NUSCTX 10 FINAL (Midterm 1) latest version 2024/2025 with Questions with Answers, Exams of Nutrition

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NUSCTX 10 FINAL (Midterm 1)

1. An antioxidant, such as vitamin C, can donate electrons to higher reactive compounds. The loss of electrons is - ✔✔oxidation
2. Which of the following are true about enzymes? (a) Enzymes are biological catalysts. (b) Enzymes lower the activation energy for a reaction. (c) Enzymes are very specific in their action. (d) Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction. (e) All the above - ✔✔(e) All the above
3. An investigator plans to test a hypothesis. She designs and performs experiments to test that hypothesis. Her studies can be considered (a) cohort studies (b) prospective studies (c) retrospective studies (d) case-control studies (e) observational studies - ✔✔(b) prospective studies
4. When going from an ordered state to a disordered state, - ✔✔energy is released
5. What are the functions of water in our body? (a) Modulates body temperature (b) Works as a solvent (c) transport fat-soluble substances (d) a and b (e) all of the above - ✔✔(d) a and b
6. Which of the following statements is true regarding body fluid?

(a) More than half of the body weight comes from the weight of water. (b) 1/3 of the fluid is intracellular, which is located within the cell. (c) 2/3 of the fluid is extracellular, which is located between cells, or inside blood vessels and lymph. (d) The amount of extracellular fluid influences the structure of a cell (cell bursts or collapses). (e) The amount of body fluid does not affect the blood pressure. - ✔✔(a) More than half of the body weight comes from the weight of water.

7. What is the caloric equivalent of heat? - ✔✔1 kcal increases the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius
8. What is a problem with Bomb Calorimetry? - ✔✔It does not take into account how efficiently our bodies use food.
9. You are in the jungle and just got bit by a venomous snake. You have an antidote that works on dogs at a specific dose. Because it is an emergency you decide to take the drug. You want to base your dosage on an estimate of your metabolic body size. This means your dose would be based on... - ✔✔Your weight to the 3/4 power. 10.A technique that measure inspired and expired gas flows, volumes and concentrations of O2 and CO2, allowing for measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production is called - ✔✔indirect calorimetry 11.In the process of digestion and assimilation, energy is lost from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. For which of these nutrients is the difference between the gross energy and the metabolizable energy the greatest and why? - ✔✔protein, because energy is used to process the nitrogen 12.Which factor(s) does not result in an increase in the loss of water from the body?

(a) illness such as vomit and diarrhea (b) consumption of alcohol (c) consumption of a diet that has no salts (d) drinking hot tea on a hot day (e) all of the above - ✔✔(c) consumption of a diet that has no salts 13.Which of the following statements is true regarding water need? (a) The DRI of water is the same for men and women. (b) Loss of 3-5% body weight of water leads to reduction in urine output. (c) Our body has a compensatory mechanism to maintain fluid balance when >20% of body weight is lost. (d) Water can only be lost through urination and sweat in humans. (e) Water need remains the same across age for individuals - ✔✔(b) Loss of 3-5% body weight of water leads to reduction in urine output. 14.Which of the following statements is true about the electrolytes and osmosis? (a) Osmosis is the movement of water across the membrane from a region with high concentration of solutes to a region with low concentration of solutes. (b) Electrolytes can travel in and out of a cell freely. (c) The most abundant intracellular electrolyte is potassium. (d) Electrolytes do not carry positive or negative charges but can create electrical signals to activate nerve cells. (e) Body fluid refers only to the water in the body, not including the dissolved electrolytes. - ✔✔(c) The most abundant intracellular electrolyte is potassium. 15.The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily intake of a nutrient that maintains adequacy in ___ of a healthy population. - ✔✔50% 16.The EAR +2 standard deviations describes which Dietary Reference Intake? - ✔✔Recommended Dietary Allowance

17.__________ amino acids that can be converted to glucose if necessary. - ✔✔glucogenic 18.Which of the following food products is NOT regulated by the FDA? (a) eggs (b) milk (c) bottled water (d) food additives (e) all the above - ✔✔(a) eggs 19.Based on the Nutrition Facts label, how many calories come from saturated fat in two servings in this product? 20.Nutrition Facts: 21.Serving Size: 1/2 Cup (66g) 22.Servings Per Container: 4 23.Calories: 60 24.Calories from Fat: 18 25.Total Fat: 2g 26.Saturated Fat: 1g 27.Trans Fat: 0g 28.Cholesterol: 41mg 29.Sodium: 115mg 30.... - ✔✔18 calories 31.Which of the following is NOT a Labeling Law? (a) check amount of cholesterol per serving (b) check % fat per serving (c) check amount of potassium per serving (d) check calories per serving (e) none of the above - ✔✔(c) check amount of potassium per serving

32.Essential amino acids... - ✔✔must be included in the diet 33.In a Nutrition Facts label, what is considered a moderate amount of sodium? (a) 0 - 150 mg/s (b) 222 mg/s (c) >300 mg/s (d) <150 mg/s (e) none of the above - ✔✔(b) 222 mg/s 34.Nonessential amino acids can be made in the body by the process of _____________ if they are not available from the diet. - ✔✔transamination 35.A statistical measure is found that indicates eating organic food is predictive of autism. This is an example of (a) correlation (b) association (c) falsifiability (d) a and b (e) all the above - ✔✔(a) correlation 36.Which of the following claims is falsifiable? (a) Martians exists but they are very shy. If they see you, they hide behind rocks. (b) Frank's power of healing only works on people who truly believe in his power. (c) All swans are white. (d) a and b (e) all the above - ✔✔(c) All swans are white. 37.Which organelle assists in the synthesis of proteins? - ✔✔rough ER

38.Which of the following is (are) a complete protein? (a) yogurt (b) nuts (c) beans (d) a and b (e) a, b and c - ✔✔(a) yogurt 39.John is a 35-year-old accountant who likes to run 1-2 miles with his dog, a couple times a week. He weighs 100 kg and is in good health. How much protein does he need per day? (a) 40 grams (b) 60 grams (c) 80 grams (d) 100 grams (e) >100 grams - ✔✔(c) 80 grams 40.According to the AMDR, what percent of John's total calories/day should he be getting from protein? - ✔✔ 10 - 35% 41.For which nutrients are vegetarians at risk of deficiency? (a) iron (b) vitamin B- 12 (c) calcium (d) potassium (e) a, b and c - ✔✔(e) a, b and c 42.Chemical bonds that link amino acids together are called - ✔✔peptide bonds 43.Which of the following is/are function(s) of proteins? (a) help speed up metabolic reactions (b) help protect the body from injury and infection (c) help keep fluid balance (d) both b and c

(e) all the above - ✔✔(e) all the above 44.Trypsinogen, which after conversion to trypsin breaks proteins into shorter peptides, is made and secreted from the - ✔✔pancreas 45.The amino acid pool of the blood allows for single (free) amino acid availability for processes such as (a) energy production (b) synthesis of glucose or ketones (c) synthesis of nonprotein molecules that contain nitrogen (d) a and c (e) all the above - ✔✔(e) all the above 46.What is essential to all life processes? - ✔✔water 47.The enzyme-catalyzed reactions allowing organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structure, and respond to their environment is called - ✔✔metabolism 48.The amino group (nitrogen) can form ammonia, which is then converted into urea in the - ✔✔liver 49.What are the functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract? (a) To breakdown food to macromolecules the body can utilize (b) To form a barrier using the lumen to protect against toxins and infection (c) to produce hormones that control hunger and satiety (d) a and b (e) all the above - ✔✔(e) all the above 50.Which of the following statement is FALSE regarding the phases of digestions? (a) Cephalic phase is the first phase of digestion that can be triggered by the smell of the sound of foods.

(b) Salt channels in the body act as receptors for sodium and create a salty sensation (c) The breakdown of food only occurs in the intestinal phase of digestion, and not in the gastric phase of digestion (d) The stomach produces strong acids to destroy most of the bacteria, but some bacteria can still enter the intestinal tract (e) Pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes are involved in the breakdown of the macronutrients - ✔✔(c) The breakdown of food only occurs in the intestinal phase of digestion, and not in the gastric phase of digestion 51.Immediately following a meal, which part of blood circulation is the most nutrient-rich? - ✔✔hepatic portal circulation 52.If more energy is consumed than is used by the body, over time the body will - ✔✔increase in weight 53.Who of the following DO NOT have increased protein needs? (a) Olympic athletes (b) Seriously injured patient (c) Infant (d) Pregnant women (e) None of the above - ✔✔(e) None of the above 54.Which of the following statements is true about molecules related by the stomach during the gastric phase? (a) Gastric lipase helps with the breakdown of carbohydrates (b) Hydrochloric acid is needed for the activation of pepsin from pepsinogen (c) Gastrin is the hormone required for the absorption of vitamin B- 12 (d) Intrinsic factor stimulates gastric secretion and movement (e) all the above - ✔✔(b) Hydrochloric acid is needed for the activation of pepsin from pepsinogen

55._____ neutralizes stomach acid during the intestinal phase (a) potassium (b) bile salts (c) CCK (d) bicarbonate (e) ATP - ✔✔(d) bicarbonate 56.Which organelle participates in the chemical processes that transfers energy from the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules to newly created ATP molecules? - ✔✔mitochondria 57.The body's main source of energy is _____________ and should be the major part of total daily food intake. - ✔✔carbohydrates 58.To be considered an essential nutrient, a substance must have all these characteristics except... (a) it has a specific biological function. (b) removal from the diet leads to a decline in human biological function. (c) return of the omitted substance to the diet if done before permanent damage occurs, restores normal biological function impaired by its absence. (d) it is made in abundance by the body. (e) none of the above. - ✔✔(d) it is made in abundance by the body. 59.Nutrient dense refers to foods that - ✔✔provide more nutrients relative to calories 60.Several ways we use energy include (a) basal metabolism

(b) thermic effect of food (c) physical activity (d) non-exercise activity thermogenesis (e) all of the above - ✔✔(e) all of the above 61.Fiber is primarily made of - ✔✔carbohydrates