Organizational Behavior and Self-Concept, Exams of Community Corrections

Download Organizational Behavior and Self-Concept and more Exams Community Corrections in PDF only on Docsity! ORGB 364 Exam Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024 Define organizational behaviour - Correct answer-OB is the study of what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. Define organizations - Correct answer-Organizations are groups of people who work interdependently toward some purposed Why is OB important? (3) - Correct answer-o Comprehend and predict work events o Adopt more accurate personal theories o Influence organizational events List opportunities and challenges of technological change - Correct answer-- improved efficiency, interactivity and well-being -altered the communication patterns and power dynamics at work, and has affected our non-work time, attention span, and techno-stress. what has caused globalization to become more intense over time? - Correct answer-Information technology and transportation systems what is the emerging employment relationship trend? - Correct answer-The blurring of work and non- work time and the associated call for more work-life balance Clinical Seclusion Therapeutic intervention initiated by medical or mental health staff to use rooms designated to safely limit a patient mobility. Custody ordered restraints measures or condition initiated and applied by custody staff that keep inmates under control. Clinical ordered restraint can not exceed 12 hours and must be evaluate by health staff / health trained personnel at the interval of no greater than 15 minutes. Solitary confinement extreme form of segregation where an inmate isolated and encounters staff or other inmates fewer than 3 times a day. Health staff monitoring for segregated inmates based degree of isolation solitary confinement with little or no contact: daily by medical staff and weekly by mental health staff segregated inmate with limited contact: 3 days a week by medical and mental health staff what are some advantages and disadvantages of telework? - Correct answer-advantages: employees experience better work-life balance, higher productivity due to reduced stress, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and office expenses disadvantages: more social isolation, weaker relationships with co-workers, less word-of-mouth info which impacts relationships and promotional opportunities Diversity advantages and challenges - Correct answer-improve creativity and decision making, and provide better awareness and response to diverse communities. Challenges include dysfunctional conflict and slower team development. what are the 4 anchors which OB knowledge is based? Briefly describe each - Correct answer-- Multidisciplinary anchor: knowledge should come from other disciplines and not just from its own isolated research base - Systematic research anchor: OB knowledge should be developed using sound research methods consistent with evidence-based management - Contingency anchor: states that OB theories need to consider that there will be different consequences in different situations - Multiple levels of analysis anchor: states that OB topics may be viewed from the individual, team and organization levels of analysis what are relationship capital stakeholders? - Correct answer-value derived from an organizations relationship with customers, suppliers, and others who add mutual value define work-life balance - Correct answer-an idealized state whereby a person optimizes time and psychological resources between their work and non-work roles what are the 4 major social developments facing organizations? - Correct answer-technological change, globalization, emerging employment relationships, and increasing workforce diversity what are the 2 key features of organizations? - Correct answer-1) they are collective entities 2) members have a collective sense of purpose difference between remote work vs. telework - Correct answer-remote work is when employees work away from the organizations traditional common worksite vs. telework is when employees work form home or other non-work settings one or more days per month 4 reasons why corporate leaders embrace fads instead of researched OB methods - Correct answer-1. due to being bombarded with several ideas from many resources (hard to decipher which has good evidence) 2. OB research is generic 3. sources of fads may be rewarded for marketing their ideas 4. perceptual errors and decision-making biases best way to measure organizational effectiveness is based off of what 4 perspectives? - Correct answer- open systems, organizational learning, high performance work practices, stakeholders what are the 3 indicators of effective transformation? - Correct answer-- efficiency - adaptability - innovativeness 4 most discussed HPWP - Correct answer-- employee involvement - job autonomy - competency development -rewards for performance and competency development what is the triple bottom line philosophy? - Correct answer-try to support or earn positive returns in the economic, social, and environmental spheres of sustainability examples of inputs and outputs in the open systems perspective - Correct answer-inputs: raw materials, human resources, information, financial resources, equipment outputs: product/services, shareholders dividends, community support, waste/ pollution what are the 4 factors that directly influence individual behaviour and performance? - Correct answer- MARS motivation ability role perception situational factors briefly define motivation (MARS) - Correct answer-the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior. It is a force, not their actual behaviour briefly define ability (MARS) - Correct answer-the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task briefly define role perceptions (MARS) - Correct answer-the extent to which people understand the job duties (roles) assigned to them or expected of them briefly define situational factors (MARS) - Correct answer-conditions beyond the employees immediate control that constrain or facilitate behaviour and performance what are the 5 types of individual behaviours in organizations? - Correct answer-task performance organizational citizenship counterproductive work behaviours joining and staying with the organization maintaining work attendance define task performance - Correct answer-goal-directed behaviors under individuals control that support organizational objectives. it includes proficiency, adaptivity, and proactivity define organizational citizenship behaviours - Correct answer-consists of various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the organizations social and psychological context define counterproductive work behaviour - Correct answer-voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization define joining and staying with the organization - Correct answer-becoming/ remaining a member of organizations define maintaining work attendence - Correct answer-minimizing absenteeism when capable of work/ avoiding work when not fit what are the "big five" personality dimensions - Correct answer-conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion (CANOE) Define personality - Correct answer-relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological process behind those characteristics developed through hereditary (nature) and socialization (nurture) what are conscientiousness and extraversion the best predictors of - Correct answer-job performance what are extraversion and openness to experience the best predictors of - Correct answer-adaptive and proactive performance define executive function - Correct answer-part of our brain that monitors and regulates goal-directed behaviour to keep in consistent with our self-concept describe the 3 forms of role clarity/ perception - Correct answer-1. employees understand the specific duties or consequences for which they are accountable 2. employees understand the priority of their various tasks and performance expectations 3. the preferred behaviors or procedures for accomplishing tasks is understood At what age does personality stabilize? - Correct answer-30 years old what is personality primarily represented by according to Carl Jung? - Correct answer-perceiving- sensing (perceiving info directly) vs intuition (insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables) judging- thinking (rational cause-effect logic and systematic data collection) vs. feeling (emotional response to options presented and how choices affect others) compare perceiving vs. judging personalities - Correct answer-perceiving= open, flexible, prefer to keep options open/ adapt spontaneously judging= order and structure and want problems to resolve quickly what is the instrumental values distinction - Correct answer-it is a list of values - distinguishing means (instrumental values) -end goals (terminal values) it was not accurate or useful- looked over several important values list the 10 broad values of shwartz values list - Correct answer-universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction list the 4 quadrants of Schwartz values and the values within each - Correct answer-1. openness to change- extent to which person is motivated to pursue innovative ways (self-direction, stimulation, hedonism) 2. conservation- opposes openness, extent to which person maintains status quo (conformity, security and tradition) 3. self-transcendence- motivation to promote welfare of others/ nature (benevolence and universalism) 4. enhancement- how much a person is motivated by self interest (achievement, power, hedonism [shared]) define hedonism - Correct answer-pursuit of please, enjoyment gratification of desires 4 most important values in a leader - Correct answer-honesty, integrity, high ethics, and moral standards what are the 3 factors that influence ethical conduct in the workplace? - Correct answer-- moral intensity (Degree to which an issue demands application of ethical principles) -moral sensitivity (the characteristic of a persons ability to detect moral dilemma and estimate its relative importance (cognitive and emotional awareness) -situational factors (pressure from top management is often unethical behaviour) name 3 problems with cross-cultural knowledge - Correct answer--studies rely on small, convenient samples to represent entire cultures -assumes countries are not culturally diverse -cross culture research relies on a major study that is outdated define cultural tightness - Correct answer-number of rules and social controls define self concept - Correct answer-individual perception of self (beliefs and evaluations). it has 3 structural characteristics- complexity, consistency and clarity. and 3 levels- individual, relational, and collective it also consists of personal identity and social identity what are the 3 things that make up self-evaluation? - Correct answer-self-esteem, self-efficacy, and locus of control What does perception involve? - Correct answer-selecting, organizing, and interpreting information to make sense of the world around us what are mental models (road maps)? - Correct answer-knowledge structures that we develop to describe, explain, and predict the world around us- also help us make sense of incoming structures Define stereotyping - Correct answer-creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike what are four perceptual errors commonly observed in organizations? - Correct answer-halo effect false-consensus effect primacy effect recency effect 3 ways to improve perceptions - Correct answer--become more aware of the existence of perceptual bias -become more aware of our own biases -meaningful interaction (people who interact will be less prejudice or perceptually biased towards one another) define empathy - Correct answer-a persons understanding and sensitivity to the feelings, thoughts and situations of others. reduces attribution error what is a global mindset? - Correct answer-an individuals ability to perceive, know about, and process information across cultures 1. awareness/openness to/ respect for views and practices of the world 2. capacity to emphasize across cultures 3. ability to process complex info about novel environments 4. comprehend and reconcile intercultural matters with multiple levels of thinking what is the attribution process? - Correct answer-forming beliefs about the causes of behaviours or events and whether they were caused by internal or external factors what is the social self - Correct answer-your self concept at individual, relational, and collective levels, it recognizes two opposing motivations: -need to be distinctive and different from other people -need for inclusion and assimilation with other people individual self fulfills need for distinctiveness (personal attributes), while relational and collective self- concepts fulfills need for inclusion what are the factors that determine group membership importance? (3) - Correct answer--how easily you are identified as a member -your minority status in a group -group status define selective attention and selective attention bias - Correct answer-process of attending to some information received by our senses and ignoring others. influenced by characteristics of person, object, or context bias occurs when our assumptions/ expectations of future events cause us to screen potentially important information what does the combination of social identity, maintaining a positive self-concept and self enhancement lead to? (3) - Correct answer--categorization: social identity begins with categorizing people into distinct groups -homogenization: easier to think that people within a group are similar to each other -differentiation: assign more favourable characteristics to people in the group we identify with (compared to other groups) define unintentional (systematic) discrimination - Correct answer-decision makers rely on stereotypes to establish notions of the ideal person in specific roles define intentional discrimination (prejudice) - Correct answer-people hold unfounded negative attitudes towards people belonging to a certain group what are the 3 attribution rules to decide if someones behaviour is due to internal or external influences? - Correct answer--consistency: have they acted this way in past situations -distinctiveness: do they act like this in other situations -consensus: do other people act this way in this situation briefly explain the self-fulfilling prophecy cycle - Correct answer--supervisors form expectations about the employee -supervisors expectations affect his/her behaviour towards the employee -supervisors behaviour affects the employees self-confidence (ability and motivation) -employees behaviour becomes more consistent with supervisors initial expectations define positive organizational behaviour - Correct answer-focusing on the positive rather than the negative aspects of life will improve organizational success and individual well-being define halo effect - Correct answer-when our general impression of a person based on a prominent characteristic distorts our perception of other characteristics of that person define primacy effect - Correct answer-our tendency to quickly form an opinion of people based on the first information received about them define recency effect - Correct answer-occurs when the most recent information dominates our perception (common with complex information) 2 ways to improve our self awareness - Correct answer--formal test: implicit association test (IAT) which indicates implicit biases we may have -Johari Window decribe the Johari Window - Correct answer-it divides information about you into 4 windows - open (info known to you and others) - blind (info known to others but not you) - hidden (info only known to you) - unknown (info no one knows) we want to increase the size of open area so yourself and others are aware of your beliefs, values, and perceptual biases and reduce the hidden area through disclosure and blind area through feedback define meaningful interaction - Correct answer-any activity where people engage in meaningful activity. strongest when people of equal status work on a shared goal founded on the contact hypothesis define emotions vs. attitudes - Correct answer-emotions are psychological, behavioral, and physiological episodes experienced towards a person, object, or event that creates a state of readiness. emotions can influence our behavior. attitudes are a cluster of beliefs, feelings, and behaviors intentions towards a person, object, or event. behavior can influence our attitudes through cognitive dissonance. define beliefs - Correct answer-persons established perceptions about an attitude object define feelings - Correct answer-positive or negative evaluations of the attitude object. calculated from your beliefs describe emotional labour - Correct answer-the effort, planning, and control needed to express organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions. common in jobs requiring several emotions and client interaction define emotional dissonance - Correct answer-when the emotions that people are required to display are quite different from the emotions they actually experiment at that moment. can be minimized by deep acting define emotional intelligence - Correct answer-the ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotions in oneself and others what are the four components of emotional intelligence? - Correct answer-self-management awareness of others emotions management of others emotions ways to reduce cognitive dissonance - Correct answer--develop more favorable attitudes towards specific features of the decision -discover positive features of the decision they didn't notice before -frame the situation by emphasizing how your other decision you've made benefit you define surface acting - Correct answer-employees pretend they feel the expected emotion even though they actually experience a different emotion (emotional dissonance). can lead to higher stress and burnout define deep acting - Correct answer-involves visualizing reality differently, which produces emotions more consistent with the required emotion. requires emotional intelligence define emotional intelligence and its 4 dimensions - Correct answer-a set of abilities to recognize and regulate one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others -awareness of our emotions (ability to perceive/understand meaning of our emotions. most important) -management of our own emotions (keeping impulses in check. generating/ suppressing emotions) -awareness of others emotions (ability to perceive/ understand others emotions. relates to empathy) -management of other emotions: consoling people who are sad, inspiring team members, etc. (highest in hierarchy) job satisfaction - Correct answer-a persons evaluation of his or her job and work context. an appraisal of perceived job characteristics, work environment, and emotional experiences at work what factors does the choice of EVLN rely on? - Correct answer--high conscientiousness often results in voice -negative past experiences with voice may result in exit or neglect -people are likely to exit when they have low loyalty, and voice when they have high loyalty -likely to use voice when other employees are dependent on them what are 3 things that affect service quality and in turn customer satisfaction - Correct answer-employee retention, motivation, and behavior on the job what are two reasons that satisfied employees tend to produce happier/loyal customers? - Correct answer-1. job satisfaction tends to put employees in more of a positive moods, and display of positive emotions make customers feel happier/ have a positive experience 2. satisfied employees are less likely to quit jobs- more experience and consistent service what are the two components of job satisfaction? - Correct answer--organizational commitment (affective and continuance commitment) -job satisfactions list 5 ways to build affective commitment - Correct answer-- justice and support (commitment higher in organizations that fulfill their obligations to employees) -shared values (identification with the organization is highest when employees believe their values are congruent) -truth (refers to positive expectations one person has towards another and puts faith in others) -organizational comprehension (how well employees understand the organization) -employee involvement (strengthening the employee's psychological ownership and social identity with the organization) define job burnout - Correct answer-a stress consequence that occurs when people experience emotional exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced feelings of personal accomplishment define some organizational constraints - Correct answer-they are situational factors. lack of equipment, supplies, funding, support, information, and resources required to complete work define interpersonal conflict - Correct answer-disagreement within an organization regarding how to achieve goals, and how work and resources should be distributed. most interpersonal conflict is caused by structural sources (role ambiguity, lack of resources, etc.) define psychological harassment and what stressor it falls under - Correct answer-falls under interpersonal conflict. it is repeated hostile or unwanted conduct, verbal comments, actions, and gestures that undermine an employees dignities or psychological/ physical integrity define work overload and what it may commonly be due to - Correct answer-employees are expected (or believe they are expected) to complete more work with more effort than they can provide within the allocated time. common stressor. may be due to globalization and technology define low task control - Correct answer-workplace stress is higher when employees lack control over how and when they perform their tasks and pace of work activity what are the five most common work-life balance initiatives? - Correct answer--flexible work arrangements -telecommuting -limiting work hours -personal leave -child care support what does withdrawing from the stressor involve? - Correct answer-permanently or temporarily removing employees from the stressor (transfer jobs, vacations/ holidays, paid or unpaid sabbaticals, etc.) what does changing the stress perception involves? - Correct answer-employees improve their self- concept so job challenges are not perceived as threatening define employee engagement - Correct answer-an individual's emotional and cognitive (rational) motivation, particularly a focused, intense, persistent, and purposive effort toward work-related goals. it is the emotional involvement in, commitment to, and satisfaction with the work define drives - Correct answer-neural states that energize individuals to correct deficiencies or maintain an internal equilibrium. they generate emotions, which put us at a state of readiness to act define needs and what they are generated by - Correct answer-goal-directed forces that people experience- are shaped by the individuals self-concept (including personality and values), social norms, and past experiences. they are generated by drives and emotions define the equity theory and its four elements - Correct answer-the theory explains how people develop perceptions of fairness in the distribution and exchange of resources. the theory has four elements: input/outcome ratio, comparison other, equity evaluation, and consequences of inequity define the need for achievement (nAch) - Correct answer-A learned need in which people want to accomplish reasonably challenging goals and desire unambiguous feedback and recognition for their success define the need for affiliation (nAff) - Correct answer-A learned need in which people seek approval from others, conform to their wishes and expectations, and avoid conflict/ confrontaton define need for power (nPow) - Correct answer-A learned need in which people want to control in their environment, including people and material resources, to benefit either themselves (personalized power) or others (socialized power) Define self-reinforcement - Correct answer-reinforcement that occurs when an employee has control over a reinforcer but doesn't take it until completing a self-set goal what factors affect the intensity of an individual's needs and motivation? - Correct answer-self-concept, social norms, and past experiences list the five primary needs in Maslow's hierarchy from lowest need (most important) to highest. also list two additional drives - Correct answer-physiological (need for food, air, water) safety (need for security/ stability) belongingness (need for interaction/ affection) esteem (need for self/ social esteem) self-actualization (need for self-fulfillment. never fulfilled) additional drives: need to know and need for aesthetic beauty even though Maslow's hierarchy is no longer followed, in what 3 ways did it shape how we think about motivation? - Correct answer--needs to be studied together (several happen at once) -motivation can be shaped by human thought (self-concept) -people are naturally motivated to reach their potential (Self-actualization) two hypothesis' about extrinsic and intrinsic motivation - Correct answer-a person performing a internally motivating job will become more motivated when receiving an external source of motivation -introducing extrinsic sources of motivation will reduce intrinsic motivation (unless unexpected, have low value, and are not contingent on specific behaviour) define the drive to acquire. is it proactive or reactive? - Correct answer-the drive to seek, take, control, and retain object and personal experiences. it motivates competition,. proactive define the drive to bond. is it proactive or reactive? - Correct answer-variation of the need for belonging and affiliation. explains why self-concept is partly defined by associations with social groups, as well as why people who lack social contact are prone to health problems. proactive define the drive to comprehend. is it proactive or reactive? - Correct answer-similar to the primary need to know. people are inherently curious/ need to make sense of their environment. proactive. define the drive to defend. is it proactive or reactive? - Correct answer-protect ourselves physically, psychologically, and socially. creates fight or flight response. reactive. how to increase E-toP expectancies - Correct answer-ensuring employees have the necessary competencies, clear role perceptions, and resources to reach the desired performance levels how to increase P-to-O expectancies - Correct answer-measure employee performance accurately and distribute the more valued rewards to those with higher job performance how to increase outcome valences - Correct answer-allow employees to choose rewards of greatest value to them. if not possible, ensure that everyone values the reward What is the ABC model of OB mod - Correct answer-attempts to change behaviour (B) by managing its antecedents (A) and consequences (C) what are the 4 contingencies of reinforcement in OB mod? - Correct answer-1. positive reinforcement (introduction of consequences increase frequency of behaviour occurring) 2. punishment (introduction of consequence decreases frequency of behaviour occurring again) 3. extinction (target behaviour decreases because no consequence follows it) 4. negative reinforcement (occurs when the removal or avoidance of a consequence increases or maintains the frequency of a behaviour occurring) define continuous and variable ratio schedule reinforcement - Correct answer-continuous- best for learning new tasks. reinforcement occurs after every occurrence of desired behaviour variable ratio schedule- best for motivating employees. behaviour is reinforced a variable number of times define gamification - Correct answer-reinforcing behaviour through online games where employees compete for positions on the leaderboards and earn rewards limitations of OB mod - Correct answer--reward inflation (entitlement) -variable ratio schedule creates a lottery-style reward system what are the 3 most relevant pieces to the social cognitive theory for employee motivation? - Correct answer--learning behavior consequences -behavior modeling (creates self-efficacy) -self-regulation (Set goals, and reward/punish self for the outcome) what is multi-source feedback and non-social feedback - Correct answer-multi-source- feedback about an employees performance collected from a full circle of people (tend to delay negative info, leave it out, distort news, etc. feels more personal) non-social source- provide feedback through computer, device, ect. (good when employees need to learn about goal progress and accomplishment- more accurate) define the equality, need, and equity principles - Correct answer-equality- we believe everyone in the group should receive the same outcomes need- those with the greatest need should receive more outcomes than those with fewer needs equity- people should be paid in proportion to what they contribute -job-status based rewards are based on job evaluation what are the three types of performance based rewards? - Correct answer-individual rewards team rewards (gainsharing plan) organizational rewards (ESOP's, share options, profit sharing) Define gainsharing - Correct answer-calculates employee bonuses from the work units cost savings and productivity improvement (surplus is divided among members of team- improves team dynamics, knowledge sharing, pay satisfaction) define employee share ownership plans (ESOP's) - Correct answer-employees are encouraged to buy company stock at a discounted price. occurs in the form of dividends and market appreciation of shares. creates ownership culture define share options - Correct answer-gives employees the right to purchase company shares at a predetermined price up to a fixed expiration date. motivates employees to make the company more profitable- reap value above the purchased price creates ownership culture define profit share plan - Correct answer-employees receive a percentage of the previous years company profits define a job and job design - Correct answer-job- tasks performed by a person job design- assigning tasks to a job, including the interdependency of those tasks with other jobs define job specialization - Correct answer-occurs when work required to serve a customer or provide product/ service is subdivided into separate jobs assigned to different people define scientific management - Correct answer-mainly associated with high levels of job specialization and standardization of tasks to achieve maximum efficiency . consists of a toolkit of activities (employee selection, training, goal setting, and work incentives) that increase productivity what are the two conflicting outputs of job specialization? - Correct answer--individuals master their work faster than employees do in jobs with a wide variety of tasks -many jobs are specialized to the point where they are highly repetitive and tedious what is the motivator-hygiene theory? - Correct answer-proposes that employees experience job satisfaction when they fulfill growth and esteem needs (Called motivators) and experience dissatisfaction when they have poor working conditions, low job security, and other factors categorized as lower-order needs (called hygienes) employees are motivated only by job characteristics, where hygiene factors merely prevent dissatisfaction. theory is now rejected what are the 3 critical psychological states of the job characteristics model? - Correct answer-1. experienced meaningfulness (skill variety, task identity, and task significance) 2. experienced responsibility (autonomy) 3. knowledge of results (feedback) define growth need strength - Correct answer-refers to an individuals need for personal growth and development, such as work that offers challenge, cognitive stimulation, learning, and independent thought and action what are the 2 components of the job feature social characteristics? - Correct answer-1. the extent to which the job requires employees to interact with other people (task interdependence) 2. feedback from others what are the 2 components of the job feature information processing demands? - Correct answer-1. task variability- how predictable the job duties are per day 2. task analyzability- jobs with high analyzability have a ready-made guide to guide people through decisions and actions Define task interdependence - Correct answer-the extent to which employees need to share information, materials, or expertise with others in order to perform their jobs describe 3 main strategies for increasing motivational potential of jobs - Correct answer-1. job rotation- moving employees from one job to another to improve motivation and physiological conditions of work (less strain, supports multitasking, reduces boredom) 2. job enlargement- adds tasks to an existing job (adding two jobs together or just adding more tasks. improves flexibility/efficiency but not motivation or performance) 3. job enrichment- gives employees more responsibility for scheduling, coordinating and planning their own work (higher satisfaction and motivation) 2 strategies to increase job enrichment - Correct answer-1. natural grouping- combine highly interdependent tasks into one job (increases task identity and significance) 2. establish client relationships (employees see connection between their work and consequences) describe the 4 dimensions of empowerment - Correct answer--self determination: employees feel they have freedom, independence, and direction over work activities -meaning: employees believe what they do is important -competence: confident in their ability to perform work well and have the capacity to grow with new challenges -impact: view themselves as active participants in the organization (actions and decisions influence companies success) how do individual, job design, and organizational factors affect empowerment? - Correct answer- individual- employees must possess competencies to be able to perform work well/ handle decision making job characteristics- high degree of autonomy and minimal bureaucratic control causes employees to feel more self determination organizations- employees experience empowerment in organizations in which info and other resources are easily accessible define decision making - Correct answer-decision making is a conscious process of making choices among one or more alternatives with the intention of moving towards a desired state of affairs describe the rational choice paradigm - Correct answer-the notion that the best choice is the one that offers the greatest satisfaction or utility define a problem and an opportunity - Correct answer-a problem is a deviation/gap between the current and desired situation an opportunity is a deviation between current expectations and a potentially better situation that was not previously expected how to improve problem identification - Correct answer--can be avoided by being aware of human limitations (being aware of the 5 biases) discussing the situation with colleagues define bounded rationality. what more often used than? - Correct answer-states that people process limited and imperfect information and rarely select the best choice it is more often used than the rational choice paradigm what are 2 incorrect assumptions that the rational choice paradigm makes? - Correct answer--assumes that decision makers can process info about all alternatives and consequences -assumes decision makers typically evaluate alternatives sequentially rather than at the same time (results in implicit favourite) define implicit favourite - Correct answer-a preferred alternative that the decision maker uses repeatedly as a comparison with other choices define biased decision heuristics and the three most widely studied biases - Correct answer-biased decision heuristics automatically distorts either the probability of outcomes or the value. 3 biases: -anchoring and adjustment heuristic -availability heuristic -representativeness heuristic define anchoring and adjustment heuristic - Correct answer-We are influenced by an initial anchor point and do not move away sufficiently when new info is provided. affects the value we assign to choices and their outcomes Define availability heuristic - Correct answer-items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently (overestimate how often traumatic events occur) define representativeness heuristic - Correct answer-states we pay more attention to whether something resembles (is representative of) something else than on precise statistics about its probability - incorporates clustering illusion (see patterns in small sample of events when they are actually random) define satisficing and why it occurs - Correct answer-people choose an alternative that is satisfactory/ good enough occurs when people select the first alternative that exceeds a standard of acceptance for their needs/ preferences decribe the 3 ways that emotions affect the evaluation of alternatives - Correct answer-1. emotions form early preferences- emotional markers shape our preferences for each alternative as we consciously evaluate them 2. emotions change the decision evaluative process- moods/emotions influence how much we pay attention to detail and evaluate alternatives 3. emotions serve as information when we evaluate alternatives- they way that they influence evaluation of alternatives define action scripts - Correct answer-programmed decision routines that speed up our response to pattern matches or mismatches strategies to help minimize human limitations in making choices - Correct answer-- leaders are more contemplative about options than decisive -awareness that decisions are influenced by both rational and emotional processes -scenario planning (imaging possible futures and how to react to them) define execution - Correct answer-translating decisions into actions- one of the most important and challenging tasks in decision making define confirmation bias (post-decisional justification) - Correct answer-when evaluating a decision, people with conformation bias ignore or downplay the negative features of the selected alternative and overemphasize its positive features (inflates the decision makers evaluation) define escalation of commitment - Correct answer-the tendency to repeat an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a failing course of action define the 4 effects that lead decision makers deeper into failing projects - Correct answer--self- justification effect: appearing to be rational and competent. motivated to demonstrate decision will be successful (continuously supporting it) -self-enhancement effect: increases escalation of commitment. this effect biases our interpretation of a failing project so that see potential and continue to invest in it -prospect theory effect: the tendency to experience more negative feelings when losing something than positive feelings when gaining something of equal value -sunk cost effect: the value of resources already invested in the decision (feel motivated to invest more in projects with high sunk cost) 4 ways to minimize escalation of commitment and conformation bias - Correct answer-1. ensure people who made the original decision are objective neutral 2. publicly establish a pre-set level at which the decision is abandoned or re-evaluated 3. find a source of systematic and clear feedback 4. improve the decision evaluation process by involving several people in the evaluation define learning orientation - Correct answer-the most important condition that supports creative practice. it is that leaders recognize that employees make reasonable mistakes as part of the creative process what are the three cornerstones of a creative workplace? - Correct answer--hiring people with strong creative potential -providing a work environment that supports creativity -providing various activities that help employees to think more creatively what are 3 activities to help employees think creatively? - Correct answer--redefining the problem by asking people unfamiliar with the issue to explore the problem with you -literally engaging in playful activities what are four structures that potentially improve decision making in teams - Correct answer- brainstorming brain-writing electronic brainstorming nominal group technique list 3 distinguishing characteristics of different types of teams - Correct answer-1. team performance- how long that type of team usually exists 2. skill differentiation- the degree to which individuals bring diverse skills and knowledge to the team 3. authority differentiation- the degree to which decision making responsibility is distributed throughout the team define process losses` - Correct answer-resources (including time and energy) expended toward team development and maintenance rather than the task describe brooks law - Correct answer-states that adding more people to a late software project only makes it later define social loafing - Correct answer-the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually when is a team considered effective? - Correct answer-when it benefits the organization and its members and survives long enough to accomplish its mandate what are the components of the organization and team environment in the team effectiveness model? - Correct answer-members work more efficiently when receiving team rewards, when leadership is supportive, when assigned distinct clusters of work, when information systems support team coordination and when the physical layout of work supports communication describe the 3 components of team design in the team effectiveness model? - Correct answer--task characteristics- teams are suited for complex work that can be divided into specialized roles. this includes task interdependence -team size- tams should be large enough to provide necessary competencies/ perspectives, but small enough to maintain coordination and meaningful involvement team composition- team competencies and important characteristics and behaviors of effective teams. includes the five C's model define task interdependence and the 3 levels - Correct answer-the extent to which team members must share materials, information or expertise to perform jobs -pooled interdependence (employees/ work unit share common resources. lowest level) -sequential interdependence (output of one person becomes direct input of another. high interdependence) -reciprocal interdependence (work output is exchanged back and forth among individuals. high interdependence) what are the 5 C's of team composition? - Correct answer-1. cooperating- effective team members are willing and able to work together 2. coordinating- effective team members actively manage teams work so it is performed efficiently and harmoniously 3. communicating- effective team members transmit information freely, efficiently, and respectfully 4. comforting- effective team members help coworkers maintain a positive and healthy psychological state 5. conflict resolving- effective team members have the skills and motivation to resolve disagreements among team members list some advantages and disadvantages of team diversity - Correct answer-advantages: different opinions/info on topics, different mental models to come up with different solutions, broader pool of technical competencies disadvantages: slower bonding, susceptible to fault lines (split team according to different subgroups), lower satisfaction and high conflict define role - Correct answer-set of behaviours that people are expected to perform because they hold certain positions in a team and organization. can be formal or informal provide examples of adopted roles - Correct answer-organizer, doer, challenger, innovator, team builder, connector what is a transactive memory system - Correct answer-how task-relevant knowledge is distributed within a team and collective awareness of who knows what what are the 4 elements of team states in the team effectiveness model? - Correct answer-norms, cohesion, team efficacy, and trust define norms - Correct answer-informal rules and share expectations that groups establish to regulate the behaviour of their members. apply only to behaviour (not thoughts/ feelings) norms develop because people need to anticipate how others will act define team cohesion - Correct answer-the degree of attraction people feel toward the team and their motivation to remain members what are the 6 main factors that influence team cohesion - Correct answer-1. member similarity: people are attracted to others who look similar to them 2. team size: smaller teams tend to be more cohesive (as long as they have enough to perform required tasks) 3. member interaction: teams have more cohesion when members interact regularly 4. somewhat difficult entry: team cohesion is higher when entry into the team is restricted 5. team success: cohesion increases with success because people are attracted to groups that fulfill their needs/ goals 6. external competition challenges: cohesion increases when members face external competition or a valued objective that is challenging what are the two contingencies of team cohesion? - Correct answer-1. team cohesion has less of an impact on performance when the team has low task interdependence 2. the effect of cohesion on team performance depends on whether the teams norms are compatible or opposed to organizational objectives define team efficacy - Correct answer-shared perception among team members about the teams overall capability. especially high when task interdependence is high list 4 problems with virtual teams - Correct answer-1. lack face to face communication which can exchange more info faster/ more accurately 2. people trust others more easily when they are nearby 3. the further people are located, the more they differ in experiences, beliefs, culture, expectations 4. people seem to have less influence/control over co-located co-workers list 4 strategies to minimize virtual team problems - Correct answer-1. team members require communication technology skills, strong leadership and high emotional intelligence 2. should have a toolkit of communication channels to choose from 3. teams need plenty of structure 4. teams should meet face to face in the early team development process what are the 5 common constraints on team decision making - Correct answer-1. time constraints- when only one person can speak at a time (production blocking, forgetting ideas, not paying attention to convo) 2. evaluative apprehension- not mentioning bizarre/ silly ideas to avoid member evaluation (protect self- esteem) 3. pressure to conform- team cohesion leads employees to conform to team norms (keeps group organized but suppresses individual opinion) 4. overconfidence- develop a false sense of efficacy/ invulnerability (less vigilant in making decisions, may be due to previous successful experiences) 5. information shaping problem- teams have more access to diverse knowledge, perspectives which can lead to better decisions, but only if the majority of group members know about it what is brainstorming and its 4 rules? - Correct answer-an event where participants try to think of as many ideas as possible. 11. speak freely 2. don't criticize others ideas 3. provide as many ideas as possible 4. build on ideas others have presented define brainwriting - Correct answer-variation of brainstorming that minimizes the problems of production blocking by removing the conversation (individuals write ideas and people can look at each others ideas to spark creativity) describe electronic brainstorming - Correct answer-similar to brain writing but typed into technology. ideas are distributed anonymously for people to build off of. individuals vote electronically on ideas, and face to face discussion follows. minimal production blocking but its too structured/ technology bound describe nominal group technique - Correct answer--problem is described, members silently write solutions -participant describe their solutions without criticism debate -participants silently rank/ vote for the preferred proposed solutions production blocking and evaluative apprehension can still occur to some point define communication - Correct answer-the process by which information is transmitted and understood between two or more people. it supports coordination, organizational learning, decision making and employee well being. what does the communication process involve? - Correct answer-forming, encoding, and transmitting the intended message to the receiver who then decodes the message and provides feedback to the sender what are the four influences on effective communication encoding and decoding? - Correct answer--the process depends on if the sender/receiver have similar code-books -the senders proficiency at encoding message to the audience -the senders and receivers motivation and ability to transmit messages through the particular communication channel -the common mental models of the communication context what are the two main types of communication - Correct answer-verbal and non-verbal advantages and limitations of email - Correct answer--efficient and useful filing cabinet -relatively poor at communicating emotions, reduce politeness/respect, inefficient medium for communication in ambiguous, complex and novel situations, contributes to information overload advantages and limitations of social media - Correct answer--provides an emerging set of communication channels that allows users to generate and interactively share information -more conversational and reciprocally interactive than traditional styles. allows people to enable conversations, share information, maintain relationships, reveal reputation or status describe nonverbal communication - Correct answer-includes facial gestures, voice intonation, physical distance, and silence. any communication that does not involve words. it is also less rule-bound and mostly automatic and nonconscious compared to verbal Define social acceptance - Correct answer-How well the communication medium is approved and supported by the organization, team, and individuals. this contingency includes organization and team norms, individual preferences for specific communication channels, and the symbolic meaning of a channel how should a communication medium be chosen? - Correct answer-for its data-carrying capacity (media richness). ambiguous and non-routine situations require rich media, but technology-based lean media may be as effective as rich media when members have high proficiency in technology what are some barriers (noise) to effective communication? - Correct answer-misaligned codebooks due to different languages, jargon, use of ambiguous phrases, filtering messages (deleting/delaying negative info), and information overload. in cross-cultural settings, barriers can be created by different meanings of non-verbal cues, silence, and conversational overlap men also engage in report talk and are more assertive, while women use more rapport talk/ are more sensitive how can one get there message across more effectively? - Correct answer-senders must learn to emphasize with the receiver, repeat the message, choose and appropriate time for the conversation, and be descriptive rather than evaluation what does active listening involve and how can individuals support these processes - Correct answer- involves sensing, evaluating, and responding. active listeners support these processes by postponing 2. spoken communication offers the sender high-quality immediate feedback about if the receiver understands and accepts the message (allows sender to alter message) 3. people are more persuaded under conditions of high social presence than low social presence define information overload - Correct answer-occurs when jobs information load exceeds the individual's capacity to get through it. causes information to get overlooked or misinterpreted when people cant process results fast enough what are 4 ways that employees can increase their information processing capacity - Correct answer- reading faster scanning documents more efficiently time management removing distractions what are the two essential features of effective interpersonal communication - Correct answer-1. getting your message across 2. active listening describe the 3 components of active listening - Correct answer-1. Sensing- the process of receiving signals from the sender and paying attention to them (not forming an opinion until the speaker finishes, avoid interrupting, remain motivated to listen) 2. Evaluating- includes understanding the message meaning, evaluating the message, and remembering the message (empathize with the speaker and organize speakers ideas) 3. responding- providing feedback to the sender which motivates and directs the speaker's communication (making eye contact, rephrasing speakers ideas) what are 3 organization-wide communication strategies - Correct answer--workplace design -web-based communication -direct communication with top management describe how workplace design effects communication - Correct answer-can have a significant impact on promoting to detracting from positive corporate culture. layout can boost information sharing, improve communication, collaboration and creative brainstorming. noise may be a concern but usually acoustics and voice level are altered describe how internet-based organizational communication effects communication - Correct answer-in large complex organizations, it ensures that everyone has access to the same timely, accurate information what are Wiki's? - Correct answer-Wiki's are collaborative web spaces where anyone in a group can write, edit, or remove material from a website. its accuracy depends on its participants, but errors are quickly identified by the online community describe how direct communication with top management effects communication - Correct answer- having senior executives meet with employees and stakeholders improves morale and transmits/receives information more fully and meaningfully. includes round table discussions, huddles, and MBWA define management by walking around (MBWA) - Correct answer-a less formal approach to direct communication, where senior executives get out of their offices and casually chat with employees on a daily or regular basis benefits of the grapevine - Correct answer--used by employees when information is not available through formal channels -the main conduit through which organizational stories and symbols of organizations are communicated -social interaction that relieves anxiety -associated with the drive to bond limitations of the grapevine - Correct answer--information can be distorted which increases employee anxiety -employees develop negative views of organization when management is slower to give info than the grapevine define conflict - Correct answer-A struggle between opposing forces what are some benefits of conflict - Correct answer--motivates active thinking about problems and possible solutions -encourages more active monitoring of the organization in its environment (more responsive) -improves team cohesion when conflict is external what are some limitations of conflict - Correct answer--consumes productive time -increases stress and job dissatisfaction -discourages coordinating and resource sharing -undermines customer service -fuels organizational politics -erodes team cohesion define task conflict (constructive conflict) - Correct answer-when people focus their discussion around the issue while showing respect to people with their points of view define relationship conflict - Correct answer-exists when people view each other, rather than the issue, as the source of conflict what are three strategies that minimize relationship conflict? - Correct answer--emotional intelligence of participants (better able to regulate emotions during a debate. compassion and the capacity to see things through another persons perspective) -team cohesion (people trust each other, know each other, and can show emotions without being offended) -supportive team norms (various team norms can hold relationship conflict at bay during a task-focused debate- members can appreciate honest dialogue) what are the six structural sources of conflict? - Correct answer--incompatible goals (or how to achieve goals) -differentiation (differences in training, values, beliefs, and experiences) -interdependence (sharing materials, information, or expertise to perform jobs) -scarce resources (each person/unit requiring the same resource necessarily undermines others who also need that resource to fulfill their goals) -use integrators: employees who coordinate the activity of work units towards task completion -combine jobs: job enrichment define third party conflict resolution - Correct answer-any attempt by a relatively neutral person to help the parties resolve their differences. the three main activities are arbitration, inquisition, and mediation describe the 4 forms of third-party conflict resolution - Correct answer--arbitration: arbitrators have a high control over the final decision, but low control over the process -inquisition: inquisitors control all discussion about conflict; have high decision control b/c they choose the form of conflict resolution and high process control -mediation: have high control over the intervention process, but parties make their own resolution decision -med-arb: promotes the opportunity for parties to first attempt mediation, but allows the arbitrator to make the final decision if needed what are 3 factors that negotiators should be aware of to gain positive outcomes - Correct answer-- prepare and set goals -know your BATNA -know your limits (consider at which point you are indifferent to the negotiated outcome. also known as resistance point- tells you at which point you should call off the negotiation) what does BATNA stand for? - Correct answer-best alternative to a negotiated agreement- estimates your power because it represents the estimated cost of walking away what is creating value? - Correct answer-discovering ways to achieve mutually satisfactory outcome for both parties. a win-win perspective -positives: produces trust, involves info sharing and understanding each other -negatives: requires information sharing, difficult to distinguish from yielding, must keep your own interests at equal or greater value to the other party's what are the 3 main negotiating points? - Correct answer-1. initial point: opening offer 2. target point: the realistic goal or expectation for final agreement 3. resistance point: the least a party is willing to accept or the most they are willing to offer what is the bargaining zone? - Correct answer-space between each party's resistance point what are two strategies known to lead to more value claiming in negotiations? - Correct answer-- manage first offers and concessions (if prepared, you can set the anchor which the other party will adjust their expectations to) -manage time what are the 3 reasons why negotiators need to make concessions - Correct answer--enables parties to move towards an area of potential agreement -they symbolize each party's motivation to bargain in good faith -they tell the other party of the relative importance of the negotiation items what are 3 strategies to create value? - Correct answer--gather information -discover priorities through offers and concessions (by offering multiple things at once, the party's counter offer will highlight whats important to them) -build the relationship (trust is critical) define leadership - Correct answer-the ability to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of organizations of which they are members define shared leadersip - Correct answer-views leadership as a role, so employees throughout the organization act informally as leaders. exists when employees engage in organizational citizenship behaviours that improve performance and well-being of co-workers define the 4 elements of transformational leadership - Correct answer-1. begins with a strategic vision and effectively communicate it- positive representation of a future state that energizes/ unifies employees. framing it around values, showing passion towards the vision, using symbols, metaphors to contribute to the vision 2. leaders model the vision- leading by example is the most important attribute off effectice leaders and improant for company culture 3. encourage experimentation- question current practices and experiment with future states 4. build employee commitment to the vision- through above activities and celebrating milestones. leaders energize employees to adopt the vision as their own define charismatic leadership - Correct answer-based on personal attributes and tends to make followers dependent on the leader define managerial leadership - Correct answer-includes daily activities that support and guide the performance and well being of individual employees and the work unit toward current objectives and practices define task-oriented behaviours - Correct answer-include assigning employees to specific tasks, clarifying work duties/ procedures high levels result in higher employee task performance define people-oriented behaviours - Correct answer-showing mutual trust and respect for subordinates, demonstrating genuine concern for their needs, having the desire to look out for their welfare high levels result in employees having more positive attitudes, lower absenteeism, stress, and turnover define servant leadership - Correct answer-serving others toward their need fulfillment and personal development and growth. maintain a relationship that is humble, egalitarian, and accepting an extension of people-oriented leadership define path-goal theory - Correct answer-takes the view that effective managerial leadership involves diagnosing the situation using the most appropriate style. leaders influence employee expectations of desired results (work-related goals) and perceived satisfaction of results (outcome valences). the four leadership styles are -directive -supportive -participative -achievement-oriented define Fiedlers theory - Correct answer-the idea that leaders have natural styles and their effectiveness depends on if the style is appropriately matched to the situation. companies need to change their define situational leadership theory (SLT) - Correct answer-suggests effective leaders vary in their style with the ability and motivation of followers. identifies 4 leadership styles: -telling: for high task/ low people orientation - selling -participating -delegated describe the main leadership attributes - Correct answer--personality: most big 5 dimensions are associated, but strongest predictors are high levels of extraversion and conscientiousness - self-concept: successful leaders have complex, internally consistent and clear self-concept -leadership motivation: effective leaders are motivated to lead others and have a strong need for socialized power -drive: related to high conscientiousness, extraversion, and self evaluation, leaders have a high need for achievement -integrity: have strong moral principles and high moral capacity to judge dilemmas -knowledge of business: effective leaders understand the business environment they operate in and emerging trends -cognitive and practical intelligence: leaders can process enormous amounts of information and analyze complex opportunities -emotional intelligence: high levels and are able to recognize and regulate emotions in themselves and others list 3 limitaitions of the leadership attributes perspective - Correct answer-1. assumes all effective leaders have the same personal characteristics that are equally important in all situations 2. alternative combinations of attributes may be equally successful; two different sets of personal characteristics may be equally good leaders 3. attribute perspective views leadership as something within a person, yet experts emphasize that leadership is relational define organizational culture - Correct answer-consists of values and assumptions shared within an organization. it defines what is important and unimportant in the company, directs everyone in the organization towards the right way of doing things. organizations differ in their culture, that is the relative ordering of value define artifacts - Correct answer-artifacts are observable symbols and signs of an organizations culture. four categories include: - organizational stories and legends (powerful prescriptions of the way things should/should not be done) - rituals and ceremonies - language (how employees talk to each other, customers, express anger, etc.) - physical structures and symbols (the shape, size, location, age of the building and other physical items in the building emphasize a company's values) what are the 3 main functions of organizational culture? - Correct answer--form of social control (influences employee decisions and behaviour) -the social glue that bonds people together (employees are motivated to internalize the dominant culture because it fulfills the need for social identity) - sense-making (helps employees make sense of what is going on and why things happen in the company) describe the five strategies for changing and strengthening an organizations culture - Correct answer-1. model desired culture through actions of founders and leaders 2. align artifacts with a desired culture 3. introduce culturally consistent rewards and recognition 4. support workforce stability and communication 5. use attraction-selection-attrition and socialization for cultural fit define organizational socialization - Correct answer-the process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviours, and social knowledge necessary to assume their roles with the organization. it is a process of both learning and adjustment. list the three socialization stages - Correct answer-1. pre-employment (the learning and adjustment that occurs before the first day of work. outsiders rely on indirect info of what the organization is like) 2. encounter (the stage which newcomers test how well their pre-employment expectations fit reality. often results in reality shock) 3. role management (begins during pre-employment socialization, but is most active an employees transition from outsiders to newcomers. strengthen relationships, practice role behavior, adopt attitudes, etc.) what is the attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) theory - Correct answer-a theory which states that organizations have a natural tendency to attract, select, and retain people with values and personality characteristics that are consistent with the organizations character, resulting in a more homogenous organization and stronger culture define shared assumptions - Correct answer-shared assumptions are non-conscious, taken for granted perceptions or beliefs that have worked so well in the past that they are considered the correct way to think/ act towards problems and opportunities. define espoused values - Correct answer-the values they want others to believe guide the organization's decisions and actions (usually socially desirable) enacted values - Correct answer-values that actually guide and influence decisions and behaviors. they are what define an organization's culture. what are the seven corporate cultures recognized in the organizational culture profile dimensions and characteristics - Correct answer-innovation, stability, respect for people, outcome-orientation, attention to detail, team orientation, aggressiveness define subcultures - Correct answer-not the dominant culture, but can either enhance it or differ from it, but subcultures do not conflict. organizations are composed of several subcultures through divisions, regions, etc. define countercultures - Correct answer-cultures that embrace values or assumptions that directly oppose the organizations dominant culture what are the 2 important functions of countercultures? - Correct answer--maintain the organizations standards of performance and ethical behavior (surveillance). subcultures question obvious decisions making people mindful of their resources -subcultures are spawining grounds for emerging values that keep a firm aligned with evolving needs and expectations