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ORTHOTICS/PROSTHETICS --
BIOMECHANICS 100% DETAILED
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS
2025/2026 STUDY SET
ORTHOSIS
EXTERNAL APPLIANCE WORN TO RESTRICT OR ASSIST MOTION, OR TRANSFER LOAD FROM
ONE AREA TO ANOTHER
SPLINT
ORTHOSIS FOR TEMPORARY USE
PRINCIPLES OF FORCE TRANSMISSION
BENDING MOMENT + TRANSVERSE SHEAR FORCES
WHAT ARE THE BEST PLACES FOR FORCE VECTORS TO PREVENT DROP FOOT?
1. UP AT FOOT
2. LATERAL TOWARDS TOES
3. DOWN AND IN AT ANKLE
PRINCIPLES OF COMPRESSION
SUPPORTING COMPRESSIVE LOAD VIA SOFT TISSUE OR FLUID COMPRESSION
PRINCIPLES OF DISTRACTION
TENSION INCREASES LATERAL STABILITY, WHICH IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY APPLICATION OF
TRANSVERSE OR HORIZONTAL FORCES
RIGID AFO
- LIMITS ALL FOOT AND ANKLE MOTION
- PROVIDES TIBIAL CONTROL IN STANCE
- FACILITATES CLEARANCE WITH SWING AND HEEL STRIKE AT INITIAL CONTACT
- CONTROLS M/L SUBTALAR INSTABILITY
HOW DOES A RIGID AFO CONTROL THE KNEE?
CONTROLS THE TIBIA = INDIRECT CONTROL OF KNEE
HINGED AFO
- ALLOWS FOR DF
- NO PF TO PREVENT KNEE HYPEREXTENSION
- PROVIDES M/L STABILITY
STOPS
PREVENT/LIMIT MOTION
SPRINGS
ASSIST MOTION
WHAT DOES A DF STOP DO IN A HINGED AFO?
TIBIA CAN'T GO FORWARD, CAN STILL PF DUE TO HINGE
WHAT DOES DF SPRING DO IN A HINGED AFO?
RUBBER BAND IN FRONT TO PULL FOOT INTO DF DURING SWING
METAL DOUBLE UPRIGHT AFO
ATTACHED TO A SHOE
- ADDABLE STRAP FOR INVERSION/EVERSION MOTION
- HINGED ANKLE WITH DF ASSIST
UCB
ANKLE STABILIZING ORTHOSES
- PROPHYLAXIS
- LIMIT ROM
AIRCAST BRACE
- USED FOR ANKLE FRACTURE
- HAS 4 AIR BAGS INSIDE
- PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION UNLOADS UNLOADS TIB/FIB BY STABILIZING MUSCULATURE
- INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE IN TISSUE ALSO FACILITATES HEALING AND
CONTRIBUTES TO FRACTURE STABILITY
ACHILLES ORTHOSIS
- COMPRESSIVE LOADS ON TENDON HELPS TO UNLOAD SOFT TISSUE
- DECREASES TENSION STRESS ON TENDON
SWEDISH KNEE CAGE
- HYPEREXTENSION KNEE CONTROL
KNEE-ANKLE-FOOT ORTHOSIS (KAFO)
HINGES AT KNEE, WITH DIFFERENT SORT OF LOCKS
- LOCKED WHILE AMBULATING
BAIL LOCK
LEVER AT POSTERIOR KNEE, CAN PUSH AGAINST A CHAIR TO UNLOCK AND SIT
OFFSET JOINT (LOCK)
AXIS OF KNEE IS MOVED BACKWARD TO BRING GRF IN FRONT AND KEEP KNEE EXTENDED
DROP LOCK
SLIDES DOWN BAR TO LOCK KNEE
STANCE CONTROL KAFO
USES WB TO LOCK AND UNLOCK = LOCKED DURING STANCE, UNLOCKED DURING SWING
PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN DEVICES
- ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN OPTIMAL PATELLAR TRACKING TO PREVENT ABNORMAL
COMPRESSIVE FORCES
- PREVENTS EXCESSIVE LATERAL SHIFTING
- HAS INFRAPATELLAR STRAP TO ELEVATE PATELLA
PROTONIC BRACE
- CREATES EXTENSION TORQUE = RESISTS HAMSTRINGS
- UNLOADS QUADS
- HELPS PATELLOFEMORAL PAIN
ACL BRACES
- STABILITY
- LIMIT/CONTROL MOTION
- ONLY HELPS PEOPLE THAT HAVE TORN THEIR ACL BUT NOT GETTING IT FIXED
TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT ORTHOSIS
- GOES AROUND PELVIS AND ACROSS HIP JOINT
- KEEPS PRESSURE OFF ABDUCTORS WHILE THEY HEEL
PAVLIK HARNESS
- USED FOR DEVELOPMENTAL HIP DYSPLAGIA, SUBLUXATION, AND/OR DISLOCATION
- PUTS FEMORAL HEAD INTO GOOD CONGRUENCY WITH ACETABULUM
STATIC HIP ABDUCTOR ORTHOSIS
- HIP DYSPLAGIA
USED TO INCREASE INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE TO UNLOAD THE LUMBAR SPINE
- MADE OF FABRIC
POSTURAL SUPPORTS
STRAPS TO PROVIDE FEEDBACK ABOUT ALIGNMENT
- WATCH FOR BRACHIAL PLEXUS COMPRESSION
RIGID THORACOLUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES (TLSO)
RIGID LUMBOSACRAL ORTHOSES (LSO)
USED TO LIMIT MOTION, WITH BODY JACKET STYLE
- WATCH FOR SKIN IRRITATION
HYPEREXTENSION TLSO
LIMITS TRUNK FLEXION AFTER ANTERIOR VERTEBRAL BODY FRACTURE
HOW IS A TLSO/LSO USED POST-SURGICALLY?
PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS THE BACK AND LIMITS ALL MOTION
SCOLIOSIS BRACE
APPLIES FORCES TO REALIGN VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
- VARIOUS PADS CAN BE APPLIED FOR CORRECTION
- NIGHTTIME BRACING
- DYNAMIC BRACING
SOFT CERVICAL COLLAR
MINIMAL MOTION CONTROL
- MORE FOR SUPPORT OR FEEDBACK
SHORT CERVICAL COLLAR
MODERATE CONTROL DEVICES, INCORPORATE CHIN AND OCCIPUT
CERVICOTHORACIC DEVICES
MAXIMUM CONTROL, NOT EASILY REMOVABLE, LIMITS ALL HEAD/NECK MOTION
WHAT IS THE BEST THING TO DO FOR A CONTRACTURE?
AVOID IT
WHAT ARE SOME INDICATIONS FOR AMPUTATION?
- DIABETIC NEUROPATHY
- TRAUMA
- INFECTION
- TUMOR
- CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
TOE DRIFT
OVERRIDING TOES THAT FILL THE SPACE OF AMPUTATED TOE(S)
WHAT ARE CONCERNS WITH A TOE AMPUTATION?
TOE DRIFT
WHAT IS THE PROSTHETIC FOR TOE AMPUTATION?
SHOE FILLER TO FILL UP SPACE AND PREVENT TOE DRIFT
WHAT IS THE PROSTHETIC FOR A RAY AMPUTATION?
SHOE FILLER, DOESN'T AFFECT GAIT MUCH
WHAT ARE GAIT EFFECTS FROM A TRANS-METATARSAL AMPUTATION?
THIRD ROCKER IS AFFECTS BECAUSE OF LOSS OF LONG LEVER
(FIRST AND SECOND ROCKER INTACT)
WHAT IS THE SURGICAL OPTIONS WITH A TRANS-METATARSAL AMPUTATION?
HOW MANY BELOW-KNEE/TRANS-TIBIAL AMPUTEES AMBULATE WITH PROTHESIS?
WHAT IS A KNEE DISARTICULATION AMPUTATION?
NO TIBIA, FIBULA, OR PATELLA, LEAVES THE DISTAL FEMUR FOR THE WB SURFACE
HOW MANY ABOVE-KNEE/TRANS-FEMORAL AMPUTEES AMBULATE WITH PROSTHESIS?
WHAT IS THE MUSCULAR CONCERN WITH TRANS-FEMORAL AMPUTATION?
ALL ABDUCTORS ARE STILL ATTACHED, LEADS TO ABDUCTOR BIAS - > CONTRACTURE
WHAT ARE CONTRACTURE PREVENTION TIPS FOR TRANS-FEMORAL AMPUTEES?
1. TIE LEGS TOGETHER TO OVERRIDE ABDUCTOR BIAS
2. TUMMY TIME TO PREVENT HIP FLEXION CONTRACTURE
WHAT IS THE IDEAL TRANS-TIBIAL RESIDUAL LIMB SHAPE?
CYLINDER
WHAT IS THE IDEAL TRANS-FEMORAL RESIDUAL LIMB SHAPE?
CONE
WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF UE PROSTHETICS?
- BODY POWERED
- EXTERNAL POWERED
- PASSIVE (COSMETIC)
BODY-POWERED UE PROSTHETIC
BODY POWER AND EXCURSION OPERATE THE PROSTHETIC AND CONTROL THE TERMINAL
DEVICE
EXTERNAL-POWERED UE PROSTHETIC
TERMINAL DEVICE HAS MOTORS DRIVEN BY A BATTERY
WHAT ARE KINDS OF TERMINAL DEVICES?
- HOOKS
- PREHENSORS
- HANDS
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF A BELOW-ELBOW PROSTHESIS?
- 1 CONTROL CABLE
- TERMINAL DEVICE
- TRICEPS CUFF
- WRIST UNIT
- HARNESS SUSPENSION
SUSPENSION
HOW THE PROSTHETIC ATTACHES TO THE BODY
HOW ARE BELOW-ELBOW PROSTHESIS OPERATED?
HUMERAL FLEXION AND SCAPULAR ABDUCTION PRODUCE OPENING AND CLOSING
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF AN ABOVE-ELBOW PROSHTESIS?
- DUAL CONTROL SYSTEM (2 CABLES)
- ELBOW FLEXION AND LOCK
WHAT ARE PROBLEMS WITH SUSPENSION FOR A SHOULDER DISARTICULATION
PROSTHESIS?
NOTHING TO REST ON, WOULD NEED A RIGID VEST WITH FULL PROSTHETIC ARM ATTACHED
COAT METHOD
SACH FOOT
SOLID ANKLE CUSHIONED HEEL
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF A SACH FOOT?
CHEAP AND DURABLE
- ALLOWS FOR SHOCK ABSORPTION WITH CUSHIONED HEEL AND THIRD ROCKER WITH GRF
SAFE FOOT
STATIONARY ATTACHMENT FLEXIBLE ENDOSKELETON
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF A SAFE FOOT?
- FLEXIBLE KEEL THAT GOES INTO TOES
- CAN EVERT AND INVERT SOME = CAN WALK ON UNEVEN SURFACES
- CUSHION FOR 1ST ROCKER AND SOME 2ND AND 3RD ROCKER POSSIBLE
WHICH IS MORE DURABLE, SACH OR SAFE?
SACH
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF A SINGLE-AXIS ARTICULATED FOOT PROSTHETIC?
- CAN ACHIEVE DF/PF
- ALL 3 ROCKERS POSSIBLE
- STABLE FLAT FOOT
WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OF A MULTI-AXIS ARTICULATED FOOT PROSTHETIC?
- MOTION IN ALL 3 PLANES
- ALL 3 ROCKERS POSSIBLE
- MORE DURABLE
WHICH IS MORE DURABLE, SINGLE-AXIS OR MULTI-AXIS ARTICULATED FOOT PROSTHETIC?
MULTI-AXIS (LESS MOVING PARTS)
ENERGY-STORING FEET
ABILITY TO ABSORB POWER WHILE USING TO "GENERATE" POWER
- USED FOR SPORT
WHAT IS THE ORDER OF DONNING A PROSTHETIC?
1. SKIN
2. SHEATH
3. SOCK(S)
4. LINER
5. SOCKET
6. SUSPENSION
PLY
THICKNESS OF SOCK
WHAT PLY IS TOO THICK FOR SOCKS?
10 TO 12
RELIEFS (SOCKETS)
OUT FLARE, CUT AROUND, BUMP OUT TO ALLOW FOR BONY STRUCTURES
LINER (SOCKET)
REMOVABLE, DENSE FOAM TO PROVIDE PADDING AND REDUCE FRICTION BETWEEN SKIN
AND SOCKET
SOCK (SOCKET)
FILLS SPACE IN SOCKET
- PADDING
- MOISTURE ABSORPTION
- SWELLING ADAPTATION
GEL AND PIN SUSPENSION
GEL LINER GOES ON SKIN (NO SHEATH), SOCKS OVER LINE, AND PIN PUSHES INTO SOCKET
INTO ENDOSKELETON
OSSEOINTEGRATION
SURGICALLY INSERT PIN INTO RESIDUAL LIMB, PROSTHETIC CLICKS IN
- COULD GET SOME FEEDBACK
- EXPOSED PIN = ANTIBACTERIAL CREAM
ENDOSKELETON
ROD PROSTHETIC, VERY ADJUSTABLE, SOCKET ATTACHES
EXOSKELETON
HARD PLASTIC, MORE DURABLE, WOULD NEED A TOTAL REBUILT TO ADJUST SOMETHING
WHAT DOES A KNEE DISARTICULATION PROSTHETIC NEED?
- REMOVABLE WINDOW, ELASTIC, OR 2 PIECES TO FIT BULBOUS END OF FEMUR
- 4 BAR KNEE JOINT
(-STRONG GLUTES AND HIP FLEXORS)
SUCTION SUSPENSION
PULLING PARACHUTE OUT OF HOLE IN SOCKET WHILE PUTTING RESIDUAL LIMB IN; ALLOWS
AIR OUT WHILE WB, BUT VALVE PREVENTS AIR IN
- FOR AKA
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ABOVE-KNEE SOCKETS?
- QUADRILATERAL
- ISCHIAL CONTAINMENT (CAT-CAM)
QUADRILATERAL SOCKET
SQUARE-SHAPED SOCKET FOR AKA, ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY RESTS ON THE POSTERIOR LEDGE
ISCHIAL CONTAINMENT SOCKET
ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY IS COVERED BY THE SOCKET, TYPICALLY MORE COMFORTABLE AKA
OPTION
SABOLICH SOCKET
FLEXIBLE SOCKET WITH A RIGID FRAME FOR AKA, CAN HELP WITH BLOOD FLOW (WITH
MYOPLASTY)
POLYCENTRIC LINKAGE KNEE JOINT (AKA)
- IN EXTENSION, MOVES THE AOR SO THE KNEE IS EXTENDED
- WHEN FLEXED, GRF GOES FORWARD TO ASSIST WITH FLEXION
SWING CONTROL FOR AKA KNEE PROSTHETIC
- FRICTION (CONSTANT)
- FLUID CONTROLLED
- ROTATIONAL UNIT
STANCE CONTROL FOR AKA KNEE PROSTHETIC
- MANUAL LOCK
- FRICTION BRAKE
HOW DOES A MANUAL LOCK WORK FOR AN AKA PROSTHETIC?
- PULL ON CABLE TO LOCK KNEE DURING STANCE
- FULLY EXTENDED DURING SWING PHASE
HOW DOES A FRICTION BRAKE KNEE WORK IN AKA PROSTHETIC?
- WEIGHT ACTIVATED FRICTION
- LOCKS THE KNEE AT A CERTAIN PERCENTAGE OF WB
4. INFERIOR MEDIAL TIBIAL CONDYLE
5. GASTROCNEMIUS
WHAT ARE PRESSURE TOLERANT AREAS FOR THE TRANS-FEMORAL AMPUTEE?
1. ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY
2. GLUTEAL MUSCULATURE
3. LATERAL ASPECT OF FEMUR DISTAL TO TROCHANTER
4. PUBIC RAMUS
5. SOFT TISSUE OF THIGH
WHAT IS IRRITATED IF A TRANS-TIBIAL AMPUTEE IS TOO DEEP IN THE SOCKET?
- FIBULAR HEAD
- DISTAL TIBIA
- INFERIOR PATELLA
- TIBIA TUBEROSITY
HOW IS A TRANS-TIBIAL AMPUTEE THAT'S TOO DEEP IN THE SOCKET CORRECTED?
ADD MORE SOCKS
WHAT IS IRRITATED IF A TRANS-TIBIAL AMPUTEE IS OUT OF THE SOCKET?
- TIBIAL TUBEROSITY
- FEMORAL CONDYLES
WHAT ARE 5 FACTORS TO DETERMINE READINESS FOR A DEFINITIVE PROSTHESIS?
1. WEIGHT MAINTAINED
2. MAX LIMB SHRINKAGE
3. NO FURTHER ADJUSTMENTS TO THE PROSTHETIC
4. AMBULATION WITH LEAST ASSISTIVE DEVICE
5. GOOD SKIN INTEGRITY
WHAT IS THE K FUNCTIONAL LEVEL SCALE USED FOR?
INDICATES POTENTIAL FUNCTIONAL LEVEL AN AMPUTATION PT. WILL HAVE WITH A
PROSTHETIC, USED FOR INSURANCE COMPANY COVERING PROSTHETIC
K0 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
PT. DOES NOT HAVE ABILITY OR POTENTIAL TO AMBULATE/TRANSFER SAFELY
PROSTHESIS WILL NOT ENHANCE QUALITY OF LIFE/MOBILITY
K1 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
PT. HAS ABILITY/POTENTIAL TO USE PROSTHESIS ON LEVEL SURFACES WITH FIXED CADENCE
HOUSEHOLD AMBULATOR
K2 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
PT. HAS ABILITY/POTENTIAL FOR AMBULATION WITH ABILITY TO TRAVERSE LOW LEVEL
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS
COMMUNITY AMBULATOR
K3 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
PT. HAS ABILITY/POTENTIAL FOR AMBULATION WITH VARIABLE CADENCE AND CAN
TRAVERSE MOST BARRIERS
VOCATIONAL OR EXERCISE PROSTHETICS, BEYOND SIMPLE COMMUNITY AMBULATION
K4 FUNCTIONAL LEVEL
PT. HAS ABILITY/POTENTIAL FOR PROSTHETIC AMBULATION BEYOND BASIC SKILLS, COULD
USE FOR HIGH IMPACT OR ENERGY LEVELS
HIGHER LEVEL PROSTHETIC, FOR CHILDREN, ACTIVE ADULT, OR ATHLETE
HOW WILL A PRE-FLEXION SOCKET AFFECT THE KNEE?
BIAS INTO FLEXION, CAUSES BUCKLING
- CAN BE DONE TO ACCOMMODATE CONTRACTURE
HOW WILL AN ANTERIOR SOCKET AFFECT THE KNEE?
