OMSA Study Guide Questions and Answers with Complete Solutions 100% Correct 2024, Exams of Advanced Education

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OMSA Study Guide Questions and

Answers with Complete Solutions 100%

Correct 2024

Name the 4 valves in the heart - Correct Answer-Tricuspid valve Aortic Valve Mitral Valve pulmonic Valve Where is the Tricuspid valve located? - Correct Answer- Between the right atrium and right ventricle Where is the Mitral valve located? - Correct Answer-Between the left atrium and the left ventricle Where is the Aortic valve located? - Correct Answer-Between the aorta and the heart's left ventricle Where is the pulmonic valve located? - Correct Answer- Between the" right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

What is the function of valves in the heart? - Correct Answer- To prevent the backflow of blood When you listen to a normal heart beat through a stethoscope what sound does it make, and what causes this sound? - Correct Answer-Lub-dub; caused by the aortic and pulmonic valves closing What is angina pectoris? - Correct Answer-Another name for chest pain of cardiac origin What is angina pectoris caused by? - Correct Answer-Ischemia or lack of oxygen to the heart muscle How does nitroglycerin affect the body? - Correct Answer-It dilates the coronary arteries and increases the blood flow to the heart When does angina pectoris turn into a myocardial infarction? - Correct Answer-When the heart is deprived of oxygen too long and a portion of the heart dies Death of the heart muscle - Correct Answer-necrosis

Risk factors of cardiovascular disease (12) - Correct Answer- Family history of heart disease Smokers Hypercholesterolemia Diabetes Obesity Sedentary lifestyle Hypertension Advancing age History of MI Congestive heart failure Heart valve dysfunction dysrhythmias Signs and symptoms of Myocardial infarction (MI) (5) - Correct Answer--Chest pain not relieved by nitroglycerin -Pain radiate down the left arm or up the left jaw -Blood pressure drop -weak with thready pulse

-nausea or vomiting What should you do if you suspect a patient is having a MI? - Correct Answer-Morphine Oxygen Nitrates Aspirin Place patient on monitors and start IV asap What is congestive heart failure? - Correct Answer-The heart cannot pump blood in a forward motion What happens when there is CHF on the right side? - Correct Answer-Excess blood an fluid backing up systemically; meaning in the rest of the body What are the symptoms of right sided CHF? - Correct Answer- Swelling in the ankles and ascetics (belly) Distended neck veins

What happens when there is CHF on the left side? - Correct Answer-Fluid backing up into the lungs causing pt to cough pink frothy sputum. What are the symptoms of left sided CHF? - Correct Answer- Shortness of breath and wakes up in the middle of the night gasping for air What is the normal treatment for CHF? - Correct Answer- Diuretics; so the patient pees out the excess fluid How is the cardiovascular system monitored? - Correct Answer-By using tone pulse, blood pressure and the EKG What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for? - Correct Answer-for controlling the bodily functions not consciously directed Causing increased heart rate and blood pressure and bronchodilates the airways; "Fight or flight" - Correct Answer- Sympathetic nervous system

Results in stimulation of salivary glands, and slows the heart rate; "couch potatoes state" - Correct Answer- Parasympathetic nervous system Another name for stroke - Correct Answer-Cerebral vascular accident A type of Cerebral vascular accident where a blood clot occurs in the brain causing the blood vessel to become occluded depriving the brain tissue of oxygen - Correct Answer-embolic stroke A type Cerebral vascular accident where a bold vessel ruptures and bleeds depriving the brain tissue of oxygen - Correct Answer-Hemorrhagic stroke Symptoms of a cerebral vascular accident include: - Correct Answer-Weakness of extremities usually one side only Facial palsy or slurred speech headache

How is the cardiovascular system monitored? - Correct Answer-By the patients pulse rate, the patients blood pressure and the EKG What 3 areas are the most common to take a pulse? - Correct Answer-Radial, Branchial and carotid What is the ideal size for a blood pressure cuff to ensure an accurate BP reading? - Correct Answer-Greater that 1/3 the circumference of the arm What does systolic pressure represent? - Correct Answer-The force of the ventricular contraction The sound of the blood rushing through the veins after the BP cuff releases? - Correct Answer-Korotkoff sounds What is the autonomic nervous system? - Correct Answer- Responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously What are the components of the autonomic nervous system? - Correct Answer-Sympathetic and parasympathetic

What reaction does the sympathetic nervous system induce? - Correct Answer-"Fight o flight"; increased heart rat and BP, bronchodilates airways What reaction does the parasympathetic nervous system induce? - Correct Answer-"Couch potato, vegetation state"; stimulation of the salavery glands, and slows heart rate Another name for stroke - Correct Answer-Cerebral vascular accident (CVA) What are the two types of strokes? - Correct Answer-Embolic and hemorrhagic What is an embolic stroke? - Correct Answer-Where a blood clot causes a blood vessel to become occluded depriving the brain of oxygen What is a hemorrhagic stroke? - Correct Answer-Where a blood vessel rapture and bleeds depriving the brain of oxygen

What are symptoms of a stroke - Correct Answer--weak extremities (usually one side) -facial palsy -slurred speech What treatment is recommended for an embolic stroke? - Correct Answer-Thrombolytic agents (clot busters) What is long term prevention for stoke? - Correct Answer- Anticoagulants (like Coumadin) Risk factors for a stroke: - Correct Answer-Diabetes Hyperstension Smoking High cholesterol Arterial fibrillation What is diabetes? - Correct Answer-Disease of insufficient insulin secretion

What is the function of insulin? - Correct Answer-To break down the sugar and put it into storage form The hormone that brings insulin out of storage - Correct Answer-Glucagon How are patients effected by GA procedures? - Correct Answer--pts cannot eat or drink for several ours -normally will not eat a solid meal after surgery How will you treat a patient that is diabetic for a GA case? - Correct Answer-Insulin doses will be decreased the morning of surgery due to lack of food intake What symptoms present with hypoglycemia? - Correct Answer--sweating -nervousness -irritability -tremor -confusion -hunger

What is a normal blood sugar level? - Correct Answer- Between 70- What are the symptoms of insulin shock? - Correct Answer-- Anxious -mentally cloudy -tachycardia -coolness of skin -diaphoretic -may loose consciousness with seizure What is treatment for insulin shock? - Correct Answer- Administration of intravenous glucose solution What are corticosteroids used for? - Correct Answer- Suppressing inflammation Give an example of anabolic steroids - Correct Answer- Testosterone Steroids naturally produced by the body - Correct Answer- Cortisol

Where is cortisol produced? - Correct Answer-Adrenal gland Describe the adrenal gland and location in the body - Correct Answer-A pyramid shaped gland that sits on top of the kidney What classifies a disease as, "auto-immune?" - Correct Answer-The bodies immune system attacks healthy cells What is the result of long time steroid use? - Correct Answer- The steroids suppress production and adrenal gland atrophies (shrivels up) and cortisol cannot be produced Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency - Correct Answer- Hypoglycemia, dehydration, weight loss, disorientation, low BP and cardiovascular collapse How are the symptoms of adrenal insufficiency avoided in the clinical room? - Correct Answer-Additional corticosteroids prior to he procedure

What is the Rule of 2's? - Correct Answer-If a patients has taken:

20 mg of hydrocortisone for more than 2 weeks in the last 2 years then double the dose before any surgery. What is the function of the thyroid? - Correct Answer- Produces hormones that regulate metabolism and growth Symptoms of hypothyroidism - Correct Answer-Under active; weight gain, dry skin, depression, lethargy, cold intolerance and low BP Symptoms of hyperthyroidism - Correct Answer-Over active; hypertension, insomnia, weight loss, bulging eyes and heat intolerance What is a thyroid storm? - Correct Answer-Life threatening emergency due to too much thyroid hormone

Symptoms of a thyroid storm - Correct Answer-Tachycardia, arrhythmia, hypertension, fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, confusion and weakness Products in the office that may contain latex (10) - Correct Answer-Tourniquets Rubber stopper in medication vials IV tubing Anesthesia masks Nasal hoods and airways Ambu bags EKG straps and electrode pads Adhesive tape BP cuffs Elastic on surgical bonnets and shoe covers What are the two biggest concerns with a patient in anaphylactic shock? - Correct Answer-Control of the airway and maintaining blood pressure First drug to administer during anaphylactic shock? - Correct Answer-Epinephrine; keep BP and HR up

Second drug to administer during anaphylactic shock? - Correct Answer-Corticosteroid like decadron; control the immune response causing syptoms Third drug to administer during anaphylactic shock? - Correct Answer-Antihistamine like Benadryl; prevent chemical histamine from being released from cells What is the purpose of chemotherapy? - Correct Answer- Given to kill tumor cells; but often kill more Chemotherapy can Lower blood count, specifically: - Correct Answer-WBC-fights infection RBC- caries oxygen Platelets- help you clot What is suggested to have before surgery for patients in chemotherapy? - Correct Answer-A new CBC (complete blood count) "D" - Correct Answer-Dextrose

"5" - Correct Answer-5% concentration of dextrose in solution "W" - Correct Answer-Water "NS" - Correct Answer-Normal saline (salt water) "LR" - Correct Answer-Lactate ringers; Saline but with more electrolytes like potassium Tonicity - Correct Answer-Particles dessolved in the fluid Isntonic - Correct Answer-Participles in the fluid is just like the human body What is the preferred solution during surgery? - Correct Answer-NS or LR Why is dextrose not the preferred solution? - Correct Answer- Metabolized too rapidly, then the solution is too dilute

Complications of venipuncture - Correct Answer-Phlebitis Extravasation Intra-arterial injection Air embolism Compartment syndrome Phlebitis - Correct Answer-Inflammation inside the vein due to chemical (drugs) or physical trauma Treatment for phlebitis - Correct Answer-Elevation Moist heat NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory) NSAIDS - Correct Answer-non-steroidal anti-inflammatory; Advil, motrin Extravasation - Correct Answer-Fluid goes outside the vein when IV in place

Symptoms and treatment for extravasation - Correct Answer- Will see swelling around the site and the IV bag drip rate will slow down drastically; Stop the IV and remove catheter Intra-arterial injection - Correct Answer-Medication injected into artery instead of vein What is the danger of intra-arterial injection? - Correct Answer-Irritated vessels causing the artery to spasm blocking blood flow to the limb ending in necrosis of the tissue and possibly the limb Signs to prevent intra-arterial injection - Correct Answer- Watch for bright red pulsating blood through the catheter Treatment for intravenous-arterial injsection - Correct Answer-Inject 10 CC of 1% PROCAINE (to numb arterial wall and reduce spasm) Pack ice around the arm and transport to the hospital Air embolism - Correct Answer-When air is introduced into the vascular circulation

Why is an air embolism dangerous? - Correct Answer-An air bubble can lodge in the pulmonary artery preventing blood flow from getting to the lungs and pick up vital oxygen. Can be FATAL Compartment syndrome - Correct Answer-Pressure build up around muscles (like trauma) causing blood vessels and nerves to compress due to the fascia not expanding Treatment for compartment syndrome - Correct Answer- Fasciotomy; incision through the fascia to release pressure The notation 5% means: - Correct Answer-5 grams of solution in 100 cc 1:100,000 means: - Correct Answer-1 gram in 100,000 cc's of solution "CC" stands for - Correct Answer-Cubic centimeters Mg/cc - Correct Answer-Milligrams per cubic centimeters

Unit of dry weight - Correct Answer-Grams What does each medication labeled with - Correct Answer- Name of the medication and the concentration Milliliter - Correct Answer-One thousandth of a liter How does a cc compare to a milliliter? - Correct Answer-1 cc= 1 ml What is a "cc" - Correct Answer-Liquid dissolved and measured MONA - Correct Answer-Morphine Oxygen Nitrates Aspirin What is MONA used for? - Correct Answer-Patient in suspect of having a myocardial infarction

Before and After MONA is put into action - Correct Answer-1. Call 911 2.start IV for administration of drugs Reversal for benzodiazepines - Correct Answer-Romazicon (brand name) or Flumazinil (generic name) Reversal for Opioids - Correct Answer-Narcan (brand name) or Naloxone (generic name) Example of Benzodiazepines - Correct Answer-Versed Example of Opiades - Correct Answer-Demerol, fnanyl, or morphine Caution with naloxone - Correct Answer-It may wear off before the opioids do causing re sedation and recurrence of respiratory depression Respiratory depression - Correct Answer-Hypoventilation; causes an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide

Laryngospasm - Correct Answer-Brief spasm of vocal chords that temporarily makes it difficult to speak or breathe Signs of laryngospasm - Correct Answer-Several attempts to aspirate Suprasternal notch reaction Chest-abdominal rocking Strider; high pitch crowing sound Treatment for laryngospasm - Correct Answer--pack surgical site -clear pharynx of secretions -100% oxygen -open airway by repositioning When initial treatment for laryngospasm is not effective - Correct Answer-Administer 10-20 mg of Anectine IV Anectine (succinylcholine) classificaton - Correct Answer- Muscle relaxant (paralyzingly agent) Ventilation may need to be supported

Signs of hypoglycemia - Correct Answer--pale -confused -tremors -tachycardia -loose consciousness -possible seizure Treatment for hypogylcemia - Correct Answer-Administer glucose either orally or IV Vasovagal syncope - Correct Answer-Fainting Symptoms of vasovagal synscope - Correct Answer--light headedness -dizziness -sweating -low BP -slow pulse

Treatment for vasovagal synscope - Correct Answer-- trendelenberg position (head lower hats heart, feet up) -oxygen -moist towel on their head ASA class I - Correct Answer-Patient is healthy ASA class II - Correct Answer-Mild systemic disease; non- debilitating ASA class III - Correct Answer-Modest systemic disease; limits activity but not incapacitating. 2 or more diseases ASA class IV - Correct Answer-Incapacitating systemic disease, constant threat to life Mallampati class I - Correct Answer-Complete visualization of the soft palate Mallampati class II - Correct Answer-Complete visualization of the uvula

Mallampati class III - Correct Answer-Visualization of only thhe base of the uvula Mallampati class IV - Correct Answer-Soft palate not visible Narcotics are derived from - Correct Answer-Poppy Narcotics medications include - Correct Answer-Morphine Codeine Demerol Fentanyl Primary use of narcotics - Correct Answer-Analgesics (pain killers) Characteristics of narcotics - Correct Answer--respiratory depression -drowsiness -euphoria -pupils constrict