OPOTA STATE TEST BAS 19-073 SPO’S 2024 Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Pass, Exams of Public Law

Download OPOTA STATE TEST BAS 19-073 SPO’S 2024 Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Pass and more Exams Public Law in PDF only on Docsity! OPOTA STATE TEST BAS 19-073 SPO’S 2024 Exam Review Questions and Answers 100% Pass Explain the relationship between a Student Performance Objective (SPO) and a test question. - Answer>>A test question must respond directly to an SPO and every SPO may be the basis of a test question. Explain the ultimate reason for law enforcement training. - Answer>>To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public. List a peace officer's main goals. - Answer>>Enforce the laws Preserve the peace Prevent crimes Protect civil rights and liberties Provide services Explain items to consider when exercising discretion. - Answer>>Use sound judgement to determine which laws are to be formally enforced. Determine if there is a more constructive remedy to a situation without an arrest or citation (e.g., referring a homeless person to shelter rather than a trespassing arrest) Explain the factors necessary for the commission of a crime (i.e., the Crime Triangle). - Answer>>Desire - the motivation behind criminal behavior (e.g., financial gain, power, revenge, fear, narcotics usage). This factor is the most difficult to change Victim - the potential target Criminals prefer an easy target that is unaware of his/her surroundings or lacking proper security precautions Difficult to change this factor due to individual personalities Opportunity - removing opportunity for crime with proper security measures applied to the victim's environment (e.g., locking doors/windows, removing valuables from open view, good lighting) Most effective area to concentrate crime prevention strategies State the core concepts of community policing. - Answer>>- A partnership between the police and the community - Crime prevention - Organizational change of the agency - A problem-solving approach to the police role that is proactive Recognize considerations for off duty situations. - Answer>>Behavior - An officer's behavior is often scrutinized by the community even when not on duty - Not only does this refer to physical and verbal actions, but also online activity on social media - An officer is expected to uphold the law enforcement code of ethics Situational Awareness - An officer should make every effort to remain alert even when not working - You never know when you may need to transition quickly from a private citizen to a peace officer - Make certain to preplan with your family should a situation arise while together. Create a number of scenarios for your family to practice - Familiarize yourself with your agency's off duty weapon policy Be a good witness if a situation arises when police intervention is necessary Result - citizens are more likely to cooperate and defer in moments of crisis. Determine when it is permissible for citizens to film police. - Answer>>- At least one party to the encounter consents OR - When officers are carrying out their duties in public, so long as it does not interfere with the officers carrying out their duties Identify the relationship between race, genetics, and physical characteristics. - Answer>>Race is a modern concept used to classify people by similar, observable physical characteristics It is not, as many people think, based on genetics Despite surface appearances, humans are one of the most genetically similar of all species and Within the human species, there is not distinct genetic profile that completely distinguishes one so-called race from another This is because most genetically influenced traits, like skin color, hair, eye shape, blood type, athleticism, and intelligence, are inherited completely independent of one another Identify the connection between in-groups, out-groups, and police legitimacy. - Answer>>Some individuals interpret their encounters with police in terms of their group's societal position rather than, or in addition to, the immediate circumstances of the police contact Differentiate the types of racism. - Answer>>Individual racism - internalized, unexpressed biases and prejudices based on race Interpersonal racism - occurs between individuals, includes public expressions of racial prejudice and hate made by individuals Institutional racism - race based discriminatory policies and treatment that are produced and perpetuated by institutions (e.g., schools, mass media, governments, banks) that result in inequitable opportunities and impacts Occurs within and between institutions Includes the discriminatory actions of individuals exercising the authority of the institution (e.g., a bank loan officer, representing a banking institution, treating someone with racial bias; a police officer, representing a law enforcement institution, treating someone with racial bias) Structural racism - refers to the collective way history, culture, and institutions reinforce and perpetuate racialize outcomes, even in the absence of racist intent It is broadly encompassing - it touches on all aspects of society (e.g., history, politics, economics) and is the foundation from which the other types of racism emerge Indicators include power inequalities, unequal access to opportunities, and differing policy outcomes by race, whether or not intentional Identify the components of bias. - Answer>>Stereotypes - generalizations about the perceived "typical" characteristics of a social category (i.e., cognitive component) - We categorize people by age, gender, race, and role - Stereotypes do not necessarily have to have a negative connotation, as social scientists point out that it is just a way for our brain to quickly sort people into recognizable groups Prejudices - an often negative prejudgment based on characteristics such as race, age, etc. that is not necessarily reasonable or logical Attitude - positive of negative feelings associated with individuals or groups; the tendency to like or dislike, or to act favorably or unfavorably, toward someone or something Differentiate bias-based profiling and criminal profiling. - Answer>>Bias-based profiling, racial profiling, and illegal profiling have the same meaning and are used interchangeably Bias-based profiling is unequal treatment by a law enforcement officer of any person by stopping, questioning, searching, detaining or arresting him/her on the basis of the person's ethnic or racial characteristics, gender, religion, or sexual orientation Criminal profiling - based on observed behaviors and characteristics Bias-based profiling - the factors or race/ethnicity and bias towards that race are initiating factors for law enforcement intervention Explain explicit biases and implicit biases. - Answer>>Explicit bias and implicit bias - common characteristics • Everyone possesses them • They have real-world effects on behavior • They can relate, for example, to race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability, height, weight, or age Explicit bias - conscious preference (positive or negative) for a social category Implicit bias - preference (positive or negative) for a social category based on stereotypes or attitudes that we hold and tend to develop early in life and that operate outside of our awareness • Implicit biases are related to explicit biases, but they are still distinct concepts ‒ "Intention, attention, and time" are needed to build new associations well enough for them to compete with a person's implicit biases Identify the two-pronged approach to procedural justice. - Answer>>Person-based approach - emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions between an officer and a citizen Community-based model - ultimate goal is to achieve police legitimacy throughout entire society Recognize the community bank account concept as it relates to procedural justice. - Answer>>Every encounter is either a deposit or withdrawal (i.e., an opportunity to increase or decrease the public's perception of police legitimacy) ‒ Deposits - police must build up reserves of public trust through actions that reflect courtesy, kindness, and honesty ‒ Withdrawals - occur from the community bank account when police actions reflect overreaction, discourteousness, or disrespectful behavior, or when police ignore people or betray their trust ‒ If a large reserve of trust is not sustained by continual deposits, the community-police relationship will deteriorate Significant decrease in public approval of the police after major publicized incidents of misconduct Studies show that even simple, brief encounters can be used to build police legitimacy when ... ‒ Processes are explained, and ‒ Words are used that communicate respect ‒ For a person holding negative attitudes toward police, a single positive encounter may not be sufficient to shake preexisting views, but a sustained exposure to positive interactions can start to reshape them Apply the four core principles/pillars of procedural justice. - Answer>>• Giving others a voice (i.e., listening) • Neutrality in decision making • Respectful treatment • Trustworthiness Voice • Concept - people want to have an opportunity to explain their situation or tell their side of the story to the officer • In practice • The opportunity for the citizen to make arguments and present evidence should occur before you make a decision about what how you are going to resolve the encounter • Active listening during this phase makes people feel that they are a part of the process and have input, even if it does not impact your decision Neutrality • Concept - people react positively to evidence that the authorities with whom they are dealing are neutral • Components • Consistency in decision making for all persons, every time • Decisions are reasoned, objective, and factually driven • Respect for the rules and legal principles • Transparency and openness about the rules and procedures being used to make decisions facilitates perception of neutrality In practice • First secure the situation; then explain the reason for your presence • When providing the explanation • Tell the truth • Use simple language Explain the generally accepted ethical responsibilities of peace officers. - Answer>>Are found in professional codes of ethics and professional codes of conduct Are owed to: - Your community and its citizens - The law enforcement profession - Your agency - Your family - Yourself Includes acting with integrity and treating everyone professionally List external and internal influences on behavior. - Answer>>- Relationships with friends and family - Local citizens - Local media - Department regulations - Interdepartmental politics - Police subculture - Officer's own ethical and moral beliefs and values - Anger - Greed - Lust - Internal rationalizations made prior to or after misconduct Explain the Continuum of Compromise. - Answer>>Transformation from idealistic, ethical officer to a self- serving, unethical officer is typically a subtle process Process - Begins with perceived sense of victimization - Victimization can lead to a sense of entitlement - Entitlement can lead to acts of omissions on the job, and progress to acts of commission, including criminal acts Explain the steps in the decision making model and the application of PLUS Filters. - Answer>>Step 1 · Let victims and witnesses talk through the event before you start recording notes · Ask clarifying follow-up questions · Be as complete as possible · Consider the use of electronic data device or template · Do not record personal information in your notebook Identify the essential questions answered in a report. - Answer>>· Who · What · When · How · Where · Why Identify the requirements of a well written report. - Answer>>· Complete · Factual · Accurate · Objective · Concise · Clear · Grammatically and mechanically correct List the general elements of a crime. - Answer>>A prohibited act ("actus reus") A specific mental intent ("mens rea") Occur at the same time ("concurrence") and Bring about a particular result made unlawful by the statute ("causation") Define the culpable mental states 'purposely', 'knowingly', 'recklessly', and 'negligently.' - Answer>>Purposely - a person acts purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender's specific intention to engage in conduct of that nature Knowingly - a person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the purpose is aware that the person's conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature Recklessly - a person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person's conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a certain nature Negligently - a person acts negligently when, because of a substantial lapse from due care, the person fails to perceive or avoid a risk that the person's conduct may cause a certain result or may be of a certain nature Identify the R.C. 2923.02 offense of Attempt to Commit an Offense according to its elements. - Answer>>It is a crime to - · Purposely or knowingly, when such purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, · To engage in conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense 2903 Chapter - Answer>>Homicide & Assault 2905 Chapter - Answer>>Kidnapping & Extortion 2907 Chapter - Answer>>Sex Offenses 2909 Chapter - Answer>>Arson & Related Offenses 2911 Chapter - Answer>>Robbery, Burglary, Trespass and Safecracking 2913 Chapter - Answer>>Theft & Fraud 2915 Chapter - Answer>>Gambling 2917 Chapter - Answer>>Offenses Against the Public Peace 2919 Chapter - Answer>>Offenses Against the Family 2921 Chapter - Answer>>Offenses Against Justice & Public Administration 2923 Chapter - Answer>>Conspiracy, Attempt, & Complicity; Weapons Control 2925 Chapter - Answer>>Drug Offenses 2927 Chapter - Answer>>Miscellaneous Offenses 4503 Chapter - Answer>>Licensing of Motor Vehicles 4506 Chapter - Answer>>Commercial Driver's Licensing 4507 Chapter - Answer>>Driver's License Law 4509 Chapter - Answer>>Financial Responsibility 4510 Chapter - Answer>>Driver's License Suspension, Cancellation, Revocation 4511 Chapter - Answer>>Traffic Laws - Operation of Motor Vehicles 2903.06 - Answer>>Aggravated Vehicular Homicide; Vehicular Homicide; Vehicular Manslaughter CMS: recklessly, negligently "Death by vehicle" Penalty: F1-M1 Aggravated Vehicular Homicide: OVI/DUI, physical control of watercraft, aircraft operation, reckless op, reckless op in construction zone Vehicular Homicide: negligently, speeding in a construction zone Vehicular Manslaughter: minor misdemeanor/ordinance While operating or participating in operation of motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft, or aircraft cause the death of another or unlawful termination of another's pregnancy 2903.08 - Answer>>Aggravated Vehicular Assault; Vehicular Assault CMS: recklessly Penalty: F2-M1 "Assault by vehicle" Aggravated Vehicular Assault: OVI/DUI, physical control of watercraft, aircraft operation Vehicular Assault: Reckless op in a construction zone, recklessly, speeding in a construction zone While operating or participating in operation of motor vehicle, motorcycle, snowmobile, locomotive, watercraft, or aircraft cause serious physical harm to another person or another's unborn 2903.11 - Answer>>Felonious Assault CMS: knowingly Penalty: F1-F2 Cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn Cause physical harm to another or another's unborn by deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance Offender is HIV positive and engages in sexual conduct ("doing it"): with another and fails to disclose HIV, with person with lack of mental capacity to appreciate significance of HIV, or with person under 18 who is not the spouse of offender 2903.12 - Answer>>Aggravated Assault CMS: knowingly "Heat of passion or rage" Penalty: F3-F4 While under the influence of sudden passion or in a sudden fit of rage, either of which is brought on by serious provocation occasioned by the victim that is reasonably sufficient to incite the person into using deadly force.. Cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn Cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or another's unborn by means of deadly weapon or deadly ordnance 2903.13 - Answer>>Assault CMS: knowingly, recklessly Penalty: F3-M1 Cause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or another's unborn Recklessly cause serious physical harm to another or another's unborn Where assault becomes a felony: · By caretaker against functionally impaired person under their care; on grounds of state correctional facility, institution of youth services, local correctional facility and victim is employee of same or is visitor for business purposes · Victim is teacher or school bus driver on school grounds, property, etc. · Victim is peace officer, BCI investigator, firefighter, or EMS while in performance of official duties (Penalty: F4) · Victim is officer or employee of public children services agency or private child placing agency and relates to victims' performance of their official responsibilities 2903.14 - Answer>>Negligent Assault CMS: negligently Penalty: M3 By means of a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance cause physical harm to another or another's unborn 2903.21 - Answer>>Aggravated Menacing CMS: knowingly Penalty: F4-M1 "Making threats" Cause another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm to the other person or their property, other person's unborn, or member of other person's immediate family If victim is officer or employee of public children services agency or private child placing agency and offense relates to their official responsibilities, the charge is now a felony 2903.211 - Answer>>Menacing by Stalking CMS: knowingly Penalty: F4-M1 "Making threats" 2905.05 - Answer>>Criminal Child Enticement CMS: knowingly Penalty: F5-M1 (**Never charge solely under Division A— unconstitutional) "Stranger offering candy to child" By any means and without privilege, solicit, coax, entice, or lure any child under 14 to accompany offender in any manner, including into any vehicle or onto any vessel regardless whether offender knows their age or not If offender doesn't have expressed or implied consent of parent, guardian, or other legal custodian If offender isn't law enforcement, medic, fire, or other emergency services personnel; employee or agent of or volunteer acting under direction of any board of education If offender is any of the above but is not acting within the scope of their lawful duties in that capacity With a sexual motivation, violate any of the above For any unlawful purpose other than or in addition to the above Affirmative defense: actor took action in response to a bona fide emergency situation or reasonable belief to preserve the health, safety, or welfare of the child 2905.32 - Answer>>Trafficking in Persons CMS: knowingly Penalty: F1 "Modern-day slavery—involuntary servitude or prostitution" Offender can't recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain, or knowingly attempt to recruit, lure, entice, isolate, harbor, transport, provide, obtain, or maintain, another person Compulsion doesn't have to openly displayed or physically exerted Victim's will can be overcome by force, fear, duress, or intimidation 2907.02 - Answer>>Rape CMS: purposely (*not specified) Penalty: F1 (Conduct/Forced/Impairment) Offender has sex with another not the spouse or spouse if they are living separate and apart from each other Offender impairs/controls victim with any drug, intoxicant, or controlled substance surreptitiously (Example: "slipping a mickey"), by force, by threat of force, or by deception Victim is less that 13 years old, regardless the offender's knowledge of their age Victim's ability to resist or consent is substantially impaired because of mental or physical condition or advanced age and the offender knows this Offender engages in sexual conduct with the victim by purposely compelling victim by force or threat of force 2907.03 - Answer>>Sexual Battery CMS: knowingly Penalty: F2-F3 No force is used/Conduct Offender engages in sexual conduct with victim (not spouse) for the specified reasons below: Offender coerces person to submit by any means that would prevent resistance by person of ordinary resolution Offender knows victim is substantially impaired (*voluntary intoxication) and they can't appraise nature of the conduct Offender knows victim submits because they are unaware the act is being committed Offender knows victim submits because of mistaken belief offender is their spouse Offender is victim's natural or adoptive parent, stepparent, guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis (i.e., incest) Victim is in custody of law or a patient in hospital/other institution and the offender has supervisory or disciplinary authority over the victim (*e.g., asylum, mental hospital) Offender is teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by or serving in a school and is not enrolled in or attends that school; The victim is enrolled in or attends that school Offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other person in authority employed by/serving in higher education institution and victim is a minor enrolled or attending that institution Victim is a minor and offender is their athletic or other type of coach, instructor, or leader of scouting troop victim is a member (No force/Contact) This charge mirrors the sexual battery statute No person can be convicted based upon victim(s) testimony unsupported by other evidence Offender cannot have sexual contact with another & the victim isn't their spouse Offender causes another (*not spouse of offender) to have sexual contact with the offender Offender causes two or more to have sexual contact Reasons Offender knows sexual contact is offensive to the other person or is reckless in that regard Offender knows victim(s) is substantially impaired (*voluntary intoxication) and they can't appraise nature of the conduct Offender knows victim(s) submits because of being unaware of the sexual contact Victim(s) is 13<16, regardless of whether offender knows their age or not, and the offender is at least 18 and 4 or more years older than the victim Offender is mental health professional and victim(s) is/are a mental health client(s) or patient(s) of offender, and victim(s) is/are induced into sexual contact under false pretenses of necessity for mental health treatment (*e.g., no "sexual love touch" therapy) 2907.07 - Answer>>Importuning CMS: knowingly or recklessly (*not specified) Penalty: F2-F5 "Asking for sex" (Force/Doing it, touching it, or both) · Requesting sexual activity · Maximum victim age is 15; asking for sex someone 16 on up is legal · Divisions A & B deal with asking the victim face to face · Divisions C & D deal with asking the victim via a telecommunication device (e.g., computer, texting, etc.) · Division A: victim is less than 13 (**offender age is not specified) · Division B: victim is 13<16 and offender is 18 or older and 4 or more years older than the victim OR victim is 16 or 17 and is a victim of human trafficking, offender is 18 or older and 4 or more years older than the victim and offender knows age or is reckless in that regard · Division C: victim is less than 13 (or cop is posing as same) and offender is 18 or older and believes victim's age or is reckless in that regard · Division D: victim is 13<16 (or cop is posing as same) and offender is 18 or older and 4 or more years older than the victim and believes victim's age or is reckless in that regard 2907.08 - Answer>>Voyeurism CMS: purposely Penalty: F5-M3 "Peeping Tom" Offender's purpose is to sexually arouse or gratify themselves and they commit trespass or surreptitiously invade privacy of another to do so Actions Spy or eavesdrop on another Videotape, film, photograph, or otherwise record the victim (either an adult or a minor) in a state of nudity Secretly or surreptitiously videotape, film, photograph, or otherwise record victim under or through their clothing being worn for the purpose of viewing the body or undergarments of the victim 2907.09 - Answer>>Public Indecency CMS: recklessly or knowingly Penalty: F5-M4 Offenders does action(s) which is/are likely to be viewed by and affront (offend) victim(s) in physical proximity of the offender and who aren't members of the offender's family Actions under Division A where the victim(s) is/are adult(s): Offender exposes their private parts Offender engages in sexual conduct or masturbation (*having "naked time" in public) Offender engages in conduct an ordinary observer would believe to be sexual conduct or masturbation Person committed by law to an institution for delinquent, unruly, neglected, abused, or dependent children A person committed by law to an institution for the mentally ill or mentally retarded Offender cannot aid, abet, induce, cause, or encourage a child or ward of the juvenile court who has been committed to the custody of any person, department, or public or private institution to leave the custody of that person, department, or institution without legal consent Affirmative defenses: Offender reasonably believed their conduct was necessary to preserve the child's health or safety, or the offender, in good faith, gave notice to law enforcement or judicial authorities within a reasonable time after the child or committed person came under their shelter, protection, or influence 2919.24 - Answer>>Contributing to Unruliness or Delinquency of a Child CMS: knowingly (*not specified) Penalty: M1 Offender can be a parent, guardian, other custodian of a child, or other person Offender cannot aid, abet, induce, cause, encourage, or contribute to a child or ward of the juvenile court becoming an unruly or delinquent child Offender cannot act in a way tending to cause a child or ward of the juvenile court to become an unruly or delinquent child Offender is parent, guardian, or custodian and fails to perform certain duties under the juvenile code General Theft Charges - Answer>>Generally, theft amounts of $1000 or more make the crime a felony Theft charge involving an elderly (65 or older) or disabled adult victim is automatically a felony regardless of the amount stolen from them If multiple items are stolen, you can aggregate the values of the items together for a total amount (*Note: Do not add in sales tax!) This can apply to thefts that occur over a period of time (e.g., employee theft) If multiple thefts occur over a period of time, you can aggregate the values of all of the items stolen Prosecution doesn't have to prove each and every item was stolen; one is sufficient Penalty Amounts for Theft - Answer>>Penalty amounts: M1=$.01-$999.99 F5=$1,000-$7,499.99 F4=$7,500-$149,999.99 F3=$150,000-$749,999.99 F2=$750,000-$1,499,999.99 F1=$1,500,000 or more 2913.02 - Answer>>Theft CMS: knowingly Penalty: F1-M1 Offender, with the purpose to deprive the owner of property or services, cannot obtain or exert control over the victim's property or services Methods: without the consent of the owner/person authorized to give consent, beyond the express or implied consent of the owner/person authorized to give consent, by deception, by threat, or by intimidation Normal theft of one cent to $999.99 is a 1st degree misdemeanor; $1,000 or more is a 5th felony (*that is the magic number) Theft from an elderly (65 or older) or handicapped adult victim of any amount is automatically a felony Theft of any of the following items is automatically a felony: firearm/dangerous ordnance motor vehicle any dangerous drug police dog or horse assistance dog anhydrous ammonia 2913.03 - Answer>>Unauthorized use of a motor vehicle CMS: knowingly Penalty: F2-M1 "Joyriding" Restricted to vehicles only Offender uses/operates aircraft, motor vehicle, motorcycle, motorboat, or other motor-propelled vehicle without consent of owner/person authorized to give consent Offender cannot obtain property or services using a credit card knowing or reasonably believing the card has expired, been revoked, or was obtained, retained, or used in violation of law (e.g., using a stolen credit card to buy tons of merchandise) Offender cannot furnish property or services upon presentation of a credit card knowing it's being used in violation of the law Offender cannot represent or cause to be represented to the issue of a credit card that property or services have been furnished, knowing that to be false Offender, with purpose to violate this statute, cannot receive, possess, control, or dispose of a credit card 2913.31 - Answer>>Forgery CMS: purposely or knowingly (*not specified) Penalty: F2-M1 Offender is purposely defrauding or is knowingly facilitating a fraud Offender cannot forge any writing of another without their authority Offender cannot forge any writing purporting it to be genuine when it's fake, to be the act of another who did not authorize the act, or executed at a time, place, or with terms different from what was in fact the case, or be a copy of an original when no such original existed Offender cannot utter or possess with purpose to utter, any writing the offender knows to have been forged Offender cannot forge an identification card or sell or otherwise distribute a card that purports to be an identification card knowing it to have been forged 2913.49 - Answer>>Identity Fraud CMS: purposely (not specified) Penalty: F1-F5 Personal identifying information examples: name, address, phone number, OL or OL number, CDL or CDL number, state ID card or number, SSN card or number, birth certificate, place of employment, employee ID number, mother's maiden name, checking or savings, or money market or mutual fund account number, PIN number, other financial account number, password, or credit card number of a living or dead individual Affirmative defenses: Offender is using the personal identifying information while acting in accordance with a legally recognized guardianship or conservatorship or as a trustee or fiduciary The offender is a law enforcement officer, authorized fraud personnel, etc. and they have legal authorization to use another's personal identifying information, whether the person is alive or dead 2913.51 - Answer>>Receiving Stolen Property CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F3-M1 Offender knows or has reasonable cause to believe the property has been obtained through a theft offense Offender cannot receive, retain, or dispose of property Ranges from a 1st degree misdemeanor up to a certain felony level depending on the value of the property Property making the charge an automatic felony: motor vehicle, dangerous drug, firearm, or dangerous ordnance 2911.02 - Answer>>Robbery CMS: Knowingly or Purposely (not specified) Penalty: F2-F3 Offender commits or attempts to commit a theft offense AND Offender has a deadly weapon on/about their person or under their control Offender inflicts, attempts to inflict, or threatens to inflict physical harm on another Offender uses or threatens the immediate use of force against another 2911.21 - Answer>>Criminal Trespass CMS: Knowingly, recklessly, negligently Penalty: M4 Offender knowingly enters or remains on the land or premises of another Offender knowingly enters or remains on the land or premises of another restricted to certain persons, purposes, modes, or hours Offender recklessly enters or remains on the land or premises of another and notice against unauthorized access or presence is given by actual communication to the offender, in a manner proscribed by law, posted conspicuously, or fenced in/enclosed by design to restrict access Through the offer or acceptance of an agreement for hire or other consideration, to any property of another without the other person's consent or to any property of the offender or another with purpose to defraud To any park, preserve, wild lands, brush-covered land, cut-over land, forest, timberland, greenlands, woods, or similar real property that is owned or controlled by another person, the state, or a political subdivision without the consent of the other person, state, or political subdivisions With purpose to defraud regarding any park, preserve, wildlands, brush-covered land, cut-over land, forest, timberland, greenlands, woods, or similar real property that is owned or controlled by the offender, another person, the state, or a political subdivision 2909.04 - Answer>>Disrupting Public Services CMS: Purposely or Knowingly Penalty: F4 Purposely by any means or knowingly by damaging or tampering with any property, interrupt or impair... TV, radio, telephone, telegraph, or other mass communications service Police, fire, or other public service communications Radar, loran, radio, or other electronic aids to air or marine navigation or communications Amateur or CB radio communications being used for public service or emergency communications Public transportation, including without limitation school bus transportation or water supply, gas, power, or other utility service to the public Substantially impair the ability of law enforcement officers, firefighters, rescue personnel, EMS personnel, or emergency facility personnel to respond to an emergency or to protect and preserve any person or property from serious physical harm Knowingly use any computer, computer system, computer network, telecomm device, or other electronic device or system or the internet so as to disrupt, interrupt, or impair the functions of any police, fire, educational, commercial, or governmental operation *Good charge to remember during a domestic dispute if the offender ripped out phone lines or destroyed cellular communication 2909.05 - Answer>>Vandalism CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F3-F5 Offender causes serious physical harm to an occupied structure or any of its contents Offender causes physical harm to another's property ($1000 or more) which is used by the owner in their profession, business, trade, or occupation or regardless of value/damage, the property is necessary for the victim's profession, etc. Offender causes serious physical harm to property owned, leased, or controlled by a governmental entity Offender causes serious physical harm to a tomb, monument, gravestone, other similar structure, fence, railing, curb, other property to ornament a cemetery, or a cemetery Offender causes physical harm to a place of burial by breaking & entering into a tomb, crypt, casket, or other structure used as a memorial or as an enclosure for the dead 2909.06 - Answer>>Criminal Damaging or Endangering CMS: Knowingly or Recklessly Penalty: F4-M2 Offender causes or creates substantial risk of physical harm to any property of another without consent Offender does so knowingly by any means or recklessly by fire, explosion, flood, poison gas, poison, radioactive material, caustic or corrosive material, or other inherently dangerous agency or substance 2909.07 - Answer>>Criminal Mischief CMS: Knowingly or purposely Penalty: F4-M3 Offender knowingly moves, defaces, damages, destroys, or otherwise improperly tampers with property of another Offender uses tear gas device, stink bomb, smoke generator, or other device releasing a substance that is harmful or offensive to persons exposed or tending to cause public alarm Offender defaces, damages, destroys, or otherwise improperly tampers with a bench marker, triangulation station, boundary marker, or other survey station, monument, or marker Offender defaces, damages, destroys, or otherwise improperly tampers with any safety device (whether it belongs to another or the scene of a fire, accident, disaster, riot, or emergency of any kind Offender cannot hamper the lawful activities of any emergency facility person who is engaged in the person's duties in an emergency facility Offender cannot fail to obey the lawful order of any law enforcement officer engaged in their duties at the scene of or in connection with a fire, accident, disaster, riot, or emergency of any kind *Note: this statute cannot be used to limit access or deny information to any news media representative in the lawful exercise of their journalistic duties 2917.21 - Answer>>Telecommunications Harassment CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F3-M1 Offender makes or causes to be made a telecommunication or permits another to make a telecommunication from a telecomm device under the offender's control Offender cannot fail to identify to the recipient of a telecommunication and makes the telecomm with the purpose to harass or abuse any person at the receiving premises, whether or not actual communication takes place between the offender and the recipient (e.g., constantly calling a number and hanging up) Offender cannot describe, suggest, request, or propose that they, the recipient of the telecomm, or any other person engage in sexual activity and the recipient or another person has requested in a previous telecommunication or in the current telecommunication that the offender not make a telecomm to them or to the premises where the telecomm is received Offender cannot engage in Aggravated Menacing during the telecommunication Offender cannot state to the recipient they intend to cause damage to or destroy public or private property and the recipient, any member of their family, or any other person who resides at the premises to which the telecommunication is made owns, leases, resides, or works in, will at the time of the destruction or damaging be near or in, has the responsibility to protecting or insures the property that will be destroyed or damaged Offender cannot make a telecommunication to the recipient, to another person at the premises where the telecomm is received, or to those premises, and the recipient or another person at those premises has previously told the caller not to make a telecommunication to those premises or to any persons at those premises Offender cannot make or cause to be made a telecommunication or permit a telecomm to be made from a telecomm device under their contr 2917.32 - Answer>>Making False Alarms CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F3-M1 "Making a False Police Report" Statute Offender cannot initiate or circulate a report or warning of an alleged or impending fire, explosion, crime, or other catastrophe, knowing that the report or warning is false and likely to cause public inconvenience or alarm Offender cannot cause a false alarm of fire or other emergency to be transmitted to or within any organization, public or private, for dealing with emergencies involving a risk of physical harm to persons or property Offender cannot report to any law enforcement agency an alleged offense or other incident within its concern, knowing that such offense did not occur Statute does not apply to any person conducting an authorized fire or emergency drill 2921.02 - Answer>>Bribery CMS: Purposely or knowingly Penalty: F3 "Rewarding" statute Divisions A & C of the statute are for the giver of the bribe Divisions B & D of the statute are for the receiver of the bribe Offender, with purpose to corrupt a public servant or party official or improperly influence them with respect to the discharge of their duties before or after they are elected, appointed, qualified, employed, summoned, or sworn, cannot promise, offer, or give any valuable thing or benefit (e.g., money, sexual favors, employment, promotion, etc.) Offender who is elected, appointed, qualified, employed summoned, or sworn as a public servant or party official (*either before or after any of that occurs) cannot solicit or accept for themselves or another person any valuable thing or benefit (e.g., money, sexual favors, employment, promotion, etc.) to corrupt or improperly influence themselves, another public servant or party official, with respect to the discharge of the offender's or other public servant's or party official's duty system; economic development assistance; or other benefits administered by a governmental agency or paid out of a public treasury With purpose to secure the issuance by a governmental agency of a license, permit, authorization, certificate, registration, release, or provider agreement Is sworn or affirmed before a notary public or another person empowered to administered oaths Is in writing on or in connection with a report or return that is required or authorized by law Is in writing and is made with purpose to induce another to extend credit to or employ the offender, to confer any degree, diploma, certificate of attainment, award of excellence, or honor on the offender, or to extend to or bestow upon the offender any other valuable benefit or distinction, when the person to whom the statement is directed relies upon it to that person's detriment With purpose to commit or facilitate the commission of a theft offense (Cont. in ORC) 2921.29 - Answer>>Failure to Disclose Personal Information CMS: Negligently (not specified) Penalty: M4 Offender who is in a public place cannot refuse to disclose their name, address, or date of birth when requested by a law enforcement officer (*these are the only items the person is required to give) Officer suspects: Offender is committing, has committed, or is about to commit a criminal offense Offender witnessed an offense of violence that could constitute a felony in Ohio Offender witnessed a felony offense that causes or results in, or creates a substantial risk of, serious physical harm to another person or to property Offender witnessed any attempt or conspiracy to commit, or complicity in committing, any offense specified in the above bullet points Offender witnessed any conduct reasonably indicating that any offense identified in the above or any attempt, conspiracy, or complicity described about has been, is being, or is about to be committed 2921.31 - Answer>>Obstructing Official Business CMS: Purposely Penalty: F5-M2 Offender, without privilege to do so and with purpose to prevent, obstruct, or delay the performance by a public official of any authorized act within the public official's official capacity, cannot do any act that hampers or impedes a public official in the performance of their lawful duties (*more general) 2921.32 - Answer>>Obstructing Justice CMS: Purposely Penalty: F2-M1 Offender's purpose is to hinder the discovery, apprehension, prosecution, conviction, or punishment of another for crime or to assist another to benefit from the commission of a crime (*more specific) Offender's purpose is to hinder the discovery, apprehension, prosecution, adjudication as a delinquent child, or disposition of a child for an act that if committed by an adult would be a crime or to assist a child to benefit from the commission of an act that if committed by an adult would be a crime Offender cannot do any of the following: Harbor or conceal the other person or child Provide the other person or child with money, transportation, a weapon, a disguise, or other means of avoiding discovery or apprehension Warn the other person or child of an impending discovery or apprehension Destroy or conceal physical evidence of the crime or act, or induce any person to withhold testimony or information or to elude legal process summoning the person to testify or supply evidence Communicate false information to any person Prevent or obstruct any person, by means of force, intimidation, or deception, from performing any act to aid in the discovery, apprehension, or prosecution of the other person or child 2921.33 - Answer>>Resisting arrest CMS: Recklessly Penalty: F4-M2 Offender does so recklessly or by force cannot resist or interfere Prohibited from receiving any compensation other that what is provided by law in order to perform the public servant's official duties, to perform any other act or service in the public servant's public capacity, for the general performance of the duties of their office or employment, or as a supplement to the public servant's public compensation A public servant who is convicted of a violation of this statute is disqualified from holding any public office, employment, or position of trust in the state of Ohio for a period of 7 years from the date of conviction 2921.44 - Answer>>Dereliction of Duty CMS: Negligently or recklessly Penalty: M2 Law enforcement offender cannot negligently fail to serve a lawful warrant without delay or fail to prevent or halt the commission of an offense or to apprehend an offender, when it is in the law enforcement officer's power to do so alone or with available assistance Law enforcement, ministerial, or judicial officer offender cannot negligently fail to perform a lawful duty in a criminal case or proceeding Corrections officer offender, having charge of a detention facility cannot negligently: Allow the facility to become littered or unsanitary, fail to provide inmates with adequate essentials and medical attention, fail to control an unruly prisoner or prevent intimidation and/or physical harm of a prisoner by another, allow a prisoner to escape, or fail to observe any lawful and reasonable regulation for the management of the detention facility Public official of the state offender cannot create a deficiency, incur a liability, or expend a greater sum than is appropriated by the general assembly for the use in any one year of the department, agency, or institution of the state with which the public official is connected Public servant offender cannot fail to perform a duty expressly imposed by law with respect to the public servant's office, or do any act expressly forbidden by law with respect to the public servant's office 2921.51 - Answer>>Impersonation of Peace Officer or Private Police Officer CMS: Knowingly or purposely Penalty: F3-M4 Law Enforcement/Peace officers to be impersonated include: law enforcement officer (police, sheriff, or marshal), private police officer, Federal law enforcement officer, officer-agent-employee of the state of Ohio, or investigator of Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and Investigation (BCI) Offender cannot impersonate any of the peace officers listed above Offender, by impersonating any of the peace officers listed above, cannot arrest or detain any person, search any person, or search the property of any person Offender, by impersonating any of the peace officers listed above, cannot commit a felony Affirmative defense: offender impersonating a peace officer was doing so for a lawful purpose (e.g., an actor in a police uniform assisting in an arrest until an actual peace officer arrives) 4301.62 - Answer>>Opened Container of Beer or Intoxicating Liquor Prohibited at Certain Premises CMS: N/A Penalty: MM Offender cannot have in their possession an open container of beer or intoxication liquor Prohibited locations: Inside a state liquor store, specific permit premises, or any other public place While operating or being a passenger in or on a motor vehicle on any street, highway, or other public or private property open to the public for purposes of vehicular travel or parking (e.g., shopping center parking lot, apartment complex parking lot, etc.) While being in or on a stationary motor vehicle on any street, highway, or other public or private property open to the public for purposes of vehicular travel or parking (*Exception: does not apply to person who pays (in whole or part of) fee for chauffeured limousine or is a guest provided they are a passenger in the limo, they are not in the front seat next to the limo driver, and limo is on any street, highway, or other public or private property open to the public for the purposes of vehicular travel or parking) 4301.63 - Answer>>Purchase of Beer or Intoxicating Liquor by Persons Under 21 Prohibited CMS: N/A Penalty: MM No person under 21 can purchase beer or intoxicating liquor person the beer or intoxicating liquor or they are present on the same premises when the possession/consumption by the underage person occurs) Offender cannot engage or use accommodations at a hotel, inn, cabin, campground, or restaurant when they know beer or intoxicating liquor will be consumed by an underage person on those premises unless the offender is the spouse (not underage), parent, or legal guardian of all underage persons consuming and they are present at the time of underage consumption or drug of abuse will be consumed on the premises unless the user has a prescription for the drug in the original container from the pharmacy, etc. No person is required to permit the engagement of accommodations at any hotel, inn, cabin, or campground by an underage person when they know or suspect underage consumption would be occurring Offender under 21 cannot engage or attempt to engage in accommodations at any hotel, inn, cabin, or campground by presenting false I.D. showing they are of age in order for underage consumption Offender under 21 cannot order, pay for, share the cost of, attempt to purchase, possess, or consume any beer or intoxicating liq 4507.30 - Answer>>Prohibitions CMS: N/A Penalty: M1 No person shall do any of the following: (A) Display, or cause or permit to be displayed, or possess any identification card, driver's or commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or commercial driver's license temporary instruction permit knowing the same to be fictitious, or to have been canceled, suspended, or altered (B) Lend to a person not entitled thereto, or knowingly permit a person not entitled thereto to use any identification card, driver's or commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or commercial driver's license temporary instruction permit issued to the person so lending or permitting the use thereof (C) Display, or represent as one's own, any identification card, driver's or commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or commercial driver's license temporary instruction permit not issued to the person so displaying the same (D) Fail to surrender to the registrar of motor vehicles, upon the registrar's demand, any identification card, driver's or commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or commercial driver's license temporary instruction permit that has been suspended or canceled (E) In any application for an identification card, driver's or commercial driver's license, temporary instruction permit, or commercial driver's license temporary instruction permit, or any renewal or duplicate thereof, knowingly conceal a material fact, or present any physician's statement required under section 4507.08 or 4507.081 of the Revised Code when knowing the same to be false or fictitious 2923.12 - Answer>>Carrying Concealed Weapon CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F3-M1 Offender carries or has concealed on their person or concealed ready at hand Offender cannot have a deadly weapon other than a handgun Offender cannot have a handgun other than a dangerous ordnance Offender cannot have a dangerous ordnance Offender with CCW license from Ohio or other state stopped for a law enforcement purpose: Offender cannot fail to promptly inform the law enforcement officer approaching them they have a carry concealed license and they are carrying a concealed handgun (*Note: if a CCW license holder is stopped but doesn't have a weapon on them at that time, they should still advise the officer they have the license but not the weapon on them) Offender cannot fail to keep their hands in plain sight at any time after any law enforcement officer begins approaching or leaves the traffic stop unless otherwise directed by the officer Offender cannot remove or attempt to remove the loaded handgun from where it is located, grasp or hold the loaded handgun, or have contact with it by touching it at any time after any law enforcement officer begins approaching or leaves the traffic stop unless otherwise directed by the officer Offender cannot disregard or fail to comply with any lawful order of any law enforcement officer given while the offender is stopped, including but not limited to, a specific order to the offender to keep their hands in plain sight Statute doesn't apply to an officer, agent, or employee of Ohio, any other state, or the United States, or to a law enforcement officer, who is authorized to carry concealed weapons or dangerous ordnance or is authorized to carry handguns and is acting within the scope of their duties Offender cannot possess a deadly weapon or dangerous ordnance in a school safety zone Offender cannot possess an object in a school safety zone if both of the following apply: The object is indistinguishable from a firearm, whether or not its capable of being fired The offender indicates they possess the object and that it is a firearm or they display or brandish the object and indicate that it is a firearm Statute doesn't apply to premises where home schooling is occurring Statute doesn't apply to person who conveys or attempts to convey or possesses a handgun in a school safety zone provided the person doesn't enter a school building or onto school premises and is not a school activity and the person has a valid CCW license (e.g., parent CCW dropping off kid at school and they do not exit their vehicle) 2923.15 - Answer>>Using Weapons While Intoxicated CMS: Knowingly Penalty: M1 Offender, while under the influence of alcohol or any drug of abuse, cannot carry or use any firearm or dangerous ordnance 2923.16 - Answer>>Improperly Handling Firearms in a Motor Vehicle CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F4-M1 Offender cannot discharge a firearm while in or on a motor vehicle Offender cannot transport or have a loaded firearm in a motor vehicle in such a manner that it is accessible to the operator or any passenger without leaving the vehicle Offender cannot transport or have a firearm in a motor vehicle unless it is unloaded and carried in one of the following ways Authorized conditions: · In a closed package, box, or case · In a compartment that can be reached only by leaving the vehicle · In plain sight and secured in a rack or holder made for that purpose · In plain sight with the action open or the weapon stripped of, or, if the firearm is of a type on which the action will not stay open or which cannot easily be stripped, in plain sight Offender cannot transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle, if at the time of the transport or possession, they are under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of them or they are OVI (ORC 4511.19), regardless of whether they are the operator or passenger of the vehicle Offender who has been issued a CCW license or emergency permit cannot transport or have a loaded handgun in a motor vehicle unless it is carried in one of the following ways: Authorized conditions: · The loaded handgun is in a holster on the person's person · The loaded handgun is in a closed case, bag, box, or other container that is in plain sight and that has a lid, cover, or closing mechanism with a zipper, snap, or buckle, which must be opened for a person to gain access to the handgun · The loaded handgun is securely encased by being stored in a closed, locked glove compartment or in a case that is locked Offender who has been issued a CCW license or emergency permit and is transporting or has a loa 2923.24 - Answer>>Possessing Criminal Tools CMS: Purposely (not specified) Penalty: F5-M1 Offender cannot possess or have under their control any substance, device, instrument, or article, with purpose to use it criminally Prima-facie evidence of criminal purpose: Possession or control of any dangerous ordnance, or the materials or parts for making dangerous ordnance, in the absence of circumstances indicating the dangerous ordnance, materials, or parts are intended for legitimate use Possession or control of any substance, device, instrument, or article designed or specifically adapted for criminal use Possession or control of any substance, device, instrument, or article commonly used for criminal purposes, under circumstances indicating the item is intended for criminal purpose 2923.241 - Answer>>Hidden Compartments in Vehicles CMS: Knowingly Penalty: F2-F4 Offender cannot design, build, construct, or fabricate a vehicle with a hidden compartment, or modify or alter any portion of a vehicle in order to create or add a hidden compartment, with the intent to facilitate the unlawful concealment or transportation of a controlled substance Identify traditional media - Answer>>television, radio, and print sources and the social media and internet accounts they maintain Identify non-traditional media - Answer>>individuals or groups, operating outside of the traditional media outlets, who regularly post information on websites and social media platforms, as well as "citizen journalists" who randomly and opportunistically capture events that have the potential to go viral Identify the similarities between traditional and non-traditional media - Answer>>• Both afforded the same First Amendment protections • Both entitled to the same physical access to the scene of an incident as each other and any private citizen • Both want access to information, in a user-friendly form, with audio and visuals, and they want it in a timely fashion • Both are entitled to the same access to information as each other and any private citizen Identify the differences between traditional and non-traditional media - Answer>>• Non-traditional media's primary objective is often sensationalism, whereas one of traditional media's primary objectives is accuracy • Non-traditional media is often advocacy focused, whereas traditional media is objective focused • Non-traditional media is not held to a professional standard, whereas traditional media is held to the professional standards of journalism Identify reasons for establishing effective communications with the media - Answer>>• You and the media each have a job to do and each can benefit from the cooperative nature of the other • For the media, information from law enforcement is necessary for them to develop and produce accurate news stories • For the law enforcement agency, media coverage influences public perception • Media provides a quick way to reach large audiences - Agencies need a method of distributing information to the public about developing situations and threats and requesting assistance with investigations, and media can fill that role List guidelines an officer should follow when interacting with the media - Answer>>- Make sure the scene is secure - You are familiar with all your agencies policies and procedures List the four dimensions of a whole person and the focus of each that, collectively, contribute to a person's effectiveness - Answer>>Physical - a healthy body; strength and endurance Mental - a healthy mind; feeding, challenging, growing the mind Emotional - a healthy heart; positive emotions, managing energy Spiritual - purposeful, serving a cause, and faithful to self Identify all elements of the offense of Domestic Violence per R.C. 2919.25 - Answer>>Knowingly cause or attempt to cause physical harm to a family or household member Recklessly cause serious physical harm to a family or household member By threat of force, knowingly cause a family or household member to believe that the offender will cause imminent physical harm to the family or household member Identify the categories of persons who fall within the meaning of family or household member - Answer>>1. Spouse, person living as a spouse, or former spouse 2. A parent, foster parent, child of offender, or anyone related by blood or marriage to the offender 3. The natural parent of any child of whom the offender is the other natural parent or is the alleged other natural parent Recognize the four elements that should be used to determine the primary physical aggressor in a domestic violence incident - Answer>>1. Any history of DV or other violent acts 2. Whether the alleged violence was caused by a person acting in self-defense 3. Each person's fear of physical harm 4. The comparative severity of any injuries Temporary Protection Order (TPO) - Answer>>A TPO is an order from the court that is available after a family or household member is charged with a violent or sexually oriented offense • It removes the suspect from the shared residence and has other restrictions • In effect for the length of the case List the factors that coupled with mental illness produce the greatest increase in the potential for violence - Answer>>• History of violence • Substance abuse and dependence • Personality disorders (e.g., antisocial disorder, conduct disorder) • Psychotic thoughts (e.g., paranoid delusions, command hallucinations) • Young male • Under social stress (e.g., poor, homeless) • Recent personal stress, crisis, or loss (e.g., unemployment, divorce, separation, victim of crime in the past year • Early exposure to violence (e.g., family fights, physical or sexual abuse, parent with criminal record) Describe the different between traditional encounters and special populations encounters - Answer>>The increased need to be non-confrontational Special populations encounters frequently benefit from a change in response to one in which de-escalation is the foundation Describe eight techniques of active listening - Answer>>1. Emotional labeling (i.e., identifying the other person's emotions) • Provides the opportunity for the other person to acknowledge his/her emotions and possibly explain their cause • Validates what the other person is saying rather than minimizing it • Once the emotions have been acknowledged, there is a better opportunity for the person's balance between emotion and cognition to be restored and facts to be developed 2. Reflecting/mirroring (i.e., repeating the last few words or gist of the person in crisis) • Helps validate for the other person that you are listening and understanding • May encourage the other person to continue speaking • Much shorter format than paraphrasing 3. Paraphrasing (i.e., restating in your own words the crux of the other person's message) • Demonstrates listening and understanding • Gives the other person the opening to clarify or correct his/her meaning Summarizing (i.e., extended version of paraphrasing; restating both the other person's message and emotion) • Validates for the other person that he/she has been heard and understood • Reflects effort to understand the other person's viewpoint of the situation • It is a critical part of active listening, as it can bring a sense of relief to the other person and, thereby, reduce his/her actions that are being emotionally driven 5. Silence and effective pauses (i.e., deliberate silences before or after making a meaningful comment) • Silence - allowing there to be silence before speaking prevents prematurely cutting off the other person and gives the other person the opportunity to continue speaking • Pauses - when speaking, pauses increase attention and focus when they are used before a meaningful statement and prompt reflection when they are used after a meaningful statement 6. Minimal encouragements (i.e., verbal and non-verb Use LEAPS and its five basic communication tools that assist in generating compliance - Answer>>1. Listen - Actively listen and look interested 2. Empathize - Try to understand where the person is coming from 3. Ask - Ask general, open-ended questions and opinion-seeking questions to gain understanding 4. Paraphrase - In your own words, repeat the person's message 5. Summarize - Condense all that has been said and indicate the outcome, keeping it brief, concise, and inarguable Distinguish the EAR Model's three phases of a crisis encounter - Answer>>1. Engage 2. Assess 3. Resolve Identify the tactics and behaviors to avoid while engaging in de- escalation - Answer>>• Moving suddenly, giving rapid orders, or shouting Identify the conditions under the Ohio Revised Code that allow a peace officer to remove a child from his/her caregiver - Answer>>1. Reasonable grounds to believe the child is sick or injured and not receiving care 2. The guardians have abused or neglected another child and is in danger 3. The conduct, conditions, or surroundings are endangering to the child Describe information an officer should document and provide when making a referral to a children's services agency - Answer>>1. Any injuries 2. Child is threatened with extreme or sinister punishment 3. Caregiver has sexual conduct with the child 4. Child has access to drugs or paraphernalia Identify the considerations to be made when investigating a missing child or adult and when recovering a victim of human trafficking - Answer>>The missing child or adult you are investigating may be a victim of human trafficking; the victim of human trafficking that you are recovering may have been reported missing Identify the responsibilities of a law enforcement agency in a missing child case - Answer>>· Response to the missing child report should be immediate · Understand there is no waiting period before a child can be reported missing · Immediately enter the information regarding all missing children, including runaways into NCIC · Notify neighboring agencies · Notify the FBI, who are mandated to assist in searches for missing children under the age of 12 years old · Remove entry from NCIC if the child is found Describe the actions that, upon arrival at the scene, the initial officer assigned to the report of a missing child shall take - Answer>>1. Conduct a preliminary interview of the person making the report 2. Verify the child is missing 3. Secure a recent photo of the child for upload into NCIC and other distribution Explain what the officer should do if the initial missing child investigation is complete and the child is not found - Answer>>Reach out to additional resources, such as surrounding agencies, a local Child Abduction Response Team (CART) (if one is in your area), BCI, and the FBI Describe the information an officer should gather during a preliminary interview in a family abduction missing child case - Answer>>• Determine who has custody rights • Confirm the suspected family member as the actual abductor • Ask questions to establish the intent of the abductor Explain why it is an officer's responsibility to investigate all aspects of the runaway's life - Answer>>Today, law enforcement is more aware of the fact that all missing children, including runaways, are at-risk and need to be located as quickly as possible for these primary reasons: • Life on the run for these children is extremely dangerous • The longer they are on the street, the greater their chances of falling victim to those who wish to exploit them, including the potential of becoming victims of human trafficking • Too often runaways are running from something at home (e.g., abuse, neglect) Explain why the closure stage provides an important opportunity for law enforcement - Answer>>To learn not only about how the runaway survived, but to investigate if other crimes were being committed at home that may have caused the child to run Describe the interviewing process, including the types of questions to be asked, of a returned runaway child - Answer>>• Begin by building rapport with the child • Ask open-ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., neglect, abuse, domestic violence) is being committed at home • Ask open-ended questions to determine if a crime (e.g., abuse, assault, human trafficking, drug use) occurred while he/she was on the streets and ascertain Determine when the criteria are met for activating an AMBER Alert - Answer>>• Confirmation that the child is under 18 years old - Being compelled to perform labor or services for another against one's will • Sex trafficking - Applies to a range of commercial sexual activity, including sex for hire, performances or materials that are obscene, sexually oriented, or nudity oriented (these include materials or performances that show a person participating in or engaging in sexual activity, masturbation, bestiality, or that show a person in a state of nudity) Describe the mindset of a victim of human trafficking - Answer>>• Why victims do not leave their situations, ask for, or accept help • Sex traffickers often take on the following roles • Like domestic violence, the perpetrator of sex trafficking becomes the most powerful person in the life of the victim • The perpetrator often uses a system of punishment and reward - alternating between affection, threats, and violence toward the victim or persons or things that the victim loves - in order to keep and maintain control • Often the perpetrator has been taking care of the victim for so long that the victim does not know how he/she would obtain basic needs without the perpetrator Assess red flag indicators of human trafficking - Answer>>Suspicious locations - indicators observed from outside Indicators observed from inside a location • Mental health • Physical health • Lack of control • Specific traffic stop indicators Explain how to interview a human trafficking victim - Answer>>Identify resources gather information explanations realistic expectations build rapport good location Describe the process for arresting a juvenile - Answer>>• The juvenile is suspected of, or caught violating a law - If the offense is minor, the officer may choose to exercise discretion and not file a charge • The officer may counsel the juvenile • The officer may contact the juvenile's guardian • The officer can direct the juvenile and/or guardian to community resources that might provide assistance, if necessary - If the offense is more serious, the officer should begin standard investigation procedures • Interview the juvenile to gather information • The officer might contact the juvenile's guardian at this time; this is as a matter of consideration, not as a matter of law - If the officer believes probable cause exists to charge the youth, the youth can be taken into custody for processing - Fingerprinting - Photograph - Interrogation - The juvenile may be placed in juvenile detention or released to the guardian - Again, the officer should take the opportunity to refer the juvenile and his/her guardian to community resources Describe when federal and Ohio juvenile holding violations occur - Answer>>• An accused or adjudicated status offender is held securely • An accused delinquent offender is held over six hours, if alleged to have committed a felony offense • An accused delinquent offender is held over three hours, if alleged to have committed a misdemeanor or status offense • An adjudicated delinquent is sentenced to a secure adult jail/prison • Any juvenile that is held securely is not sight and sound separated from adult offenders Explain the Attorney General's Office produced pamphlet titled Ohio Crime Victims' Rights: Helping Crime Victims Rebuild Their Lives - Answer>>• Provides a compilation of all Ohio statutes relative to victims' rights • Contains most of the information peace officers are required to provide to the victim • Describes protection orders • Identifies services available for victims of crimes • Includes contact information for state and federal victim services Describe the Ohio statutory rights provide to victims of crime - Answer>>• The right to have written information regarding rights as a crime victim be provided by the investigating enforcement agency • Right to full and timely restitution Describe the types of primary and secondary injuries that a victim may suffer - Answer>>Primary injuries a victim may suffer can include: • Physical injuries, including death and disfigurement • Financial loss leading to economic hardship • Emotional trauma and reactions (e.g., anxiety, guilt, sleep disturbance, shock, denial, depression, loss of trust, relationship problems) Secondary injuries a victim can also suffer can include: • Injustice - e.g., believing the system has "let him/her down" or doesn't really care; perceiving that the officer doesn't believe him/her • Indignities - e.g., having to repeat sordid details, possibly several times and in public • Isolation - e.g., lack of follow-up; failing to keep the victim informed of the case investigation and prosecution progress Differentiate consent, compliance, and coercion - Answer>>Consent - willingly and freely participating Compliance - "going along with it" due to it being a safer option Coercion - submitting due to manipulation or verbal pressure Describe reasons a victim may delay or fail to report a rape or sexual assault - Answer>>• The victim is still suffering from the trauma of the event • The victim knew the perpetrator or had some acquaintance-type relationship with the perpetrator • The victim is intimidated by the perpetrator's position, power, or social status • The victim may self-blame and think he or she was responsible for creating the risk • Drugs or alcohol may have impaired the victim's judgement and memory • The victim may feel responsible for not doing more (e.g., fighting, screaming) to prevent what happened, especially if the victim has no visible injury • Encounters with the criminal justice system - e.g., the victim may have an arrest record or an outstanding warrant • The victim may have been victimized previously and the victim • Did not feel supported or believed when reporting the previous incident • Fears that having been victimized multiple times lowers the likelihood of being believed and receiving support • The victim may feel embarrassed and ashamed, which may make it difficult to tell others what happened Discuss preliminary sexual assault victim interview considerations and techniques - Answer>>• Offer the victim the option of having a victim advocate or other support person present during the preliminary and follow-up interviews • Victims who work with a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) and advocate are more likely to remain engaged throughout the criminal justice process • A spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend, or parent may not be the most appropriate support person to have present during an interview because the victim may hesitate to reveal all the details of the assault in front of someone with whom they are close • Victims may, however, be uncomfortable asking friends or family members to leave the interview • You should privately address this with the victim and take action to support the victim's wishes • When available, male/female response teams are helpful for sexual assault cases • Allow victims to give their account in a narrative form without undue interruption • Ask the victim what he/she was thinking and/or feeling during the encounter and during the interview Identify the four primary firearms safety rules - Answer>>· Treat all firearms as if they are loaded · Never point a firearm at anything you do not want to shoot or destroy · Keep your finger off the trigger until you have made a conscious decision to shoot · Be aware of your backstop and beyond