Pathology and Nursing Concepts, Exams of Nursing

Download Pathology and Nursing Concepts and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 PNVN 1811 Exam 4 Study Questions with Answers 1.Which word is defined as the scientific study of disease?: Pathology 2.The liver can be found in the: upper right quadrant, epigastric region= Both A and B 3.The supine position: describes the body lying face up 4.The opposite term for posterior in humans is: anterior; ventral= both B and C 5.What percentage of an adult's body weight consists of water?: 50% to 60% 6.The two major body cavities are called: dorsal and ventral 7.The primary function of the skin is: protection 8.The nurse weighs a patient at the same time of day with the same scale and same clothing. What is this a simple and accurate method of determining?: - water balance 9.Muscle is connected to bone by: tendons 10.1. System that contains the body's heaviest organ: 1. Integumentary system 11.What does actively transporting electrolytes from an area of higher con- centration to an area of lower concentration require?: Hydrostatic 2 pressure 12.Although the patient denies pain, the nurse observes the patient breathing rapidly with clenched fists and facial grimacing. What is the nurse's best response to these observations?: "What you are saying and what I am observing don't seem to match." 13.What does therapeutic communication accomplish?: facilitates the forma- tion of a positive nurse-patient relationship 14.What action exemplifies a nurse practicing medical asepsis in performing daily care?: Keeping bed linens off the floor 15.The nurse is sitting in a chair near the patient's bed, leaning forward to hear what the patient is saying, and does not interrupt. What is the nurse demonstrating?: Active listening 16.What is the nurse closely assessing for in a patient with hypokalemia?: - Cardiac complications 17.The nurse explains to a patient that the drug Lasix reduces edema by drawing water from the interstitial space into the intravascular space. What is this process called?: Osmosis 18.What is one of the main characteristics of therapeutic communication?: It involves the patient as a person 5 maintain homeostasis. What is the recommended daily amount of fluid for an adult?: 2500 mL 32.When a patient takes substances into the body, they first enter the ex- tracellular compartment. What must the substances enter to carry out their function?: Intracellular compartment 33.What is the method by which inhaled oxygen is moved into the intravas- cular compartment called?: Passive transport 34.What is the normal range for potassium?: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L 35.What is the normal range for Sodium?: 135-145 mEq/L 36.Sodium is the most abundant electrolyte in the body. The location of electrolytes is important for maintaining homeostasis. Sodium is the major electrolyte in which fluid compartment?: Extracellular 37.A nurse assesses an edematous cardiac patient. The nurse is aware that this condition is a result of retained fluid. What is the patient considered to be?: Hypernatremic 38.The nurse modifies the care plan for the immobilized patient after assess- ing a calcium level of 12.8 mg/dL. What nursing assessment should the nurse include when modifying this care plan?: Renal calculi 39.When reading the laboratory report of a patient with excessive diarrhea, 6 the nurse notes that the pH is 7.10, and the PaCO2 and the PaO2 are normal. What should the nurse recognize as this patient's state from this information alone?: Metabolic acidosis 40.A patient admitted in a state of extreme anxiety has vital signs of T 98.6°F (37°C), P 81, BP 130/86, R 32. What will result if this hyperventilation contin- ues?: Respiratory alkalosis 41.A patient began vomiting and continued to do so for several hours. What is the result of this loss of stomach contents?: metabolic alkalosis 42.What should the nurse focus on when creating a nursing care plan for a patient with metabolic acidosis?: deep-breathing exercises 43.The nurse must keep an accurate intake and output record to assess kidney efficiency. In order for the kidneys to remove waste, what is the least amount of hourly urine output the kidneys must produce to remove waste?: 30 mL 44.The nurse is educating a patient regarding the need to avoid foods high in potassium. What food choices led the nurse to conclude that teaching was not effective?: Apricots and asparagus 45.What are the three types of passive transport? (Select all that apply.): Dif- fusion, Osmosis, Filtration 7 46.What are the three buffer systems of the body? (Select all that apply.): Bi- carbonate/carbonic acid system, Respiratory system, Renal system 47.Oliguria means:: low urine output 48.What is true regarding surgical asepsis?: It is known as a sterile technique 49.A patient with a respiratory infection reports that he is not yet on an antibiotic. The nurse explains that the health care provider is waiting on the results of the culture and sensitivity. What does this test determine?: Which antibiotics stop bacterial growth 50.What bacterium is responsible for more diseases than any other organ- ism?: Streptococcus 51.What additional complication does a disease caused by a virus have compared to a disease caused by bacteria?: Is not killed by antibiotics 52.What should the nurse be diligent in to provide a safe environment for the patient?: Hand hygiene between patient contacts 53.What does the nurse describe when giving an example of a fomite vehi- cle?: Contaminated stethoscope 54.The nurse is concerned when a patient admitted with a diagnosis of 10 which laboratory result as indicative of an infection?: Increased white blood cell count 68.List the 3 cardinal signs for inflammation.: redness, swelling, pain 69.What can result from the nurse consistently performing hand hygiene and using sterile supplies when caring for patients in the hospital setting?: Risk of infection is reduced 70.The emergency department nurse is assessing a puncture wound of the foot. What is the most likely type of infection in this wound?: Anaerobic bacterial infection 71.A nurse is performing an admission assessment on a patient with suspect- ed tuberculosis. What assessment findings by the nurse are consistent with tuberculosis?: Hemoptysis 72.A nurse is performing an admission assessment on a patient with suspect- ed tuberculosis. What is the greatest risk of exposure to tuberculosis?: Before a diagnosis is made 73.A person can spread a bacterial infection by which actions? (Select all that apply.): Kissing others, sneezing, leaving used tissue 74.Which of the following are signs/symptoms of hypoglycemia?: Sweating, dizziness, confusion, hunger, heart palpitations 11 75.What is the normal range for blood glucose?: 70-100 mg/dL 76.System that has the ability to contract by conscious nerve regulation: Mus- cular system 77.System that has a secondary function of storing calcium and phosphorus for the body: Skeletal system 78.System that regulated body functions rapidly but for a short duration: Ner- vous System 79.System that regulates body functions slowly but for a longer duration: En- docrine system 80.Primary system for transporting materials to every cell in the body: Cardio- vascular system 81.Central Nervous System contains what?: brain and spinal cord 82.Medulla oblongata: Part of the brainstem that controls vital life- sustaining func- tions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. 83.general senses: touch, pressure, pain, propriception 84.Chemoreceptors: remember smell 85.bones of middle ear: malleus, incus, stapes 86.adrenal medulla: sympathetic, releases epinephrine, flight or fight 12 87.thymus gland: located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart; secretes thymosin, helps with body immune system 88.salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands 89.order of small intestine parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum 90.functions of the urinary system: remove waste, maintain proper pH, maintain proper electrolyte balance 91.kidneys: renal cortex- outermost layer 92.largest lymphatic organ: spleen 93.what is found in lymph?: protein moleclues and excess fluid 94.Percentage of body water by age: premature infant- 90% newborn- 70-80% adult body 50-60% older adult 45-55% 95.what effects percentage of body water: age, sex, body fat (not much water), muscle (more water) 96.Na+: Sodium (natremia) 97.Hyponatremia: low sodium 98.Hypernatremia: high sodium 99.K+: Potassium (kalemia) 15 122. Normal pH: 7.35-7.45 123. respiratory acidosis: low pH, high CO2 124. respiratory alkalosis: high pH, low CO2 125. metabolic acidosis: low pH, low HCO3 126. metabolic alkalosis: high pH, high HCO3 127. OH-: Bicarbonate 128. physiological pH control mecanisms: blood buffers 129. amount of output required by kidneys to remove waste: 30mL 130. Bladder training: before each meal, at bedtime, upon waking 131. colostomy: creation of an artificial opening into the colon (large intestine) 132. ileostomy: creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (small intestine) 133. Measuring NG tube: tip of the nose, around the ear, to inch below xiphoid process 134. Lower GI bleeding: bright red 135. Kubler-Ross stages of dying: 1. Denial 2.Anger 3.Bargaining 16 4.Depression 5.Acceptance 136. When does discharge planning begin?: Upon admission 137. AMA: against medical advice, call physician 138. Piaget's stages of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor 2.preoperational 3.concrete operational 4.formal operational 139. Erkison's stages: trust vs mistrust (birth- 1) autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3) initiative vs guilt (4-6) industry vs inferiority (7- 11) identity vs role confusion (12-19) intimacy vs isolation (20-40) generativity vs stagnation (41-64) integrity vs despair (65-74) 17 140. ageism: prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person's age 141. Stages of family development: -Engagement or commitment stage: plans to marry -Establishment stage: from wedding - birth of 1st child -Expectant Stage: conception - pregnancy -Parenthood: begins at birth of 1st child -Disengagement stage: grown kids leave home -Senescence stage: last stage of life cycle 142. contrast media administration: ask if allergic to iodine 143. Dysphagia: difficulty swallowing; thicken liquids, pureed food, crushed meds, chin down, sit upright, reduce distractions