Promotion and Prevention: Focus on screening for early detection of
10 / disease with prompt diagnosis and treatment of any found examples: Assessing children for normal growth & development, encouraging regular medical, dental and vision examinations as well as BP screenings.
73. Tertiary Health Promotion and Prevention: Begins after an illness is diag- nosed and
treated, with the goal of reducing disability and helping rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning examples: administering insulin to a patient with diabetes, physical therapy, referring to group support
74. Primary Prevention Education: •Educating a group of young adults on safe sex practices
(preventing pregnancy & sexually transmitted infections)
- Teaching clients about a healthy nutritional plan
75. Health Disparity: A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social,
economic, and/or environmental disadvantage
76. An effective Advocate: a nurse who is willing to act on behalf of a client and can work well
with other members of the healthcare team.
77. A Moral: a person's standard of behavior or belief concerning what is and is not acceptable
to do.
78. A value: Is one's judgment of what is important in life.
79. What regulates the Practice of nursing? Civil Laws
80. A law: is a standard or rule of conduct established and enforced by the govern- ment,
chiefly to protect the rights of the public.
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81. Private Law/Civil Law: Regulates relationships among people and includes laws related to
the practice of nursing.
82. Public Law: Is that part of law that governs relationships between individuals and the
government and relationships between individuals that are of direct concern to society
83. Common Law: Is law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes.
84. Criminal Law: Is the body of law that relates to crime. It proscribes conduct perceived as
threatening, harmful, or otherwise endangering to the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one's self. Example: possession of illegal substance
85. Assault: Is a threaten or attempt to make bodily contact with a person without that
person's consent.
86. Battery: Is actually making bodily contact with a person without that person's consent.
87. Fraud: Is deception or misrepresentation that causes another harm.
88. Defamation: Is an intentional tort in which one party makes derogatory remarks about
another that harms the other party's reputation.
89. Negligence: An unintentional tort occurs when a person fails to exercise rea- sonable care
in the performance of one's duties.
90. Negligence is defined as:: Performing an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar
circumstances would not do or, conversely, failing to perform an act that a reasonably prudent person under similar circumstances would do.
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91. An example of Negligence: Nurse fails to assist the client out of the bed on the first day after
surgery
92. Nonmaleficence: Principle-based approach which is aimed to avoid causing harm to clients
in all situations and is defined as the obligation to prevent harm Example: (Learning how to use the medication cart at your work so you don't make a mistake and injure your patient).
93. Beneficence: is defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong connotation
of doing good to others including moral obligation. All professionals have the foundational moral imperative of doing right. Example of this ethical principle: the client reports pain 9 out of 10 after a c-section birth and the nurse medicates the client for pain
94. Malpractice: In order to prove liability in malpractice cases, these areas must be present:
- Damages
- Duty
- Breach of Duty
- Causation
95. A lawsuit: A legal action in court
96. Litigation: is the process of bringing and trying a lawsuit.
97. Plaintiff: The person or government bringing suit against another
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98. Defendant: The one being accused of a crime or tort
99. Litigator: is a lawyer who assists the plaintiffs or defendants with prosecuting or defending
lawsuits.
100. A witness: is someone who, either voluntarily or under compulsion, provides
testimonial evidence, either oral or written, of what they know or claims to know about the matter before some official authorized to take such testimony
101. The first step involved in malpractice litigation: The basis for the claim is determined to
be appropriate and timely; all elements of liability are present (duty, breach of duty, causation, and serious damages).
102. The second step involved in malpractice litigation: All parties named as de- fendants
(nurses, physicians, health care agency), as well as insurance companies and attorneys, work toward a fair settlement.
103. The third step involved in malpractice litigation: The case is presented to a malpractice
arbitration panel. The panel's decision is either accepted or rejected, in which case a complaint is filed in trial court.
104. The fourth step involved in malpractice litigation: The defendants contest allegations
(argue that there is no basis for alleging deviation from the appropriate standard of care or for proving causation and damages).
105. The fifth step involved in malpractice litigation: Pretrial discovery activities occur: review
of medical records and depositions of plaintiff, defendants, and wit- nesses.
106. The sixth step involved in malpractice litigation: Trial takes place; both sides present
their evidence and arguments.
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107. The seventh step involved in malpractice litigation: Decision or verdict is reached by the
judge and/or jury.
108. The final step involved in malpractice litigation: If the verdict is not accepted by both
sides, it may be appealed to an appellate court.
109. Ethical Dilemma: two or more clear moral principles apply but support mutu- ally
inconsistent courses of action.
110. institutional ethics committee: an appropriate entity for addressing ethical dilemmas
111. During an ethical dilemma...: The nurse must decide what to do based on ethical
decision-making and take action that can be justified ethically based on that process. The nurse does not need to follow the physician's order in this case as the nurse knows the client's wishes. Although the physician's order may create a barrier to the nurse-client relationship, this concern is secondary to the ethical dilemma it poses to the nurse.
112. Should the nurse continue to provide care during an ethical dilemma? -
Yes, the nurse should continue to provide care during an ethical dilemma
113. APA Format: Arrangement of References: Alphabetically, by author's last name
114. APA Format In-Text Citation: Example:
Experienced listeners are better able to comprehend accented speech, regardless of the type of accent (Gass & Varonis, 1984).
115. APA Format: Documentation of Journal Articles: Portman, A. (2005). How work affects
divorce: The mediating role of financial and time pressures. Journal of Family Issues 26(2), 168- 180
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116. How to transcribe: seven and a half grams of medicine: 7.5 g