OPOTA Practice Test Correct Questions & Answers(RATED A), Exams of Law

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OPOTA Practice Test Correct Questions

& Answers(RATED A)

Abduction - ANSWERPlaced in fear Explain the relationship between a SPO and a test question - ANSWERThe test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training - ANSWERTo be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public 4511 - ANSWERTraffic Laws - operation of motor vehicles 4513 - ANSWEREquipment Violations 4549 - ANSWERCriminal Traffic section 4510 - ANSWERCovers driver's license suspensions List a Peace officers main goals - ANSWER-enforce laws -preserve the peace -prevent crimes -protect civil rights and liberties -provide services Explain the factors necessary for the commission of a crime - ANSWEROpportunity, Ability, and Desire State the purpose of the Bill of Rights - ANSWER-Protect an individual's freedoms -Prevent the government from interfering in protected rights Laws are designed to - ANSWER-Maintain order -enhance predictability -promote orderly social change -sustain individual rights -identify wrongdoers -mandate punishment Describe the major components of the criminal justice system - ANSWERLaw enforcement, courts, corrections

Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics - ANSWERRace is a modern concept used to classify people as similar, observable physical characteristics, it is not based on genetics. humans are genetically similar of all species, there is no distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so called race from another. The connection between in-groups and out-groups and police legitimacy - ANSWERSome individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their groups societal position rather than the immediate circumstance of the police contact Types of Racism - ANSWER-Individual -Interpersonal -Institutional -Structural Two types of Bias - ANSWERExplicit bias and implicit bias - common characteristics

• Everyone possesses them
• They have real-world effects on behavior
• They can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age Explicit bias - conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category Implicit bias - preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness Two modes of thinking - ANSWERAutomatic (System 1)
• unconscious -effortless -automatic -uses associative memory -very fast More deliberative (System 2) -conscious -effortful -controlled -deliberative -slower Strategies to Counter Implicit Biases - ANSWER- Guard against influence
• Recognize everyone is Bias
• Seek awareness and education
• Know you are susceptible Explain the generally accepted ethical responsibilities of peace officers - ANSWERowed to -

• your community and its citizens
• the law enforcement profession
• your agency
• your family and self NEVER -
• allow cynicism to cloud your view of the people you serve
• use excessive physical force when controlling a combative
• accept gratuities
• commit perjury Determine External and internal influences on behavior - ANSWERExternal -
• relationships with family and friends
  • local citizens
  • local media
  • department regulations
  • interdepartmental politics Internal -
• officers own ethical and moral beliefs and values
  • Anger
  • Greed
  • Lust Explain the continuum of compromise - ANSWERBeing exposed on a regular basis to "special authority" and at the same time being exposed on a daily basis to harsh realities and an element of society that operates without values combine to severely challenge an officer's core values system Transformation from idealistic, ethical officer to self-serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process Acts of Omission Occur when officers rationalize and justify not doing things for which they are responsible Includes passive resistance to organizational mandates and selective non-productivity. Acts of Commission - Administrative Officers begin to commit administrative violations Officer will typically face department sanctions, but not criminal prosecution Acts of Commission - Criminal At first, acts may appear innocuous and not much different than acts of administrative commission Common examples are theft and misappropriation

Rationalization - nobody is being hurt, except for possibly the bad guys, who deserve it anyways Explain the steps in the decision making model and the application of PLUS filters - ANSWERStep #1 - Define the problem Step #2 - identify alternative solutions available to address the problem Step #3 - evaluate the identified alternatives Step #4 - make the decision Step #5 - implement the decision Step #6 - evaluate the decision P.L.U.S. P - Policies L - Legal U - Universal S - Self Use of field notes - ANSWER-Preservation of knowledge in written form -Foundation of the formal written report -Aids in further investigation -Evidence in court -Documentation of the officer's efforts in the field Types of information to be recorded in field notes - ANSWER• complete information on victims witnesses and suspects involved

• date time of offense or incident being reported
• location of occurrence
• type of place where offense or incident took place
• details of offense or incident being reported
• disposition of evidence property and subjects
• corresponding report number Guidelines to be followed when taking field notes - ANSWER-Head notebook page with day and time of shift -Do not place information from one incident on the same page with information from another incident -Write or print neatly so you can read and understand your notes later -Record all information in ink -Let victims and witnesses talk through the event before you start recording notes -Ask clarifying follow-up questions -Be as complete as possible -Consider the use of electronic data device or template -Do not record personal information in your notebook List the general elements of a crime - ANSWER-A prohibited act ("actus reus") and... -A specific mental intent ("mens rea") that... -Occur at the same time ("concurrence") and...

-Bring about a particular result made unlawful by the statute ("causation") Define the culpable mental state "purposely" - ANSWERPurposely - a person acts purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result or when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish, thereby, is is the offenders specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature sexual conduct means: - ANSWERsexual intercourse penetration by any object masturbation exhibition of private areas sexual contact - ANSWERthe intentional touching of the victim's intimate parts or the intentional touching of the clothing covering the immediate area of the victim's intimate parts, if that intentional touching can reasonably be construed as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification Describe the purpose of the fourth amendment to the united states constitution - ANSWERguarantee rights relating to arrests, searches, and seizures of person. Describe the relationship between the 4 degrees of suspicion and responses allowed by the Constitution - ANSWERHunch - interactions must be consensual Reasonable suspicion that a suspect is involved in criminal activity - suspect may be seized and detained for a brief investigation Probable cause to believe that a suspect is guilty - Suspect may be arrested Proof beyond a reasonable doubt - suspect may be convicted of the crime and punished Determine when a person is considered to be seized - ANSWERIn view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would believe that the person was not free to leave Explain when an officer can use the rationale from "Terry" to detain a person - ANSWER- An officer may detain an individual based upon the officer's reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was being planned or was in the process of being executed.

• Officers should apply the totality of the circumstances
• while none of the circumstances standing alone would justify a terry stop, considered together, they may amount to reasonable suspicion.
• if during the detention, additional facts are uncovered that supply the officer with probable cause to arrest, the individual may be arrested.
• If grounds for arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee may be released Describe, under Terry, what is required of an officer to make an investigatory stop. - ANSWERHave reasonable articulable suspicion to initiate the stop.

• The officer must be able to articulate the reasons of their belief that criminal activity was afoot; A crime is about to be committed, or a crime is being committed describe the considerations an officer should be mindful of when conducting a Terry stop - ANSWER- Use the least intrusive means of detention and investigation reasonable available that will achieve the goal
• Conduct business of the stops as quickly as possible as to not prolong the period of involuntary detention
• If, during that detention, additional facts are discovered that supply the officer with probable cause, the individual may be arrested
• if grounds for an arrest are not discovered in a reasonable amount of time, the detainee must be released or the encounter risks becoming a de facto arrest Describe the requirements that must be established before a "terry" pat down/frisk - ANSWEROfficers are required to articulate a reasonable belief that the suspect is armed and the suspect poses a threat to them Explain the plain feel doctrine - ANSWERWhile an officer may not search for objects other than weapons on a Terry stop. If the officer physically feels an object that the officer immediately recognizes as contraband, the object may be seized even if the officer knows it is not a weapon
• This only applies when the identity of the object is immediately apparent to the officer from its shape and the way it feels
• When the incriminating nature of the object is immediately apparent, seizing it does not invade the subject's privacy beyond what is allowed in a Terry stop. The officer may not seize an object that, unmistakably, is not a weapon or if determining its identity requires further manipulation
• When determining if an object requires further manipulation (e.g., going in pockets, repeatedly squeezing the object) an additional invasion of privacy is necessary
• That is not permitted during a Terry stop Once it is determined that an object is not a weapon, the search must stop unless there is a warrant, probably cause for arrest or consent Identify the evidentiary standard on which to base an arrest - ANSWERAn arrest must be based on probable cause Identify what, in the absence of consent or exigent circumstances, an officer must do before entering a private residence to make an arrest. - ANSWER- Secure the appropriate warrants (Arrest warrants)
• If making an arrest in the home of a third party, a search warrant to search the premises for the person to be arrested
• Reasonably believe that the person to be arrested is present at the correct address listed on the warrant and knock and announce their presence

Identify when an officer may make a warrantless arrest, nonconsensual entry into a private residence in order to make an arrest - ANSWERExigent circumstances must exist which demand and immediate response.

• Considerations and examples of such circumstances
  • time of day of the offense and/or the arrest
  • the gravity of the underlying offense thought to be in progress (crime must be serious)
  • There is a risk of danger to the police or to other persons inside or outside the dwelling
  • they need to prevent subjects escape
  • The need to prevent imminent destruction of evidence
  • "hot pursuit" of a subject Explain the concept of hot/fresh pursuit - ANSWERThe pursuit, without unreasonable interruption, of a person who is trying to avoid arrest Differentiate curtilage from open fields - ANSWER• Curtilage refers to the area immediately surrounding the home, which is usually used for domestic purposes (e.g., garage, yard)
• Curtilage carries the same Fourth Amendment protection as the home
• Any other land is considered open field
• Open fields carry no Fourth Amendments protections
• The USSC has established four factors to assist in determining the difference o Proximity of the area to the home o Whether the area is within an enclosure surrounding the home o The nature and uses to which the area is put (e.g., whether the area is used for family purposes) o The steps taken by the resident to protect the area from view of passerby
• No single factor is determinative Explain the differences between active and passive resistance - ANSWER- Passive resistance
  • When a person exhibits no resistive movement in response to verbal and other direction
• Active resistance
  • when a person exhibits resistive movement to avoid physical control or, as a passive resistor, presents a credible threat to an officer (lying on hands and refuses to make hands visible) Describe when handcuffing may be considered unreasonable force. - ANSWERThe 4th amendment prohibits unduly tight or excessively forceful handcuffing during the course of a seizure
• if the plaintiff complains about handcuffs being to tight and the officer ignores the complaint and the plaintiff has experienced some physical injury resulting from the cuffing, then it will hold up in court

Describe when use of a chemical weapon may be considered unreasonable force. - ANSWERUsing chemical weapons on an arrestee who has already been subdued and who poses no threat is considered excessive force (not reasonable to use chemical weapon on someone who has quit resisting) Explain the civil liability considerations associated with using force against those with diminished capacity/mental illness. - ANSWER- Different tactics should be employed against unarmed, emotionally distraught individual who is resisting arrest or creating a disturbance than would be used against an armed and dangerous criminal who has recently committed a serious offense

• it is absolutely unnecessary for an individual to be mentally competent in order to pose a reasonable threat. actual mental state is irrelevant to any determination of reasonableness in the use of deadly force Explain the necessary steps in preparing for court - ANSWEREnsure all evidence required for the case is accounted for, safely secured, and can be obtained prior to court Call and meet with the prosecutor to determine if additional assistance or information is needed Review notes and/or reports pertinent to the case Recognize the 4 elements that should be used to determine the primary physical aggressor in a domestic violence incident - ANSWER- Any history of Domestic Violence or other violent acts by either person involved in the alleged offense that the officer can reasonably ascertain.
• Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self defense.
• Each person's fear of physical harm, if any, resulting from the other person's threatened use of force against any person or resulting from the persons use or history of the use of force against any person, and the reasonableness of that fear
• The comparative severity of any injuries suffered by the persons involved in the alleged offense Temporary Protection Order (TPO) - ANSWERTemporary Protection order (TPO)
• A TPO is an order from the court that is available after a family or household member is charged with a violent or sexually oriented offense.
• It removes the suspect from the shared residence and has other restrictions
• In effect for the length of the case
• it can be received by the victim at any time starting with the arraignment, but is over when the case is over
• A TPO can be requested by:
  • the complainant
  • the alleged victim
  • a family or household member of the alleged victim

• a peace officer may file the motion on behalf of the victim if the victim is so badly injured from the incident the he/she is hospitalized or unable to attend court
• the court on its own motion
• the person who requested the order shall appear before the court to provide the information concerning the basis of the motion. Criminal Protection Order (CRPO) - ANSWER-issued by the court after a non-family/non-household member is charged with a violent, menacing, or sexually oriented criminal offense -CRPO is like a TPO for non-family or non-household members
• broader in scope than the TPO because it can be in effect for up to 5 years and it can include other provisions (child support, custody)
• a person may initially file for a TPO and then petition for a CRPO. (if this is the case then the TPO then becomes invalid) Stalking Protection Orders - Stalking or Sexually Oriented Offense Protection Order (SSOOPO) - ANSWER- Protects the victim of stalking and sexually oriented offenses from a non-family or non-household member
• available for victims whether or not criminal charges are filed
• issued through the common pleas court List the factors that coupled with mental illness produce the greatest increase in potential for violence - ANSWER- history of violence
• substance abuse and dependence
• personality disorders
• psychotic thoughts
• young male
• under social stress
• recent personal stress, crisis, or loss
• early exposure to violence Describe the difference between traditional encounters and special population encounters - ANSWERtraditional encounters - the increased need to be non confrontational special population encounters - frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation Describe eight techniques of active listening - ANSWER1. Emotional labeling (i.e., identifying the other person's emotions) -Provides the opportunity for the other person to acknowledge his/her emotions and possibly explain their cause -Validates what the other person is saying rather than minimizing it -Once the emotions have been acknowledged, there is a better opportunity for the person's balance between emotion and cognition to be restored and facts to be developed

2. Reflecting/mirroring (i.e., repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis)

-Helps validate for the other person that you are listening and understanding -May encourage the other person to continue speaking -Much shorter format than paraphrasing

3. Paraphrasing (i.e., restating in your own words the crux of the other person's message) -Demonstrates listening and understanding -Gives the other person the opening to clarify or correct his/her meaning
4. Summarizing (i.e., extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) -Validates for the other person that he/she has been heard and understood -Reflects effort to understand the other person's viewpoint of the situation -It is a critical part of active listening, as it can bring a sense of relief to the other person and, thereby, reduce his/her actions that are being emotionally driven
5. Silence and effective pauses (i.e., deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) -Silence - allowing there to be silence before speaking prevents prematurely cutting off the other person and gives the other person the opportunity to continue speaking -Pauses - when speaking, pauses increase attention and focus when they are used before a meaningful statement and prompt reflection when they are used after a meaningful statement
6. Minimal encouragements (i.e., verbal and non-verbal cues used when listening to indicate attention to the other person's words) -Examples of verbal minimal encouragements - "uh-huh," "yes," "okay," "go on" -Examples of non-verbal minimal encouragements - leaning in, nodding head
7. Open-ended questions (i.e., questions that require more detailed responses than merely "yes" or "no" to properly answer the question) -"What" and "How" questions allow you to assess the person's situation -Avoid "Why" questions, which may imply interrogation
8. "I" messages -Involve the speaker labeling his/her emotions and assigning feelings to his/her interpretation of the situation -Places focus on the speaker rather than the other person -Less likely to provoke a defensive or hostile reaction from the other person Use LEAPS and its five basic communication tools that assist in generating compliance.

• ANSWER- Listen - actively listen and look interested
• Empathize - try to understand where the person is coming from
• Ask - ask general, open ended questions and opinion-seeking questions to gain understanding
• Paraphrase - in your own words, repeat the persons message
• Summarize - condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable Distinguish the EAR Model's three phases of a crisis encounter - ANSWEREngage, Assess, Resolve

Use the Loss Model to recognize the nature of a person's crisis. - ANSWER- Loss of Reality

• person may be frightened confused and have difficulty concentrating or communicating
• may appear to have delusions or hallucinations
• Loss of Hope
• person may be emotional, very withdrawn, fatigued, feeling overwhelmed, crying, in despair, or presenting suicidal talk
• strong feelings of being helpless
• may have experienced a recent loss
• Loss of control
• person may be very angry, irritable, or hostile
• con present himself as a victim when they are not listened to
• may be manipulative, impulsive, destructive, or argumentative
• Loss of perspective
• This person may be anxious, worried, or nervous which can escalate to being panicked
• physical symptoms include; trembling, shaking, chest pain, and/or discomfort
• could also seem overly energetic or display extreme highs and lows during the encounter Identify the conditions under the ORC that allows a peace officer to remove a child form their caregiver - ANSWER- there are reasonable grounds to believe that the child is suffering from illness or injury and is not receiving proper care as described in ORC 2151.03 and the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm
• the child is in immediate danger from the child's surroundings and that the child's removal is necessary to prevent immediate or threatened physical or emotional harm
• a parent guardian or other household member of the child's household has abused or neglected another child in the household
• believe that the conduct, conditions, or surroundings of the child are endangering the health, welfare, or safety of the child Describe the actions that, upon arrival at the scene, the initial officer assigned to the report of a missing child shall take - ANSWER- Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report
• verify the child is missing
• secure a recent photo of the child for upload into the NCIC and other distribution Describe the information an officer should gather during a preliminary interview in a family abduction missing child case - ANSWER- obtaining the information that should be gathered in any missing child's case
• determine who has custody rights
• confirming the suspected family member as the actual abductor
• determining wether a child is in danger and whether activating an alert is appropriate

State the period within which a law enforcement agency must enter into NCIC information regarding a missing person, 21 years of age or older, if foul play is suspected. - ANSWERwithin 7 days (strongly suggested to be entered immediately) Determine when the criteria are met for activating an endangered missing adult alert - ANSWER- person is confirmed to be missing

• the individual is 65 years or older or has a mental impairment
• the disappearance of the individual poses a credible threat of immediate danger of serious physical bodily harm or death to the individual
• there is sufficient descriptive information about the individual and the circumstance surrounding the individuals disappearance to indicate that activation of the alert will help locate the individual Determine when the criteria are met for activating a blue alert - ANSWER- a LEO has been seriously injured or killed and a suspect has not been apprehended... OR
• is missing while on duty under circumstances warranting concern for the LEO safety
• AND, there is sufficient descriptive information about the suspects or the circumstances surrounding the LEO injury, death, or disappearance to indicate the activation of the alert may help locate a suspect or missing LEO Describe who is at risk for being trafficked - ANSWER- runaway/throwaways
• foreign born persons, whether in the country legally or illegally
• Migrant workers
• Persons with drug addiction/substance disorders
• Persons with mental disabilities or illness
• persons with prior trauma
• Persons with unmet basic needs
• those with personal family history of human trafficking
• those living in an unstable home environment Describe the two types of human trafficking included in Ohio's trafficking in persons law
• ANSWER- involuntary servitude
  • being compelled to perform labor or services for another against will
• sex trafficking
  • sex for hire
  • includes exchange of anything of value
  • applies differently dependent on age of victim and whether or not they have a developmental disability What to expect of victims of human trafficking during interview - ANSWER- denial that they are in a situation of exploitation or abuse out of fear of retaliation
• project anger and aggression towards LEO
• may remain silent and fearful
• may take multiple interactions to piece together the full story and patience is crucial
• may be drug dependent
• may be confused on what is happening

• may give fake stories until trust is established
• may be reluctant to tell story as it is a traumatic event Describe the Ohio statutory rights provided to victims of crime. - ANSWER- The right to have written information regarding rights as a crime victim be provided by the investigating enforcement agency
  • information about medical, counseling, housing, emergency , and other services that are available to the victim
  • information about the Ohio Victims of crime compensation program Describe the types of primary and secondary injuries that a victim may suffer - ANSWER- Primary
  • Physical injuries including death and disfigurement
  • financial loss leading to economic hardship
  • emotional trauma and reactions (anxiety, guilt, sleep disturbance)
• Secondary
  • injustice; believing the system has let them down
  • indignities; having to repeat morbid details in public several times
  • Isolation; lack of follow up and keeping the victim in the dark on the case identify practical and sensitive responses to the four core needs of crime victims - ANSWER- They need to be and feel safe
  • reassure and continue to reassure victims that they are safe in law enforcement presence
• They need to know what comes next and to receive fair treatment
  • have information and a referral system with names addresses and number for referrals
• They need to be prepared to pay for unexpected financial losses and bills
  • ask about any financial burdens they crime may have imposed on the victim and inform them of the Ohio Crime Victim Compensation Program Describe the Smith System approach to driving. - ANSWERAn approach to driving that includes a five step system in which you must practice all steps until they become routine Aim high in driving - look as far ahead as possible to keep the driver's view up rather than looking down at the area in front of the car Keep your eyes moving - establish an orderly visual search pattern (e.g., look near and far, to the left and right, in the mirrors, at the instrument panel) Get the big picture
  • Become aware of the whole traffic scene
  • This is the mental process of putting together the clues received from the first two steps

Leave yourself an out

• Avoid being boxed in
• Maintain a space cushion (e.g., 2-4 seconds between you and the vehicle in front of you) surrounding your vehicle
• Increase space cushion as weather or circumstances dictate Constantly plan for eventuality of evasive actions Explain the dynamics of steering - ANSWERCounter steering - a method of counteracting the forces created in a skid, dry or wet, by steering in the direction of the skid, or the intended path of travel Understeering - usually caused by excessive speed. The vehicle will have a tendency to continue in a straight line and resist turning due to a loss of traction with the front tires (i.e., wheels are turned and the vehicle continues straight) Over steering
• Reduces the desired cornering radius as a vehicle progresses through a turn, requiring the driver to rotate the steering wheel away from the direction of the turn
• Is the result of excessive speed, or hydroplaning, or improper braking as the rear wheels lose their lateral traction before the front tires, causing the rear of the vehicle to slide toward the outside of the turn List the acceptable hand movements for steering methods. - ANSWER- Shuffle steering
• Hand over Hand
• Evasive Steering Describe the acceptable backing methods - ANSWERWith good, routine backing habits, an officer will be able to minimize the risks generated while backing during an emergency. The chances for a backing collision increase with emergency response because officers seldom practice backing at higher speeds with heightened emotions Describe how to clear an intersection - ANSWER1. Allows others to adjust to law enforcement vehicle approach.

2. Adjust speed to allow others to hear & see you.
3. Clear intersections.
4. Change siren pattern so public is aware there's a secondary vehicle; change pitch in advance of the intersection. Describe ways to reduce injury or property damage when a collision is imminent. - ANSWER- avoid having the collision take place in the driver's quarter of the vehicle

• try to strike the object at an angle

• maintain steering and breaking control to avoid colliding with additional objects after the collision
• steer to the rear - it minimizes injury by avoiding the passenger compartment and minimizes the crash severity by striking the lightest are of most vehicles Identify alternatives to a continued vehicle Pursuit - ANSWER- Aircraft involvement
• investigate later
• suspect may come to you
• termination techniques with additional training Proactive Patrol - ANSWERWorking to prevent crime rather than waiting for it to occur Considerations when dispatched to a crime in progress - ANSWER- Urgency of situation
• safety of any victim who may be under attack
• traffic conditions for other responding units
• agency policy and protocol Main responsibilities when responding to a crime in progress - ANSWER- respond to the incident the most safe and tactically sound manner
• secure the scene
• Preliminary investigation Ways to Maintain Situational Awareness While Conducting Searches - ANSWER- Be conscious and avoid normalcy bias that develops from taking multiple similar calls that do not produce a threat
• avoid locking your focus on any one thing at the expense of what is happening around you
• if working alone, continually stop, look, listen
• if with others, have one person focused on the search and one focused on covering the searching officer Options for handling a dog - ANSWER- if a dog encounter turns threatening, determine if any distractions are available
• if a vehicle is close by and you have distracted the dog consider slowly backing up towards protection
• put something between you and the dog
• OC is the only chemical weapon effective on dogs and should be the only one considered Explain the different types of building searches - ANSWERUnknown Risk - open doors, alarm drops, suspicious activity High Risk - active shooter, hot pursuit Identify the difference between cover and concealment - ANSWERcover - a position or situation affording protection from gunfire

concealment - anything that protects you from being observed Identify the two most common methods by which an officer may be injured or killed during an officer initiated contact - ANSWER- felonious assault

• Crash explain the meaning of the term officer initiated contact - ANSWER- any situation in which the officer deploys directly from a cruiser to intentionally make contact with a suspect or citizen Explain the two legal foundations for making a vehicle stop - ANSWER- Probable cause
  • when the facts and circumstances within the officers knowledge , and of which they have reasonably trustworthy information sufficient to warrant a person to believe that an offense has been, or is being committed by the person to be arrested
• Reasonable suspicion
  • Is less than probable cause but more than a hunch and based on circumstances, common sense judgements, and inferences about human behavior, that criminal activity was being planned or is in the process of being executed Identify the 2 general categories for vehicle stops - ANSWER- unknown risk
• high risk Unknown risk vehicle stop - ANSWERA vehicle stop which has an unknown potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash High-Risk Vehicle Stop - ANSWERA vehicle stop which has a high potential for felonious assault or vehicle crash Describe information the officer should relay to the communication center prior to activating the overhead lights and/or siren - ANSWER- Location (street/mile marker, cross reference)
• vehicle registration (state, type, number)
• vehicle characteristics (make, model, color, body style)
• Occupants (number of people in car)
• Nature of offense (contingent on threat assessment) Identify the goals in a high risk vehicle stop - ANSWER-take all time needed to pre plan -wait for backup -create a wall with cruise position, maintain cover and concealment -keys, hands, eyes Identify reasons vehicles are stolen - ANSWER1. Joy riding/transportation

2. To commit other crimes
3. Theft for profit/commercial theft
4. Owner give up

Describe common indicators associated with stolen vehicles - ANSWER- abnormal driver behavior

• license plate irregularities
• condition of the vehicle
• Unusual transportation of other vehicles or equipment recognize the methods of establishing a vehicle's identity - ANSWER- ensure the license plate matches the registration
• registration must match the VIN
• Federal certification label Identify on the VIN plate that indicates it may be stolen - ANSWER- characteristics on plate are not clean or clear
• scratches or paint on the plate
• inconsistent rivets
• crooked VIN plate
• damage to area near VIN
• evidence the windshield has been removed Identify common methods thieves use to defeat the federal certification label on a vehicle - ANSWER- removal and reapplication from donor car
• alteration of existing label
• replace with counterfeit label Recognizing criminal gangs and members - ANSWERA group must meet all four criteria below to be considered a criminal gang •Recurrent interaction - the group interacts together on a regular and recurring basis •Organization/structure/leadership ‒Formal or informal identifiable structure, organization, or leadership within the group ‒These aspects may change and become more distinct as the group changes, grows, or alters its activities •Unity and signs of unity - the group demonstrates an apparent cohesiveness and allegiance that manifests itself in a common name, symbol, or sign •Pattern of criminal gang activity - members of the group, individually or collectively, engage in criminal activity that ‒Benefits the group or ‒Is related to the beliefs of, or membership in, the group, or ‒Enhances a member's status within the group In addition, members of a criminal gang usually share the following traits •Group name •Symbols, tattoos, or graffiti •Style of dress •Frequent congregation upon or laid a claim to a specific geographic location Identify signs of gang membership - ANSWER• Admits to being a member of a group that meets the Revised Code criteria of a gang

• A reliable informant identifies the person as a gang member
• Resides in or frequents a particular gang's area
• Adopts a particular gang's style of dress, symbols, or tattoos
• Associates with known gang members or association can be proved through social media or other means
• Has been arrested in the company of identified gang members for offenses consistent with gang activity
• Has a documented criminal history
• An individual must meet two or more of the indicators to be considered a gang member Information obtained from LEADS may be shared for criminal justice purposes ONLY... Misusing the LEADS system is guilty of - ANSWERfelony of the 5th degree Strip search - ANSWERThe inspection of a naked individual without scrutinizing the subject's body cavities Basic requirements for body cavity searches - ANSWER- Must obtain a search warrant unless there is a medical emergency justifying a search
• Must be conducted under sanitary conditions in a location that permits only the person being searched and the person conducting the search to observe.
• Must be performed by a medical professional of the same sex. Communication between the escorting officers and detention facility personnel - ANSWERis vital for the welfare of the arrestee and the investigation of offenses Major items for which the officer must be alert for during a medical or mental health screening - ANSWER- Suicidal thoughts or plans
• current serious or potentially serious medical or mental health issues needing immediate attention
• the use of an electric weapon, pepper spray or other less than lethal use of force during the arrest
• assaultive behavior
• body deformities and ease of movement
• condition of skin Identify how the Ohio Law Enforcement Gateway (OHLEG) is to be utilized. - ANSWEROHLEG is to be utilized for law enforcement purposes only and is not for personal use or gain identify the degree of offense for unauthorized use of OHLEG - ANSWERfelony of the 5th degree Describe mob behavior - ANSWER-A MOB is exhibited by persons under the stimulus of intense excitement and agitation; who lose their sense of reason, law and order, and respect for others

-Ohio law describes a mob as a collection of people assembled for an unlawful purpose and intending to do damage or injury to anyone, or pretending to exercise correctional power over other persons by violence and without authority of law Escape mob -Highly emotionally charged crowd that is driven by fear -This fear creates unreasonable and frantic behavior that drives the crowd to seek individual safety -Difficult to control, so it is best to try to control their movement by routing them to areas where the potential for injury is lessened -Trying to block them in areas may increase the possibility of injury to the mob and the officers trying to contain them Aggressive mob -Will attack, riot, and terrorize -Goal is the destruction of property and physical attacks on others -These acts seem to feed off of each other and increase in severity until the mob is stopped Acquisitive (i.e., looting) mob -Has the desire to acquire something for free; loot for things such as food or merchandise -May also try to take the officer hostage Expressive mob -Is expressing intense feelings or revelry -Usually follows some special event (e.g., rival football game) -Can be very destructive Distinguish the basic concepts of perimeter crowd control.. - ANSWERLinear strategy - deploys police forces as a blocking force along a roadway or geographic barrier perpendicular to access routes into the impacted area cordoning - surrounding a particular problem area by using linear strategy to seal off access on all sides sectoring - dividing the cordoned area into smaller sized units in which control can be re-established sector by sector once sufficient police resources are assembled to regain control state the common use for mobile field force - ANSWER- to control unruly crowds

• to seal off problem areas
• to rescue citizen or officers from the crowd
• to clear an area of hostile individuals by use of proactive tactics
• to apprehend multiple offenders The Color Codes of Chemical Agents That May Be Used by Law Enforcement Agencies
• ANSWERHC labeling color code - Yellow

CN labeling color code - Red CS labeling color code - Blue OC labeling color code - Orange Identify the primary reason for traffic enforcement - ANSWERto reduce traffic collisions, their resulting injuries, and to facilitate the safe and expedient flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic Identify the ORC section that covers definitions related to motor vehicle offenses - ANSWERit is located in the .01 section of each chapter Identify the ORC section that covers moving violations - ANSWERRC chapter 4511 Obedience to traffic control devices - ANSWERR.C. 4511. OPERATION IN WILLFUL OR WANTON DISREGARD OF THE SAFETY OF PERSONS OR PROPERTY - ANSWERR.C. 4511. driving while texting - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Speed limits- assured clear distance - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Lanes of Travel Upon Roadways of Sufficient Width - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Driving to the left of center of roadway in overtaking and passing traffic proceeding in the same direction - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Driving Upon Left Side of Roadway - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Driving in Marked Lanes - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Turn and stop signals - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Right of way rule at intersections - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Right of way rule through highways, stop signs, and yield signs - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Child restraint system - ANSWERR.C. 4511. Identify the ORC chapter that covers equipment violations - ANSWER Time for lighted lights on motor vehicles - ANSWERR.C. 4513. Tail lights and illumination of rear license plate - ANSWERR.C. 4513. Stop light - ANSWERR.C. 4513.

Red Light or Flag Required - ANSWERR.C. 4513.09 Mufflers - ANSWERR.C. 4513.22 Identify the ORC chapter that covers driver's license suspensions - ANSWERR.C. 4510 Identify the ORC chapter that covers motor vehicle crimes - ANSWERR.C. 4549 List a peace officer's priorities in protecting the scene of a crash - ANSWER- protect the crash victims and the first responders

• always wear high visibility safety vest
• check for injuries
• protect the involved vehicles and other evidence at the crash scene
• place sufficient and adequate warning devices
• place appropriate directional signals within the scene area Identify the difference between contact and induced damage - ANSWERcontact damage - caused by direct contact with some object which is not part of the vehicle Induced damage - occurs when part of the vehicle is displaced evidence at a traffic crash that should be documented with photographs - ANSWER- everything that was damaged and all physical evidence
• entire sequence of events for OH1
• the approach at the crash scene
• surface marks on the roadways
• area of impact
• final rest area
• photographs form eye witness position and at eye level state the officer's assumed authority for traffic control - ANSWERNo person shall fail to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer invested with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic Describe the primary responsibility of a first responder on a crime scene - ANSWER- Officer safety
• rendering aid
• securing the scene
• interacting with witnesses Describe what first responders should ensure before collecting any device that may contain digital evidence - ANSWER- the scene has been secured and documents
• legal authority exists to seize evidence
• appropriate personal protective equipment is used

Describe how to preserve digital evidence from mobile devices - ANSWERolder phones

• Power off, remove battery, place in evidence bag, document chain of custody information on evidence tag Smart phones - if it is powered off leave it off
  • if on and locked with password - attempt to get password from suspect, note date, time, and password type. Place in airplane mode if available, power off if airplane mode is unavailable. document chain of custody on evidence tag Describe how to preserve non-traditional evidence - ANSWERIf you think the electronic evidence may be stored on third party sites, you will need to send the company a letter of preservation immediately so the data is not erased or altered Explain the crime scene photograph perspectives/viewpoints. - ANSWEROverall or establishing shots
  • depicts the general condition and layout of the scene
  • captures how the scene is oriented Corners and side approach
  • stand in each corner and take overlapping photographs
  • stand at the sides and take perpendicular photographs Mid range or evidence establishing shots
  • frame the item in conjunction with some obvious landmark that is evident in overall shots Close up shots
  • fill the frame with the object
  • take photos with and without evidence placards Cardinal Rules of Crime Scene Photography - ANSWER1. Fill the frame

2. Maximize depth of field
3. Keep the lens perpendicular to the subject Explain the reasons for tracing stolen property - ANSWER- May reveal perpetrator

• May reveal other investigative leads
• May reveal other crimes
• Recovery for victim identify sources of information for tracing stolen property - ANSWER- Department records and personnel
• surrounding jurisdictions
• owner/victim
• LEADS/NCIC
• Retailers
• auto dealers
• Commercial subscription data base services
• Confidential informants
• Pawn shop records
• Junkyard/salvage dealers

Identify resources to use to identify the value of the stolen property - ANSWER- Owner/victim

• Retailers
• Bank loan departments
• ORC
• Internet resources Identify general indicators of stimulant use - ANSWER- Restlessness
• Talkative
• Excitation
• Euphoria
• Exaggerated Reflexes
• Loss of appetite
• Anxiety
• Grinding of teeth
• Redness to nasal area
• Body Tremors Identify paraphernalia associated with cocaine use - ANSWER- pipes to smoke crack
• small mirrors
• short straws
• rolled paper tubes
• razor blades
• small spoons
• lighters
• butane torch
• chore boy
• push rod
• tire pressure gauge
• aluminum can Identify Paraphernalia associated with methamphetamine use - ANSWER- Cut straws
• pipes
• mirrors
• needles
• butane torches
• chore boy
• push rods
• tire pressure gauges
• aluminum cans Identify general indicators of depressant use - ANSWER- Drunken behavior
• uncoordinated
• Drowsy
• sluggish

• disoriented
• thick slurred speech Identify general indicators of narcotic use - ANSWER- On the nod
• Droopy eyelids
• Depressive reflexes
• dry mouth
• facial itching
• low/raspy speech
• fresh puncture marks may be evident Identify paraphernalia associated with heroin use - ANSWER- tiny knotted balloons the size of a pencil eraser
• syringes
• spoons
• cotton swabs
• cigarette filters
• pieces of foil
• bottoms of soda cans
• gel capsules
• folded paper bindles
• small squares cut from grocery bags
• small containers of water
• containers made to carry some or all of the paraphernalia Identify general indicators of hallucinogen use - ANSWER- Hallucinations
• Dazed appearance
• body tremors
• uncoordinated
• perspiring
• disoriented
• paranoid
• difficulty in speech
• nausea
• Piloerection Identify general indicators of cannabis use - ANSWER-Bloodshot eyes -Body tremors -Odor of marijuana -Disorientated -Relaxed inhibitions -Difficulty in dividing attention Identify paraphernalia associated with marihuana use - ANSWER- rolling papers
• cigars to make a blunt
• small plastic baggies

• stash cans
• incense
• pipes
• bongs Identify general indicators of dissociative anesthetic use - ANSWER- warm to the touch
• perspiring
• blank stare
• repetitive speech
• incomplete verbal responses
• confused
• muscle rigidity
• possibly violent and combative Identify possible indicators of inhalant use - ANSWER- disorientation
• slurred speech
• residue of substance on hand, face, or clothing
• confusion
• possible nausea Describe sensory perceptions needed to determine reasonable suspicion of drug use - ANSWER- sight
  • behavioral - nervous behavior, acting paranoid, evasion of peace officers paraphernalia - cutting bottoms of aluminum cans, burn marks on foil, books on drugs, paper bindles, plastic baggies
• sounds
  • what you hear as you approach the scene
  • what is being said in the community
  • slurred , excited, or altered speech
• smell
  • specific scents of drugs
  • cover-up scents
• touch
  • U.S. supreme court has stated that police may seize nonthreatening contraband detected though sense of touch during a protective pat down so long as the search stays within the bounds marked by Terry v. Ohio List the most utilized methods of manufacturing methamphetamine in Ohio. - ANSWER- One pot/shake-n-bake method
• red phosphorous method
• birch reduction method
• conversion lab Describe general indicators of methamphetamine labs - ANSWER- containers with layers of both solids and liquids
• containers with multiple layers of liquids