Patho Exam 2 Questions with Answers All Correctly Tested and Verified Updates, Exams of Pathophysiology

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1. What is the main effect of HIV infection? Poor helper T-cell function
2. The immune system typically responds to invaders of all types in our body. However, it can also cause tissue injury and disease. What is this effect called?
3. While conducting client education at a public health clinic, a nurse teaches about sexually transmitted disease prevention. Included in the education is a segment on HIV/AIDS. Which statement from a client would indicate that more teaching is needed?
4. Which statement about opportunistic pathogen in- fection in AIDS is true?
5. A client with HIV has a low-grade fever, a rash, swollen lymph nodes, pharyngitis, and states, "I feel like I've been having the flu for the past 5 days." No reports of diarrhea, nausea, or weight loss. Which phase of HIV infection is the client most likely exhibit- ing?
6. The nurse is preparing to administer a unit of blood to a client. The client says that he is not sure he wants to give consent to receive the blood transfusion be- cause he does not want to get AIDS from the blood. Select the best response from the nurse.
7. When a client who has been newly diagnosed with HIV asks, "What are the chances that I can be cured?," what is the nurse's most therapeutic re- sponse? Hypersensitivity action "Natural or lamb- skin condoms are as protective as la- tex condoms." Becoming infected with an opportunis- tic pathogen is one requirement for the diagnosis of AIDS. Primary infection "All blood is now tested for the AIDS virus, so the risk of getting AIDS from a blood transfusion is extremely low." "Although there

2 / 29 Updates is no current treat- ment that provides a possible cure, there are ones that have successfully

4 / 29 Updates managed the infec- tion." Wear gloves Vasodilation of the capillaries from the release of hista- mine Both B-cell and T-cell function are affected. Myasthenia gravis Autoimmune reac- tion "You have de- veloped a sec- ondary immunode- ficiency disorder as a result of your chemotherapy. Enzyme-linked im- munosorbent as- say (ELISA) Type I

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16. Which of the following is a known trigger for many autoimmune disorders?
17. A new client presents at the clinic with the following history: a CD4+ cell count of 400 cells/¼L, generalized lymphadenopathy, and a positive HIV test 8 years ago. Based on this information, the nurse would know that the client is in what phase of the HIV infection?
18. A client presents at the clinic complaining of un- planned 10% weight loss, diarrhea, fever and weak- ness that "just won't go away." After a complete his- tory and physical, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test is ordered. This order is based on what suspected diagnosis?
19. All antiretroviral medications interfere with some stage of the HIV life cycle. What stage do protease inhibitors prevent?
20. A nurse informs her supervisor that she thinks she has developed an allergy to the latex gloves. A la- tex-specific serum IgE immunoassay has been per- formed with negative results. What definitive diag- nostic test should be performed at this time?
21. What distinguishes primary immunodeficiency disor- ders from another disorder?

7 / 29 Updates A college student has just received a positive HIV test result. How can the nurse most accurately interpret and respond to this finding? The student has HIV antigens and further testing should be done.

23. Manifestations of Kaposi sarcoma include: lesions of the skin and in the oral cav- ity, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs.
24. The nurse understands that the best way for a health care worker to protect against the transmission of HIV is to utilize which form of precaution?
25. A client was tested for HIV and received a positive Use universal pre- cautions on all clients. "The ELISA test result from the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay gives some false (ELISA) followed by a negative Western blot test. The client asks the nurse what this means. What is the nurse's best response?
26. A 37-year-old male with HIV who has recently become symptomatic has begun highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Among the numerous medications that he now regularly takes are several that inhibit the change of HIV RNA to DNA in a CD4+ cell. Which class of medications addresses this component of the HIV replication cycle?
27. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has spread around the world. Where is the fastest growing HIV population currently located?
28. A client is receiving radiation therapy for breast can- cer. Which type of immunodefici ency is this client at risk for developing?
29. QUIZ QUESTION: A client presents to the emergency department with abnormal bleeding and abdominal pain that is

8 / 29 Updates later positives, but the Western blot con- firms you don't have HIV." Protease inhibitors Eastern Europe and central Asia Combined B-cell and T-cell immun- odeficiency Vitamin K deficien- cy

10 / 29 Updates Thrombopoietin Excessive clotting A low platelet count Frequent assess- ment for signs of thrombosis or hem- orrhage. Aspirin is a platelet aggrega- tion inhibitor. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Warfarin Heparin Petechiae

11 / 29 Updates tiple red pinpoint lesions. The nurse identifies the lesions as being which of the following?

37. A teenage girl, seen in the clinic, is diagnosed with nonthrombocytopenic purpura. The girl states, "You have taken a lot of blood from me. Which of my tests came back abnormal?" How should the nurse respond?
38. A client with an apparent clotting disorder is admitted to hospital. His health record reveals that he has been treated for complications of chronic alcoholism for the past 10 years. The nurse should suspect what cause of his clotting disorder?
39. The nurse reviews the lab results of a client who has a thrombocyte count of 60 ×103/μL (60 ×109/L). The client is at risk for:
40. The father of a 2-year-old boy recently diagnosed with hemophilia A asks the nurse how to prevent complications for his son. The best response would be:
41. A 40-year-old patient has been admitted to the car- diac intensive care unit after having an anterior wall myocardial infarction (MI). The nurse is reviewing modifiable risk factors with the patient to avoid the re- development of thromboembolic complications, pos- sibly leading to a second MI. Which of the following increases this risk?
42. A client with hemophilia Type A comes to the emer- gency department with severe pain and swelling in the right knee. The nurse anticipates the adminis-

13 / 29 Updates tration of which of the following to reduce muscu- loskeletal damage?

43. Heparin is an anticoagulant given by injection to pre- vent the formation of blood clots. How does heparin work?
44. A client has an impaired platelet function that may have developed from inheritance, drugs, disease, or extracorporeal circulation. The health care provider would document this as:
45. A client is newly diagnosed with impaired platelet function, thrombocytopathia. Which of the following questions is most appropriate for the nurse to ask in order to determine the possible cause of this prob- lem?
46. A 57-year-old man is diagnosed with thrombocytope- nia. The nurse knows that thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in the number of circulating platelets. The nurse also knows that thrombocytopenia can result from what? Promotes the inac- tivation of clotting factors Heparin is an an- tithrombolytic Thrombocy- topathia "Have you been taking aspirin or any non- steroidal anti-in- flammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?" Decreased platelet production
47. A woman who has given birth 12 hours ago is display- "So much clotting ing signs and symptoms of disseminated intravas- cular coagulation (DIC). The client's husband is con- fused as to why a disease of excessive coagulation can result in bleeding. Which of the nurse's explana- tions best characterizes DIC?
48. A nurse is monitoring a patient with anemia and low oxygen levels. The nurse knows that which of the following stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin ?

14 / 29 Updates takes place that there are no avail- able clotting com- ponents left and bleeding ensues." Hypoxia

49. Polycythemia vera

16 / 29 Updates Thrombosis in the right leg History of a gas- trectomy Decreased oxygen saturation

56. Reticulocytes

17 / 29 Updates The anemic client is receiving erythopoietin. If there is a marked increase in red blood cell production, which lab result would increase?

57. The practitioner is examining a client who is fatigued and has a hemoglobin of 8.7g/dL. Before ordering treatment, which lab will the practitioner order?
58. The client comes to the emergency department re- porting fever, nausea and vomiting for three days. He tells the practitioner that he has not been able to eat or drink anything. Which lab results would the practitioner expect to find?
59. A 53-year-old man presents with inability to concen- trate, itching in his fingers and toes, elevated blood pressure, and unexplained weight loss. He is diag- nosed with primary polycythemia. The primary goal of his treatment will be to:
60. All cells of the body age and are replaced in a natural order. When RBCs age, they are destroyed in the spleen. During this process, the iron from their hemo- globin is released into the circulation and returned where?
61. A pediatric nurse is treating a 2-day-old infant for jaundice. The treatment involves exposing the in- fant's skin to fluorescent light at 420 nm to 470 nm wavelengths. What does the light do to the bilirubin?
62. The nurse evaluating a client's bloodwork determines that a client has an increased risk for infection based on which of the following lab results?
    63. A high school teenager comes to the emergency room with symptoms that include the abrupt onset of severe pharyngitis and a high fever. The teenager reports that in the previous four days he has "just

19 / 29 Updates not felt well." The nurse anticipates orders to include which of the following?

64. The nurse is conducting patient education for a client who is scheduled to undergo diagnostic testing for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The nurse includes information on which of the following?
65. A client has been experiencing anemia and throm- bocytopenia. Subsequent diagnostic testing has re- vealed the presence of immature granulocyte types and the Philadelphia chromosome. This client is like- ly to experience:
66. A client who is being treated for small cell lung can- cer has been placed in protective isolation due to neutropenia. The most likely cause of this client's neutropenia is:
67. When assessing the mouth of a client receiving chemotherapy, which of the following should the nurse interpret as a possible indicator of neutrope- nia?
68. The nurse planning care for a client with acute lym- phoblastic leukemia should include the use of which of the following in the plan of care?
69. A client reports a general deterioration in his health over the past several weeks. Which assessment and laboratory findings would be most closely associated with acute leukemia?
70. A client has been diagnosed with leukemia and the care team is describing the etiology and pathogene-

20 / 29 Updates Lymph node biopsy a prolonged chron- ic phase of leukemia. CML the effects of chemotherapy on white blood cell de- velopment. Stomatitis Soft bristle tooth- brush patients with ALL are prone to bleed- ing/bruising due to decreased platelet count. High blast cell counts and fever Translocation of genes regulating