Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 209 Midterm Exam Study Guide |

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What is a primary source - ✔✔research done by the authors What is a secondary source - ✔✔A source looking at someone else's research (lit review)

• researchers are compiling their research based off of others research Why isn't evidence-based practice not used - ✔✔- time consuming
• staff may not be aware of how to read or may not understand what it is saying How do you narrow down your results for a literature search? - ✔✔- Publication date (w/in 5 yrs)
• Type of article (magazine, peer review)
• Narrow words down
• English language
• Don't limit to full text Key items that make it EBP - ✔✔- multiple research studies
• clinical expertise
• Patients preferences and values are taken into consideration
• Non-biased authors
• Don't put your own values in BSN need to know research/EBP - ✔✔best research, clinical expertise, cost effective, patient values and needs
• Read research reports,
• ID effective interventions
• Implement to promote positive outcomes

What are the different types of quantitative research - ✔✔- True experimental

• Descriptive
• Correlational
• Quasi-experimental
• Experimental What is true experimental - ✔✔randomized, manipulated and control
• lab/research unit What is quantitative research - ✔✔large sample size What is descriptive research - ✔✔describe the current status of a variable What is correlational research - ✔✔- relationship between variables, does not look for cause and effect (non-experimental)
• Natural What is Quasi-experimental research - ✔✔partially controlled
• establish a cause effect relationship between two or more variables, does not manipulate the independent variable
• Includes an intervention
• Usually includes comparing 2 or more groups of people before and after implementing an intervention
• No randomization = weaker study design What is experimental research - ✔✔- cause and effect and tries to manipulate all the variables What is the highest level of evidence - ✔✔Meta analysis and synthesis of research What is the lowest level of evidence - ✔✔case studies and expert opinions

_______________: Process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its value and relevance in a particular context - ✔✔Critical appraisal What does a true experimental study require? - ✔✔- control, manipulation, randomization Where is the sampling population found in a study - ✔✔methods section _________: entire group of interest - ✔✔population __________: each member has equal chance of being selected, has the most control and representative

• ✔✔probability sampling Probability sampling can be __________ or __________ - ✔✔random or systematic ___________: selected by chance, haphazard - ✔✔Random __________: selection of every nth case from the sampling frame ** ___________: interval at which subjects are selected from a list - ✔✔- systematic
• sampling interval _____________: whoever is conveniently available, not as representative - ✔✔non probability sampling ____________: whoever is conveniently available - ✔✔convenience ____________: subjects who are thought/known to have a specific knowledge about a topic - ✔✔purposive ______________: sampling is expected to represent a population of people - ✔✔sampling theory

Subjects are persons within ____________ - ✔✔a population __________: Entire set of persons who meet sampling criteria __________: Portion of population researcher has access - ✔✔- Target

• Accessible ___________: narrowly defined criteria (similar) - ✔✔homogenous ____________: broadly defined criteria - ✔✔heterogeneous __________: identifies area of concern for a population - ✔✔problem
• Addresses significance of problem, provides background, outlines need for additional study ____________: clear, concise statement of aim or goal of a study - ✔✔purpose
• Usually reflects type of study conduction
• Includes variables, population, setting What are the parts of a research report - ✔✔abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion (recommendations, limitations, conclusion), references _____________:
• Clear concise summary of study- Usually <300 words - Includes: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion
• Brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article - ✔✔Abstract _____________: states the purpose and research problem or hypotheses, sig. Need for the study. ( may include lit review or theoretical framework) - ✔✔Introduction ___________: detailed description of the study's design - ✔✔- Methods
• Sample size
• Setting

• Methods of measuring variables and collecting data
• Study procedures including procedures to protect human rights
• Data analysis methods ____________: Focus on summary of results and significance (Outcomes & Sign. of Results)
• Quantitative research

• • ✔✔- Results

• Names of stat tests used
• Value of calculated statistics
• significance ______________: Ties entire report together (Results in words instead of stats)
• Researcher presents conclusions about the meaning and implications of the findings - what the results mean, why it turned out how it did
• include= interpretation of results, clinical and research implications
• Study limitations and ramifications - ✔✔Discussion ____________: Includes all sources Cited. Great Resources for additional Readings. - ✔✔References ___________: Characteristic of a population - ✔✔Parameter ___________: Characteristic of a sample - ✔✔Statistic Qualitative studies
• Measures quality of something rather than quantity of something
• Systematic, subjective approach
• Phenomenological: lived experience
• Grounded theory research: basic social process

• Ethnographic research: cultural studies
• Historical research: analysis of past events participants/informants are researcher selected ** Purposive sampling ** Snowball sampling: participants suggest people
• Data collection methods: observation, interviews - ✔✔ What are the levels of measurement - ✔✔Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio _____________: Lowest leve, organized in categories
• Cannot be compared
• Ex. - ✔✔- Nominal
• gender, ethnicity, marital status, blood type ___________: organized in categories (ranked)
• Unequal intervals
• cannot manipulate with math; just ranking data
• Ex. - ✔✔- Ordinal
• Ex. mild, moderate severe
• Ex. Are you enjoying NUR 209 this semester? 1. Not at all, 2. Very little, 3. Somewhat ___________: equal numerical distances between intervals
• Does NOT have a meaningful zero
• Ex. - ✔✔Interval
• Ex. temp, pulse rate, time ___________: highest level, ordered
• Has a meaningful zero
• High degree of manipulability
• Ex. - ✔✔Ration

• Ex. weight, height, volume, BP What are the measurement errors - ✔✔random and systematic ___________: without pattern or direction
• Ex. person taking the measurement may not use the same procedure every time - ✔✔Random ___________: has a direction, something else is being measured Ex. scale weighs an average of 3 pounds heavy each time, all weights will be high - ✔✔Systematic __________: qualities or characteristics the subject MUST have to be considered as part of the population and/or sample - ✔✔Inclusion criteria ____________: qualities or characteristics the subject CANNOT have to be considered as part of the population and or sample - ✔✔Exclusion What are parts of the PICO question - ✔✔P - Population/Patient I - Interventions, influence, exposure C - Comparison O - Outcome Level of statistical significance
• Expressed in terms of a probability value (p value)
• Identifies whether there is a difference between the control and experimental groups
• Significant if p < 0.05 ( 95%) - ✔✔ APA citation APA- American Psychological Association Write paper in third person, use active voice, no bias Is the most commonly used format for scholarly documents written by students and employees in the social sciences

Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a article, book, or website title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound word Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals Capitalize all major words in journal titles When citing a direct quote- (Stubna,1988,23)name, yr, pg number - ✔✔ How do you properly read a research article - ✔✔- Skim ( title, abstract, scan intro and discussion, read headings, scan implication and conclusions)

• Comprehend- read, record important ideas and questions
• Analyze- break report into parts (accuracy, completeness, uniqueness) look for critical argument for using findings in practice The ______ section of a research report includes the implications of the findings of nursing and the recommendations for further research - ✔✔Discussion What Describes a scientific investigation conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence Clinical Practice? - ✔✔Applied research Which of the following is required for True Experimental Research? - ✔✔control, manipulation, and randomization What is the ultimate goal of EBP? Integration of _______ - ✔✔Best Research Clinical Expertise Cost Effective Care Patient Values and Needs Where in a Research Report could you find a detailed description of the Study's Design? - ✔✔Methods section Which part of the research report would one read to obtain a clear, concise summary of the study? - ✔✔Abstract

________ Is a step in the process for reading and critiquing research sources involving a quick review of the sources to gain a broad overview of the content. - ✔✔skimming What are the four major parts more often included in a research report? - ✔✔Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion What is the effect of BID catheter care on CAUTI (Catheter associated Urinary Tract Infections)? - ✔✔Quasi-experimental How many patients with Sepsis had CAUTIs first? - ✔✔Descriptive IS there a Relationship between easy bruising and Thrombocytopenia? - ✔✔Correlation What is the effect of IM injections of Vitamin B12 on the memory of patients in a research unit? - ✔✔True experimental Is there a relationship between IM injections of Vitamin B12 and improved memory of patients in an acute care hospital? - ✔✔Correlational - Directional What is the incident of Memory changes in patients with Pernicicous Anemia? - ✔✔Descriptive What is the effect of warm versus cold applications in the resolution of IV infiltrations in hospitalized patients? - ✔✔Quasi-Experimental What is the effect of impaired Physical Mobility on skeletal muscle atrophy in Lab Rats? - ✔✔True Experimental What is the incidence of HIV in adolescents and young adults? - ✔✔Descriptive What are the stress levels and desired supports of family caregivers of elderly with Alzheimer's Disease?

• ✔✔Descriptive

What is the effect of a relaxation techniques on patients' post op pain and anxiety? - ✔✔Quasi