Nursing Pharmacology study guide, Exams of Nursing

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Nursing Pharmacology study guide

 psychological dependence: desire to continue using a drug despite obvious negative economic physical or social consequences  reboud effects: symptoms of lethargy and fatigue caused by withdrawal of methamphetamine and other stimulants  reticular formation: portion of the brain affecting awareness and wakefulness  scheduled drugs: in the United Statesa a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on it potential for misuse or abuse  sedatives: substances that depress the CNS and cause drowsiness or sleep  substance abuse: self-administration of a drug that does not conform to the medical or social norms within the patients given culture or society  tachyphylaxis: the rapid development of tolerance to any action of a

drug either adverse or theapeutic effects  tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): the active chemical in marijuana  tolerance: process of adapting to a drug over a period of time and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect  withdrawl syndrome: symptoms that result when a patient discontinues taking a substance on which he or she was dependent  assessment: appraisal of a patients condition that involves gathering and inter- pretubg subjective and objective data  baseline data: data gathered during the initial assessment that is compared wiht data gathered during later interactions  evaluation: systematic objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions  evaluation criteria: specific and measuable achievements that will be used to determine if a particular goal has been met  evidence-based practice: used of research observations nursing practice and clinical judgment to determine care  goal: what the patient should be able to achieve and do based on the problem or nursing diagnosis established from the assessment data

 implementation: when the nurse applies the knowledge skills and principles of nursing care to help move the patient toward the desired goal and optimal wellness  intervention: nursing action that produces an effect or that is intended to alter the course of a disease or condition disigned to move the patient toward the desired goal  nursing diagnoses: list of proble.s that address the patients responses to health and life processes  nursing process: five part decision making system that includes assessment nursing diagnosis planning implementation and evaluation  outcome: statement that includes specific measurable evaluation criteria planning: phase of nursing process in which appropriate goals and outcomes are developed and nursing interventions that will help the patient them are deter- mined Absorption: the process by which drug molecules move from their site of admin- istration to the blood  Affinity: the ability of some tissues to attract, accumulate and store drugs in high concentrations relative to other tissues  blood-brain barrier: Blood vessels (capillaries) that selectively let

certain sub- stances enter the brain tissue and keep other substances out  diffusion: process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated  distribution: the transport of drugs throughout the body after they are absorbed  drug-protein complexes: formed when a drugh that binds reversibly to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to its site of action  enterohepatic recirculation: recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver  enzyme induction: process by whick a drug increases the activity of the hepatic microsomal enzymes  excretion: the process of removing substances from the body  first-pass effect: mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed enter into the hepat- ic portal circulation and are inactivated by the liver before they reach the general circulation  fetal-placental barrier: special anatomic barrier that inhibits many

chemicals and drugs from entering the fetus  hepatic microsomal enzyme system: as it relates to phamacotherapy, liver en- zymes that metabolize drugs as well as nutrients and other endogenous substances, sometimes called the P-450 System  isozymes: multiple similar forms of an enzyme that perform slightly different metabolic functions  loading dose: relatively large dose of a drug given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain a therapeutic response  maintenance doses: amount of drug that keeps the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range  metabolism: the process used by the body to chemically change a drug mole- cule, also called biotransformation  minimum effective concentration: amount of drug required to produce a ther- apeutic effect  pharmacokinetics: study of drug movement throughout the body  plasma half-life: the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by one half after administration  prodrugs: drugs that become more active after they are metabolized

6 / 13  substrate: drug that is metabolized by a CYP enzyme  therapeutic drug monitoring: practice of monitoring plasma levels of drughs that have low safety profiles and using the data to predict drugh action or toxicity  therapeutic range: dosage that produces the desired effects of a drug  toxic concentration: level of drug that results in serious adverse effects  agonist: drug that activates a receptor and produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance  antagonist: agent that blocks the response of another drug  dose-response relationship: the way a patient responds to varying doses of a drug  efficacy: the maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug  frequency distrubtion curve: a graphic representation of the actual number of patients responding to a particular drug action at different doses  idiosyncratic response: unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction

7 / 13  intrinsic activity: the ability of a drug to bind to a receptor and produce a strong action  margin of safety (MOS): the amount of drug that is lethal to 1% of anmals divided by the amount of drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 99% of the animals  median effective dose (ED50): the dose of a drug required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients  median lethal dose (LD50): the dose of a drug that will kill 50% if a group of animals  median toxicity dose (TD50): the dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients  partial agonist: medication that produces weaker or less efficacious response than an agonist  pharmacodynamics: study of the mechanisms of drug action and how the body responds to drugs  pharmacogenetics: the study of genetic variations that alter patients responses to medications branch of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response  potency: the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose

8 / 13  receptor: cellular molecule to which a drug binds to produce its effects  second messenger: cascade of biochemical events taht intitiates a drugs ac- tion by either stimulationg or inhibiting a normal activity of the cell  therapeutic index (LI): the ratio of a drugs LD50 to its ED  additive effect: type of drug interaction in which two agents combine to produce a summation response

9 / 13  adverse drug effect: an undesirable and potentially harmful action caused by the administration of medication  Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS): voluntary program that encour- ages health care providers and consumers to report suspected adverse efects directly to the FDA or the product manufacturer  antagonistic effect: type of drug interactions in which adding a second drug results in a diminished pharmacologic response  Black Box Warning: in some drug inserts, a requirement by the FDA that warns prescribers that the drug carries a risk for serious or fatal adverse effects  drug allergies: a hyperresponse of body defenses to a particular drug that may result in a diverse range of patient symptoms  drug interaction: occurs when a medication interacts with another substance such as another drug, a dietary supplement, an herbal product, or food that is taken concurrently with the medication, and the drugs actions are affected  idiosyncratic response: unpredictiable and unexplained drug reaction

10 / 13  risk-benefit ratio: determination of whether the risks form a drugh outweigh the potential benefits received by taking the medication  side effect: types of drug effects that are less serious than adverse effects, are predictable and may occur even at therapeutic doses  synergistic effect: type of drug interaction in which two drugs produce an effect that is much greater than would be expected form simply adding the two individual drugs responses  teratogens: agent that causes birth defects  medication administration record (MAR): legal documentation of all pharma- cotherapies received by the patient  medication error: any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care provider, patient or consumer  medication error index: categorization of medication errors according to the degree of harm an error can cause  medication reconciliation: the process of keeping track of a patients medica- tion as the patients care proceeds from one health care provider to another  polypharmacy: taking multiple drugs concurrently

11 / 13  risk management: system of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution  addiction: the continued use of a substance despite serious health and social consequences  anterograde amnesia: type of short term memory loss where the user cannot remember events that occurred while under the influence of a drug

12 / 13  attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): disorder typically diagnosed in childhood characterized by hyperactivity as well as attention, organization, and behavior control issues  club drug: a diverse group of abused substances taken by people at dance clubs, all night parties and raves  controlled substance: in the United States a drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act  cross-tolerance: situation in which tolerance to one drug makes the patient tolerant to another drug  delirium tremens: a syndrome of intense agitation confusion terrifying hallu- cinations uncontrollable tremors panic attacks and paranoia caused by alcohol withdrawl  hallucinogens: seeing hearing or feeling things that are not there  opiods: class of drugs that includes natural substances obtained from the seeds of the poppy plant such as opium morphine and codeine  physical dependence: condition of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symp- toms when a substance is discontinued after

13 / 13 repeated use