Paramedic Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Assessment 2024/2025, Exams of Space Flight Mechanics

Download Paramedic Exam Study Guide Questions and Answers Assessment 2024/2025 and more Exams Space Flight Mechanics in PDF only on Docsity! Paramedic Exam Study Guide What does the Central Nervous System consist of? - ANS>brain and spinal cord What is shock, different types and causes? - ANS>Systemic hypoperfusion, organs and tissues receive an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen. Types are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, obstructive, anaphylactic, septic, and neurogenic. Causes are trauma, fluid loss, weak heart muscle, decreased HR, tension pneumo, cardiac tamponade, PE, anaphylaxis, infection, spinal chord injury What is perfusion? - ANS>The ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs What does the phrenic nerve innervate? - ANS>diaphragm what is a secondary assessment defined as? When should it be or not be done? - ANS>A systemic physical examination of the patient. Should be done if the patient is stable on scene or in the back of the ambo. May not be done if youre addressing life threats What does the vagus nerve innervate? - ANS>Smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs ventilation with a stoma - ANS>If PT has a trach tube just connect the BVM straight to the tube. IF not, use peds or infant size BVM mask over the stoma. Pinch nose and mouth close when bagging and release on the exhale. tripod vs sniffling position - ANS>Tripod is like a tripod. Sniffling is upright w chest and head slightly upward like theyre sniffling. The role capillaries play in the metabolism - ANS>Allow contact between blood and the cells of the tissues. Muscles of breathing - ANS>diaphragm, external intercostals, internal intercostals and accessory muscles Mechanism of CPAP - ANS>Increases pressure in the lungs, opens collapsed alveoli, pushes more oxygen across the alveolar membrane, and forces interstitial fluid back into the pulmonary circulation. Management of contraindications with CPAP use - ANS>Coach PTS who are uncomfortable, monitor for signs of pneumothorax, it can lower Routes of medication administration - ANS>Rectal, Oral, IV, IO, SUBQ, IM, Inhalation, Sublingual, Transcutaneous (transdermal), Intranasal Aspirin MOA - ANS>prevents platelet activation/aggregation (by inhibiting cyclooxygenase) Nitro MOA - ANS>Coranary artery vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxant internal respiration - ANS>Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood How the diaphragm works - ANS>The diaphragm contracts and moves downward, increasing the thoracic cavity volume and causes a decrease in pressure within the chest cavity. Air then flows into the lungs to equalize the pressure. Enternal Medication administration - ANS>Enter the body through the digestive system. Usually a pill or liquid parenteral route - ANS>Entered through the body in any way but the digestive tract EMT's role in radio comms - ANS>Keep messages brief and easy to understand use plain english avoid 10 codes use individual digits when talking numbers dont use pt names Effects of inappropriately sized BP cuffs - ANS>Too small=falsely high readings Vice versa cardiogenic shock - ANS>Shock caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump failure. obstructive shock - ANS>due to obstruction of blood flow. PE, pnuemothorax distributive shock - ANS>A condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both. septic shock - ANS>Shock caused by severe infection, usually a bacterial infection. neurogenic shock - ANS>Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries. anaphylactic shock - ANS>A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death. psychogenic shock - ANS>Shock caused by a sudden, temporary reduction in blood supply to the brain that causes fainting (syncope). hypovolemic shock - ANS>A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in inadequate perfusion. what causes cardiogenic and obstructive shock - ANS>heart pump failure what causes distributive shock (Septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, psychogenic) - ANS>Poor vessel function What cause hypovolemic shock - ANS>Low fluid volume (blood loss) 1:1 compress to relax ratio how to perform cpr on pregnant female - ANS>Do CPR, if uterus is felt above the level of the umbilicus perform manual displacement of the uterus to the left while CPR is being performed. effects of ventilating too quickly during cardiac arrest - ANS>Too much intrathoracic pressure reduces effectiveness of compressions common cause of infant cardiac arrest - ANS>usually followed by respiratory arrest, which triggers hypoxia and ischemia of the heart. Children consume 2-3 times more rapidly than adults. First focus should be on opening the airway and providing artificial ventilations. airway obstruction - ANS>Have them cough. If you can see obstruction do a finger sweep (no blind sweep). if not breathing do abdominal thrusts, chest thrusts if obese/pregnant. DO CPR if they go unconscious. Choking with responsive infants - ANS>5 back blows face down, 5 chest thrusts face down, then check for obstruction sweep if seen, continue. Do CPR if they go unconscious ETCO2 - ANS>measures the maximal concentration of CO2 at the end of an exhaled breath. This indicative of several things including cardiac output, cellular respiration, ventilation adequacy, ROSC after cardiac arrest, ET tube placement signs of heart failure - ANS>Pulmonary Edema, Dyspnea with pink frothy sputum, neck vein distension, pedal edema, low systemic BP management of hyperventilation and the effects it has on ETCO2 - ANS>Patient can be coached to slow down breathing initially, if not successful provide O2 and transport. Hyperventilation blows off CO2 and will cause low ETCO2 readings Carbon Dioxide Retention - ANS>A condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide. hypoxic drive - ANS>A condition in which chronically low levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate the respiratory drive; seen in patients with chronic lung diseases. Ventilation - ANS>movement of air in and out of the lungs Study the A&P of the Heart - ANS> Arteries and Pulse check - ANS>Arteries carry blood from the heart to all body tissues. They branch into smaller arteries and then into arterioles. Those then branch into the cappilaries pulse check - ANS>Done at neck, wrist or groin. Pulse is caused by forceful pumping of blood out of the left ventricle and into the major arteries. Checks should last no longer than 10 seconds. Children and AED use - ANS>Need power reducing devices (attentuators). Only apply pads after 5 rounds of cpr because most peds codes are caused by respiratory arrest. Adults and AED use - ANS>Starty CPR immediately and apply AED ASAP. Failure to shock fine VF, Applying pads while moving, battery issues ischemic stroke - ANS>a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked Hemmorrhagic stroke causes - ANS>Blood vessel ruptures and accumulated blood causes increased pressure in the brain Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ANS>brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment); often precedes a CVA respirations DKA, sweet breath, normal to low bp, rapid weak thready pulse, restlesness, abnormal slurred speech, unsteady hypoglycemia - ANS>pale, cool moist skin, absent thirst, absent hunger allegedly Id say hunger, shallow breathing, decreased LOC, normal to low BP, rapid weak pulse, irritability, confusion, seizure, coma, unsteady injected poisons - ANS>monitor airway, O2, remove accessories like jewelry around the site if swelling, transport w possible containers of poison excited delirium - ANS>A serious behavioral condition in which a person exhibits agitated behavior combined with disorientation, hallucinations, or delusions; also called agitated delirium or exhaustive mania. What is pelvic inflammatory disease? - ANS>Infection of the reproductive tract in the female, usually but not always an advanced stage of gonorrheal infection. Study A&P of female reproductive organs - ANS> external female reproductive organs - ANS>vagial opening, labia majora and labia minora, clitoris and anus, perineum internal female reproductive organs - ANS>ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina pulmonary blast injury - ANS>A patient complaining of chest tightness, coughing up blood, and subcutaneous emphysema following an explosion may be suffering from a: penetrating trauma - ANS>injury caused by an object that passes through the skin or other body tissues. Injure the organs soft tissues etc. Symptoms of shock - ANS>anxious, restless, lethargic (slow-moving), unconscious, pale and cold skin, nauseous or vomiting, increased pulse and respiration rates, bluish tinge to skin, thirsty, dilated (enlarged) pupils Arterioles - ANS>small vessels that receive blood from the arteries. smallest branches of the arteries Venules - ANS>small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins. Smallest branches of the veins. Managing penetrating chest trauma - ANS>If impaled, do not remove object. Used gloved hand to occlude open chest wound, apply occlusive dressing. apply O2 and w a NRB. provide ppv if breathing is inadequate. Listen to lung sounds, watch for signs of shock or tension pneumo. Burp dressing if necessary. 1st degree burn - ANS>Thermal damage to the first layer of skin only (epidermis), lower layers heated and react by turning red and becoming tender and uncomfortable to touch 2nd degree burn - ANS>thermal damage to the first & second layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis) Blisters will appear, and may break making the skin appear moist. Can be red or white color depending on the thermal agent. (hot water may make them appear pale) 3rd degree burn - ANS>thermal damage to all three layers of the skin, also cooks blood vessels, so it appears to be dry and leathery- color depends on agent different types of open soft tissue injuries - ANS>abrasions, lacerations, avulsions, penetrations, amputations, incision rule of nines - ANS>A system that assigns percentages to sections of the body, allowing calculation of the amount of skin surface involved in the burn area. Check percentages Descent emergencies - ANS>caused by the sudden increase in pressure as the person dives deeper into the water Bottom emergencies - ANS>rarely seen usually caused by accidental administration of CO2 or inadequate mixing of CO2 and O2 ascent emergencies - ANS>ascending from bottom; air emobolism; happens when diver holds his or her breath during a rapid ascend to the surface air embolism - ANS>The presence of air in the veins, which can lead to cardiac arrest if it enters the heart. decompression sickness - ANS>A condition resulting from nitrogen trapped in the body's tissues caused by coming up too quickly from a deep, prolonged dive. A symptom of decompression sickness is "the bends" or deep pain in the muscles and joints. heat exhaustion - ANS>condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through sweating eclampsia - ANS>true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma Pre-eclampsia - ANS>When a pregnant woman develops high blood pressure and protein in the urine after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy. ectopic pregnancy - ANS>implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location abruptive placentae - ANS> placenta previa - ANS>implantation of the placenta over the cervical opening or in the lower region of the uterus fontanelles - ANS>Areas where the infant's skull has not fused together; usually disappear at approximately 18 months of age. aneurysm - ANS>an excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall. arteriosclerosis - ANS>abnormal hardening of the walls of an artery or arteries deep vein thrombosis - ANS>formation of a blood clot in a vein deep in the body, most commonly the leg Toxicology - ANS>study of poisonous substances and their effects upon body parts Polypharmacy - ANS>The use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems. Shunts - ANS>Tubes that drain excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to another part of the body outside of the brain, such as the abdomen; lowers pressure in the brain. colostomy - ANS>the surgical creation of an artificial excretory opening between the colon and the body surface gastrostomy tube - ANS>a surgically placed feeding tube from the exterior of the body into the stomach Ventricular assist device (VAD) - ANS>a pump that takes over a ventricle's function in delivering blood into the pulmonary or systemic circuit; these devices are used to assist patients awaiting heart