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NUSCTX 10, UC Berkeley Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Version (2024/2025) Expert Verified
Typology: Exams
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Anabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer- Usesienergyitoiconstructicomponentsioficells. Catabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer- Breaksidowniorganicimatter,iforiexample,itoiharvestienergy. NutrientiDensityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aimeasureiofitheinutrientiaifoodiprovidesicompareditoiitsienergyiconten t. TraceiMineralsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Neededionlyiinitinyiamounts.i Theseimineralsiparticipateiinimostichemicalireactionsiinitheibody.i Theseiincludeiiron,izinc,iiodine,icopper,imanganese. ProteiniComplementationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiactioficonsumingiaivarietyiofiplantiproductsitoiprovideiallitheinecess aryiproteinicomponents.
EssentialiFattyiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Omega- 3 iandiOmega- 6 ifattyiacids.i Mayireduceitheiriskioficardiovascularidiseases.i Obtainedifromicanolaioil,iflaxseedioil,icold-waterifish,iorifishioil. Metabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer-Theisetiofilife- sustainingichemicalitransformationsiwithinitheicellsiofilivingiorganisms. MitochondrialiMatrixi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theicompartmentiofitheimitochondrionienclosedibyitheiinnerimembran eiandicontainingienzymesiandisubstratesiforitheicitriciacidicycle. Respirationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Isineededitoiproduceiaihydrogeni(electron-proton)igradient. Falsifiabilityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Capableiofibeingitestedibyiexperimentioriobservation. EndoplasmiciReticulumi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aisystemiofimembranesithatiisifoundiiniaicell'sicytoplasmiandithatiassist siinitheiproduction,iprocessing,ianditransportiofiproteinsiandiinitheiprod uctioniofilipids.
LipidimetabolismioccursiiniSmoothiER ProteinisynthesisioccursiiniRoughiER Lysosomei-iCorrectiAnswer- Aismall,iroundicellistructureicontainingichemicalsithatibreakidownilargei foodiparticlesiintoismalleriones. Enzymei-iCorrectiAnswer- Biologicalicatalystsithatiworkibyiloweringitheiactivationienergyiforiairea ction,ithusidramaticallyiincreasingitheirateiofitheireaction. Oxidationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aichemicalichangeiiniwhichiaisubstanceicombinesiwithioxygen,iasiwhenii ronioxidizes,iformingirust Entropyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aiquantitativeimeasureiofidisorderiorirandomness.i Breakingidown. Villii-iCorrectiAnswer- Fingerlikeiextensionsiofitheiintestinalimucosaithatiincreaseitheisurfaceia reaiforiabsorption.
Calori-iCorrectiAnswer-Mass(Velocity) Calorimetryi-iCorrectiAnswer- Directiandiindirectiareiuseditoimeasureiquantitiesiofiheat. GrossiEnergyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Theitotalienergyiintakeiinitheidiet. MetabolizableiEnergyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Digestibleienergyiminusifecaliandiurinaryienergy. BasaliMetaboliciRatei-iCorrectiAnswer- Energyitoimaintainilifeiprocesses.i Factorsithatiaffectiitiinclude:iage,igrowth,iheight,i%ileanitissue,ifasting,is tarvation,imalnutrition,ifever,ihormones,iandisleep. 70%iofitotalienergyiuseibyibodyidependsionileanibodyimass Pair-feedingi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniexperimentalimethodiiniwhichifoodiintakeiorienergyi(calorie)iintakei areilimiteditoibecomeisameibetweenianimaligroupsianditoiexcludeieffec tsiinitheianimalsibyidifferencesiofifoodi(energy)iintake.
Turnoveri-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimovementiofisomethingiinto,ithroughiandioutiofiaiplace,itheirateiati whichiaithingiisidepletediandireplaced. Thyroxinei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimainihormoneiproducedibyitheithyroidigland,iactingitoiincreaseimet abolicirateiandisoiregulatingigrowthiandidevelopment.iAffectsiBMR. AdaptiveiThermogenesisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Heatiproduction,ishivering,iexcessiheatifromiovereating,iadaptionitoitra uma,istress,iveryidifferentiforidifferentipeople,inotiusuallyiincludediinie nergyicalculations. W^(3/4)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Metabolicirateiisiproportionalitoiweighti(kg)itoithei3/4ipower Lumeni-iCorrectiAnswer-Aicavityioripassageiiniaitubulariorgan. Cephalici-iCorrectiAnswer-Pertainingitoitheihead. Autonomici-iCorrectiAnswer- Aisubdivisioniofitheiperipheralinervousisystem.i Controlsiinvoluntaryiactivityiofivisceralimusclesiandiinternaliorgansiandi glands.
SensoryiCellsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Specializedicellsithatireactitoiexternalistimuli. EntericiNeuroni-iCorrectiAnswer- Theientericinervousisystemioriintrinsicinervousisystemiisioneiofitheimain idivisionsiofitheiautonomicinervousisystemiandiconsistsiofiaimesh- likeisystemiofineuronsithatigovernsitheifunctioniofitheigastrointestinalis ystem. ActiveiTransporti-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimovementsiofiionsiandimoleculesiacrossiaicellimembraneiintoiairegi oniofihighericoncentration,iassistedibyienzymesiandirequiringienergy. Microvillii-iCorrectiAnswer- Fingerlikeiextensionsiofiplasmaimembraneiofiapicaliepithelialicells,iincr easeisurfaceiarea,iaidiiniabsorbtion,iexistionieveryimoistiepithelia,ibutim ostidenseiinismalliintestineiandikidney Crypti-iCorrectiAnswer-Aismallitubularigland,ipit,iorirecess. Duodenumi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theifirstipartiofitheismalliintestineiimmediatelyibeyonditheistomach,ilea dingitoitheijejunum.
Bicarbonatei-iCorrectiAnswer-AisalticontainingitheianioniHCO Peristalsisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiinvoluntaryiconstrictioniandirelaxationiofitheimusclesiofitheiintestin eioricanal,icreatingiwavelikeimovementsithatipushitheicontentsiofitheica naliforward. Bilei-iCorrectiAnswer-Emulsifiesifats. Aibitterigreenish- brownialkalineifluidithatiaidsidigestioniandiisisecretedibyitheiliveriandist orediinitheigallbladder. Enteropeptidasei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theienzymeithaticatalyzesitheiactivationiofitrypsinifromitrypsinogen. Lymphi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aicolorlessifluidicontainingiwhiteibloodicells,ithatibathesitheitissuesiandi drainsithroughitheilymphaticisystemiintoitheibloodstream. Micellei-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniaggregateiofimoleculesiiniaicolloidalisolution,isuchiasithoseiformedib yidetergents.
Splanchnici-iCorrectiAnswer- Ofiorirelatingitoitheivisceraioriinternaliorgans,iesp.ithoseiofitheiabdome n. Zymogeni-iCorrectiAnswer- Inactiveisubstanceisecretediinigranulesibyitheipancreas.i Itiisiconvertediintoianienzymeiwheniactivatedibyianotherienzyme. Amylasei-iCorrectiAnswer- Anienzyme,ifoundichieflyiinisalivaiandipancreaticifluid,ithaticonvertsista rchiandiglycogeniintoisimpleisugars. Trypsini-iCorrectiAnswer- Aidigestiveienzymeithatibreaksidowniproteinsiinitheismalliintestine.iItiisi secretedibyitheipancreasiinianiinactiveiform,itrypsinogen. Polypeptidei-iCorrectiAnswer- Ailineariorganicipolymericonsistingiofiailargeinumberiofiamino- acidiresiduesibondeditogetheriiniaichain,iformingipartiofi(ofitheiwholeiof )iaiproteinimolecule. Acinari-iCorrectiAnswer- Aicelliofitheipancreaticiductuleithatioccupiesitheilumeniofianiacinus;iitise cretesibicarbonateiandiwater,iprovidingianialkalineipHinecessaryiforienz ymeiactivityiinitheiintestine.
Cholecystokinini-iCorrectiAnswer- Aihormoneithatiisisecretedibyicellsiinitheiduodenumiandistimulatesitheir eleaseiofibileiintoitheiintestineianditheisecretioniofienzymesibyitheipanc reas. EssentialiAminoiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theyimustibeisuppliedibyitheidiet. Theigroupiofiaminoiacidsithaticannotibeisynthesizedibyitheiorganismibut iareirequiredibyitheiorganism. KetogeniciAminoiAcidi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniaminoiacidithatiproducesiketoneibodiesifollowingichemicalialteratio niofiitsicarboniskeleton. AminoiAcidiPooli-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniaccumulationiofiaminoiacidsiinitheiliveriandibloodithatiadjustsitoime etitheibody'sineediforiproteiniandiaminoiacids. LimitingiAminoiAcidi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiaminoiacidithatiisideficientiinitheidiet.i
Ouribodiesiuseiaminoiacidsiiniaispecificiratioitoieachiother,isoiifiaipersoni doesn'tigetienoughiofioneiofithemitoimatchiwithitheirest,itheiresticanionl yibeiusediatiailevelitoibalanceiwithithatilowione. Ureai-iCorrectiAnswer- Aisolubleinitrogenousiwasteiproducediinitheiliveribyiaimetabolicicycleith aticombinesiammoniaiwithicarbonidioxide. TheiCentraliDogmai-iCorrectiAnswer- InformationiinianiorganismiisiencodediinitheiDNA.i DNAiisithenicopiediintoiRNA.i FromitheiinformationiinitheiRNA,iyouicanimakeiprotein DenaturediProteini-iCorrectiAnswer- Aiproteiniwhoseistructureihasibeenichangedibyiphysicaliorichemicaliage nts. ProteiniEfficiencyiRatioi-iCorrectiAnswer- Liveiweightigain/crudeiproteiniintake Kwashiorkori-iCorrectiAnswer-Aiconditioniofiproteinimalnutrition.
Digestibilityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aimeasureiofitheiamountiofiaminoiacidsiabsorbedifromiaigiveniproteinii ntake. IsocaloriciDieti-iCorrectiAnswer- Testidietiandicontrolidietsihaveitheisameicaloricidensity TrueiDigestibilityi-iCorrectiAnswer-((Neaten-(Nfecal- Nmetabolic))/Neaten)* AdequateiIntakesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Dailyiintakeiamountsisetiforiainutrientiforiwhichithereiareiinsufficientire searchidataitoiestablishiEAR. EstimatediAverageiRequirementsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Nutrientiintakeiamountsiestimateditoimeetitheineedsiofi50%iofitheiindi vidualsiiniaigroup.iUsedionlyitoievaluateiadequacyiofidietsiofigroups,inoti individuals. TolerableiUpperiIntakeiLevelsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Specifiesitheimaximumiamountiofiainutrientithatimostipeopleicaniconsu meioniaidailyibasisiwithoutisomeiadverseieffect. RecommendediDietaryiAllowancesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Dailyinutrientiintakeiamountisufficientitoimeetitheineedsiofi 97 - 98%iofiindividualsiiniailifeistage.iSetihigherithaniEARs.
AcceptableiMacronutrientiDistributioniRangesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Airangeiofiintakeiforieachimacronutrient,iasipercentiofienergy,iassociate diwithigoodihealthiandireducediriskiforichronicidisease. EstimatediEnergyiRequirementsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiaverageidailyienergyineedsiforilife-stage. Nutritioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiprocessiofiobtainingianditheiassimilationiofifoodinecessaryiforitheih ealth,imaintenance,igrowthiandireproductioniofitheiorganism. Wateri-iCorrectiAnswer- Helpsitoiregulateibodyitemperature,itransportsinutrientsiandimineralsit oicells,iridsitheibodyiofiwasteimaterials,iessentialitoiallilifeiprocesses. CellulariRespirationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theibiochemicalipathwayibyiwhichicellsireleaseienergyifromitheichemic alibondsiofifoodimoleculesiandiprovideithatienergyiforitheiessentialiproc essesiofilife. Oxidation/Reductioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Losingielectrons/gainingielectrons 4 iTypesiofiTissuei-iCorrectiAnswer-Muscle
Nervous Epithelial Connective Homeostasisi-iCorrectiAnswer-Internaliconstancy ScientificiMethodi-iCorrectiAnswer-IdentifyitheiProblem GatheriData MakeiaiHypothesis TestitheiHypothesisi(Experimental) DoesitheiNewiDataiAgree? FalsifiableiHypothesesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Testability CohortiStudiesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Involveifollowingigroupsiofipeopleioveritime.iThereiareitwoiprimaryipur posesiforitheseistudies. RetrospectiveiStudiesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Studyiiniwhichitheiinvestigatoridefinesitheisampleiandicollectsidataiabo utitheipredictorivariablesiafteritheioutcomesihaveioccurred.
ProspectiveiStudiesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Studyiiniwhichitheiinvestigatoridefinesitheisampleiandicollectsidataiabo utitheipredictorivariablesibeforeianyioutcomesihaveioccurred. Caloriei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theienergyineededitoiraiseitheitemperatureiofi 1 igramiofiwaterithroughi 1 i°C Hess'iLawi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theitotaliamountiofiheatiproducedioriconsumediwheniaichemicalisyste michangesifromianiinitialistateitoiaifinalistateiisiindependentiofitheiwayii niwhichithisichangeiisibroughtiabouti-ican'tigetisomethingifrominothing. EnergyiBalancei-iCorrectiAnswer-EnergyiIni(theifoodiyouieat)i- iEnergyiOuti(expenditures) BombiCalorimetryi-iCorrectiAnswer- Useditoiestimateienergyicontentiofifoodibutidoesinotitellihowiefficientlyi ouribodiesiwouldiuseiaifood SurfaceiLawi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimetaboliciratei(heatiproductioniperiunititime)iofianianimaliisipropor tionalitoitheirirespectiveisurfaceiarea BMRiPredictionibyiWeighti-iCorrectiAnswer-M=70.5iW^(0.75)
ATPi-iCorrectiAnswer- AdenosineiTriphosphate;iproducediinimitochondria GastrointestinaliTracti-iCorrectiAnswer- Theigatewayiwhereifoodsibecomesiainutrient. GastrointestinaliTractiOrderi-iCorrectiAnswer-Sensory Esophagus LiveriandiGallbladder Stomach Pancreas SmalliIntestine Coloni(LargeiIntestine) AccessoryiOrgansi-iCorrectiAnswer-SalivaryiGlands Liver Pancreas Gallbladder FunctioniofiGIiTracti-iCorrectiAnswer-Barrieriandiimmuneidefense Fluidiandielectrolyteiabsorption
Synthesisiandisecretioniofiseveraliproteinsi(suchiasiapolipoproteins) Productioniofibioactiveipeptidesiasihormonesiandineurotransmitters HepaticiPortaliCirculationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theihepaticiportalicirculationicarriesibloodifromitheistomachiandiintesti nesitoitheiliver.i Nutrientsiabsorbedidirectlyiintoitheibloodireachitheiliveriviaitheihepatici portalivein. ThreeiPhasesiofiDigestioni-iCorrectiAnswer-CephaliciPhase GastriciPhase IntestinaliPhase StomachiSecretions/Enzymesi-iCorrectiAnswer-CephaliciReflexes Gastrin Pepsinogen Stomatostatin Pepsin IntestinaliMovementi-iCorrectiAnswer-Propulsion:iPeristalsis
Mixing:iSegmentationiContractions IntestineiSecretions/Enzymesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Bicarbonate Gobleticells Bile Enteropeptidase EnterohepaticiCirculationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Recyclingiprocessiiniwhichibileitravelsifromitheiliveritoitheigallbladderia ndithenitoitheismalliintestine,iwhereiitiassistsidigestion. Initheismalliintestine,imostiofitheibileiisireabsorbediandisentibackitoitheil iveriforireuse. Proenzymesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Notiactivatediandiusuallyiendiini-gen Packagesiiniwhichitheisecretedienzymesifromitheipancreasiaggregate SourcesiofiProteini-iCorrectiAnswer-InitheiUS,iaboutitwo- thirdsiofidietaryiproteinicomesifromimeat,ipoultry,iseafood,ieggs,iandid airyiproducts
Mostiofitheiworldireliesioniplantiproteinsifromigrainsiandivegetables Asiaicountry'sieconomyiimproves,itheiproportioniofianimalifoodsiinithei dietitendsitoiincrease. ProteiniFunctionsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Fluidibalance Antibodies Hormones Enzyme Structure Transport Channelsiandipumps Acid-baseibalance TypesiofiAminoiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-EssentialiAminoiAcid Glucogenic Ketogenic Nonessential AminoiAcidiStructurei-iCorrectiAnswer- Allihaveiaisimilaristructure,ibutieachihasiaidifferentisideichain.i
Thoseithaticannotibeimadeiinitheibody,isuchiasileucine,iareiconsideredie ssential. ProteiniStructurei-iCorrectiAnswer- Peptideibondsiareichemicalibondsithatilinkiaminoiacidsitogether Peptideibondsiareiformedibetweenitheiacidigroupiofioneiaminoiacidiand itheinitrogenigroupiofitheinextiaminoiacid. Dipeptideibondsiareiformedibetweenitwoiaminoiacids. Polypeptidesiareiformedibetweenimanyiaminoiacids. Aiproteiniisimadeiofioneiorimoreipolypeptideichainsifoldediintoiaithree- dimensionalishape. UreaiPathwayi-iCorrectiAnswer-Bloodstream Liveri(AmmoniaitoiUrea) ProteiniNeedsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Infants:i1.5ig/kgi Children:i1.1ig/kg Adolescents:i0.95ig/kg Adults:i0.85ig/kg
Elderly:i1.0ig/kg Factorsithatiaffectiproteiniqualityi-iCorrectiAnswer-Digestibility Aminoiacidicontent Toxinsi(trypsiniinhibitory) Formiofiaminoiacids ProteiniEnergyiMalnutritioniandiTypesi-iCorrectiAnswer- PEMiisiuseditoireferitoitheicontinuumiofiproteinideficiencyiconditionsira ngingifromipureiproteinideficiencyitoioverallienergyideficiency. Types:iKwarshiorkoriandimarasmus FoodiProteiniAllergiesiandiExamplesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Foodiproteiniallergensicauseianiimmuneiresponse,icreatingianiallergicire action 8 ifoodsiaccountifori90%iofiallifoodiallergies:iPeanuts,itreeinuts,imilk,iegg s,ifish,ishellfish,isoyiandiwheat
VegetarianiDietsianditheiriNutritioniComparisoniwithiAnimaliFoodsi- iCorrectiAnswer- Animaliproductsisourcesiofiprotein,iBivitaminsiandimineralsisuchiasiiron ,izinciandicalcium. However,ianimaliproductsiareilowiinifiberiandicanibeihighiinifat. PlantisourcesiofiproteiniareialsoiaigoodisourceiofiBivitamins,iiron,izinc,ifi beriandicalcium,ibutilessiabsorbableiforms. VegetarianiHealthiBenefitsiandiRisksi-iCorrectiAnswer- Lessifat,isaturatedifat,iandicholesterol Restrictiveidietsimayilackinutrients Carefuliplanningineedediforichildren,ipregnantiwomen Photosynthesisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiprocessibyiwhichigreeniplantsiandisomeiotheriorganismsiuseisunligh titoisynthesizeifoodsifromicarbonidioxideiandiwater.i Photosynthesisiiniplantsigenerallyiinvolvesitheigreenipigmentichloroph ylliandigeneratesioxygeniasiaibyproduct.
CarbohydrateiFunctioni-iCorrectiAnswer-Providesienergy Sparesiprotein Providesisweetness Providesifiber SolubleiFiberi-iCorrectiAnswer- Dissolvesiiniwater,iareiviscousiandigeliforming.i Foundiinifruits,iberries,ioats,ibeans Lowersicholesterol Delaysiriseiinibloodiglucose InsolubleiFiberi-iCorrectiAnswer- Fiberithaticontainsiaihighiamountioficellulose,ithusiitidoesinotidissolveiin iwater. FiberiHealthiBenefitsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Promotesiweightiloss Promotesiregularibowelimovements Preventsiconstipation
Preventsihemorrhoidsiandidiverticulitis Lowersitheiriskioficolonicancer CarbohydrateiAfteriDigestioni-iCorrectiAnswer-Usediforienergyiiniliver Passediintoitheibloodiforiothericellsitoiuseiforienergy Storeiiniliveriandimusclesiasiglycogen Ificonsumediiniexcessienergyineeds,isynthesizediintoifattyiacids Wholeivs.iRefinediGrainsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Wholeioriunrefinedigrainsicontainibranilayersiwhichiareiaigoodisourceiof ifiberiandivitamins GermiwhichiisiaigoodisourceiofivegetableioilsiandivitaminiE Endospermiwhichicontainsistarchiandisomeiprotein Glycogeni-iCorrectiAnswer-Storageiformiofiglucose Livericanistorei100giglycogen
Useditoimaintainibloodiglucose Musclesistorei350g,imeetsimuscleineeds GlucoseiRegulationi-iCorrectiAnswer-Insulinilowersibloodiglucose Glucagoniraisesibloodiglucose Gluconeogenesisi-iCorrectiAnswer-Makingiglucoseifrominon- glucoseisubstrates.iGlucagoniinitiatesithisiwheniCHOiintakeiisilow. Whatidoicarbohydratesibreakidownifatiinto?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Carbohydratesiareineededitoibreakidownifatitoicarbonidioxideiandiwate r. CarbohydrateiStoragei-iCorrectiAnswer- Ifiexcessicaloriesiareiconsumed,icarbohydratesicanibeiconverteditoifatty iacids. TypeiIiDiabetesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Autoimmuneidiseaseiaffectingibetaicellsiofipancreas. TypeiIIiDiabetesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Autoimmuneidiseaseiaffectingitheiproductioniofiinsuliniinitheibody.
BodyiCompositioni-iCorrectiAnswer- 6%iMinerals,icarbohydrates,iandiotherisubstances 16%iFat 16%iProtein 62 i%iWater FunctionsiofiLipidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Provideienergy Paddingiandiinsulation Absorptionianditransportiofifat-solubleivitamins TypeiofiFattyiAcidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated TransiFatsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Canibeicreatediduringifoodiprocessingibyihydrogenation. Shownitoiraiseibloodicholesterolilevelsiandiincreaseitheiriskiofiheartidise ase. Ketonesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Usediforienergy