Pathophysiology 370 Final Exam 2024: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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WCU Pathophysiology 370 Final 2024 Exam

Narcotic administration should be administered carefully in patients with acute pancreatitis related to potential for a. respiratory depression. b. narcotic dependency. c. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. d. allergic reaction. - ANSWER>>c. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction A patient is admitted to the hospital with left-sided heart failure. Which clinical manifestation would the nurse expect the client to exhibit? (Select all that apply.) a. Cough b. Dyspnea c. Bradypnea d. Crackles in lungs e. Peripheral edema - ANSWER>>a. Cough b. Dyspnea d. Crackles in lungs Which offers the best prognosis for the cure of cancer? a. Surgery b. Radiation c. Early detection d. Chemotherapeutic agents - ANSWER>>c. Early detection Early detection of cancer, while it remains localized, is associated with the best prognosis for a cure. The majority of patients with solid tumors are treated surgically, which can be curative in some localized cancers. Ionizing radiation is used for two principal reasons: to kill tumor cells that are not resectable because they are located in a vital or inaccessible area, and to kill tumor cells that may have escaped the surgeon's knife and remain undetected in the local area. Chemotherapeutic agents are not selective for tumor cells, and a certain amount of normal cell death also occurs. A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation? a. Atrophy b. Metaplasia c. Hypertrophy d. Hyperplasia - ANSWER>>c. Hypertrophy A characteristic of benign prostatic hypertrophy includes which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Urgency b. Hesitancy c. Low back pain d. Weak urine flow

e. Incomplete bladder emptying - ANSWER>>b. Hesitancy d. Weak urine flow e. Incomplete bladder emptying What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.) a. Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints b. Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints c. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules d. Swelling of at least one wrist joint e. Morning stiffness in joints - ANSWER>>a. Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints b. Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints c. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules e. Morning stiffness in joints Atrial fibrillation is best described as when a. The P wave precedes, follows, or is buried in the QRS complex b. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate c. An atrial rate of 240 to 350 beats/min in a sawtooth pattern of atrial depolarization is seen d. P waves occurs earlier than normal, preceded by a P wave with a normal QRS configuration - ANSWER>>b. Disorganized and irregular atrial waves are accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate

• Atrial fibrillation is described as disorganized and irregular atrial waves accompanied by an irregular ventricular rate.
• Escape rhythms can present with a P wave that precedes, follows, or is buried in the QRS complex.
• Atrial flutter is typically manifested by a rapid atrial rate of 240 to 350 beats/min and a characteristic saw-tooth pattern of atrial depolarizations.
• Premature atrial complexes (PAC) are characterized by P waves that occur earlier than normal, preceded by a P wave with a normal QRS configuration. Cardiac output is the product of both a. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) b. Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and pulse pressure c. Pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP) d. Stroke volume and heart rate - ANSWER>>d. Stroke volume and heart rate Which statement is true regarding rheumatoid arthritis? a. It is a localized disease. b. Its prevalence is affected by climate. c. It affects men three times more than women. d. The majority of the patients test positive for rheumatoid factor. - ANSWER>>d. The majority of the patients test positive for rheumatoid factor.

d. Neurofibrillary tangles e. Abnormal serotonin system - ANSWER>>a. Amyloid plaques d. Neurofibrillary tangles Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles occur in the brains of Alzheimer patients and are found at autopsy. Neural thread proteins (tau protein) have a normal function and stabilize microtubules. In Alzheimer disease, they are chemically altered and twist into paired helical filaments known as neurofibrillary tangles. Epileptogenic focus is associated with seizure disorder. Focal cerebral infarct is a stroke occurring in a localized area of the brain. Abnormalities in the cholinergic system are associated with Alzheimer disease; serotonin abnormalities are found in depression. Which statement regarding chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a true statement? a. It is not seen in children. b. It represents 30% of all cases of leukemia. c. The average age of onset is older than 70 years. d. Affected persons carry the Philadelphia chromosome. - ANSWER>>d. Affected persons carry the Philadelphia chromosome. Philadelphia chromosome occurs in this leukemia. CML occurs occasionally in children and adolescents. CML represents approximately 15% of all cases of leukemia in the US. The average age of onset is between 40-50 years. Which term is used to describe an excess of red blood cells? a. Anemia b. Polycythemia c. Pancytopenia d. Granulocytopenia - ANSWER>>b. Polycythemia

• Polycythemia is an excess of red blood cells.
• Anemia is a deficiency of red blood cells.
• Pancytopenia is a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Granulocytopenia is a decrease in platelets It is true that acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) is a. Incurable b. More curable in adults c. Primarily diagnosed in children d. Generally seen in adults older than 70 years - ANSWER>>c. Primarily diagnosed in children ALL is primarily a disorder occurring in children. ALL is highly curable in children, less so in adults. Peak incidence is between ages 3-7 years of age. A second rise occurs in middle age An enlarged thyroid gland produces a colloid goiter when

a. Lack of iodine prevents formation of thyroid-stimulating hormone without stopping T and T3 production b. Lack of iodine prevents T4 and T3 but without stopping thyroglobulin formation c. Excessive iodine suppresses thyroid-stimulating hormone, T4, and T3 formation d. Dietary iodine is insufficient and replaced with iodized salt - ANSWER>>b. Lack of iodine prevents T4 and T3 but without stopping thyroglobulin formation Which is a modifiable risk factor for prevention of atherosclerosis? a. Smoking b. Genetics c. Gender d. Age - ANSWER>>a. Smoking What physiologic abnormality is characteristic of emphysema? a. Collapse of the proximal airways b. Trapping of air in the distal air sacs c. Widespread occurrence of bronchial plugs d. Extensive inflammation of the lower airways - ANSWER>>b. Trapping of air in the distal air sacs Which condition constitutes an emergency situation? a. Phimosis b. Hydrocele c. Epididymitis d. Testicular torsion - ANSWER>>d. Testicular torsion Which term is used to describe the histologic characterization of tumor cells? a. Staging b. Grading c. Cachexia d. Angiogenesis - ANSWER>>b. Grading Which is a risk factor associated with hypertension? (Select all that apply.) a. Age b. Caucasian race c. African-American race d. High potassium intake e. History of tobacco smoking - ANSWER>>a. Age c. African-American race e. History of tobacco smoking Normal aging produces a rising systolic pressure over the course of a lifetime, whereas diastolic pressure increases for approximately 50 years, levels off during the sixth decade, and remains stable or declines later on. African Americans are predisposed to hypertension. Also, tobacco use has been shown to increase the risk of hypertension.

b. A chronic calcium buildup c. The effects of oxidized lipids d. An inflammatory response e. The formation of plaques - ANSWER>>c. The effects of oxidized lipids d. An inflammatory response e. The formation of plaques Clinical manifestations of extracellular fluid volume deficit include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Decreased postural blood pressure b. Flat neck veins c. Weight loss d. Dizziness e. Vomiting. f. Oliguria - ANSWER>>a. Decreased postural blood pressure b. Flat neck veins c. Weight loss d. Dizziness f. Oliguria Which cellular change is seen with chronic bronchitis? a. Increased eosinophils b. Decreased CD8 T lymphocytes c. Decreased interleukin-8 levels d. Atrophy of bronchial glands - ANSWER>>a. Increased eosinophils A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been exhibiting symptoms that suggest an inflammation of the brain. This type of infection is referred to as a. Brain abscess b. Encephalitis c. Bacteremia d. Meningitis - ANSWER>>b. Encephalitis Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain and is most commonly caused by viral infection. Brain abscesses act like space-occupying lesions and are often caused by pus-forming bacteria. Bacteremia is bacteria in the blood. Meningitis is an infection of the cerebrospinal fluid and can be either bacterial or viral. Clinical manifestations of hypocalcemia include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Positive Trousseau sign b. Positive Chvostek sign c. Hyperactive reflexes. d. Muscle twitching

e. Constipation f. Paresthesias - ANSWER>>a. Positive Trousseau sign b. Positive Chvostek sign c. Hyperactive reflexes. d. Muscle twitching f. Paresthesias What are the early signs of Parkinson disease? (Select all that apply.) a. Drooling b. Small writing c. Monotone speech d. Minimal blinking e. Loss of facial expression - ANSWER>>d. Minimal blinking e. Loss of facial expression The early signs of Parkinson disease include infrequent eye blinking and loss of facial expression. As the disease progresses, additional functional changes occur; these include drooling and micrographia (small handwriting). Advanced findings include low- volume, monotonous, and dysarthric speech. What is a common site for bone metastases to occur? a. Vertebral bodies b. Midshaft femur c. Carpal bones d. Radius - ANSWER>>a. Vertebral bodies Which are types of dialysis? (Select all that apply.) a. Diffusion b. Hemodialysis c. Continuous renal replacement d. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis e. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER>>b. Hemodialysis c. Continuous renal replacement d. Continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis e. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Tachycardia, decreased or absent breath sounds on the affected side, hyperresonance, and sudden chest pain on the affected side are clinical manifestations of a. Sarcoidosis b. Pneumothorax c. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis d. adult respiratory distress syndrome - ANSWER>>b. Pneumothorax Cushing syndrome differs from Cushing disease in that the term Cushing syndrome is used only to describe a. Hypercortisolism caused by prolonged use of corticosteroid drugs

b. Oliguria c. Azotemia d. Nonoliguric - ANSWER>>c. Azotemia When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture? a. Spiral b. Oblique c. Transverse d. Longitudinal - ANSWER>>c. Transverse A patient reports a sensation of pressure within the vagina. On examination, an anterior bulge is noted. This finding supports a diagnosis of a. Uterine retrodisplacement b. Uterine prolapse c. Cystocele d. Rectocele - ANSWER>>c. Cystocele A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of a. Rheumatic fever b. Reiter syndrome c. Lyme disease d. Osteoarthritis - ANSWER>>d. Osteoarthritis A client develops weakness in both lower extremities following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is most likely caused by a. Atrophy b. Dysplasia c. Hypertrophy d. Hyperplasia - ANSWER>>a. Atrophy Cellular hypoxia results in a. Increased pH b. Enhanced ATP activity c. Loss of intracellular calcium d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump - ANSWER>>d. Failure of the sodium- potassium pump Esophageal varices are a complication of liver disease and are a result of a. Biliary obstruction b. Systemic hypertension c. Elevated portal pressure d. Weakness of esophageal walls - ANSWER>>c. Elevated portal pressure Which is a true statement regarding metastasis?

a. Increased cell-to-cell adhesion helps metastasis. b. Lack of proteases and collagenases aids in metastasis. c. Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue. d. Penetration of the basement membrane of the vessel occurs first. - ANSWER>>c. Cells must first escape the basement membrane of tissue. Individuals with diabetes mellitus are particularly susceptible to infections of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Skin b. Vagina c. Esophagus d. Urinary tract e. Respiratory passages - ANSWER>>a. Skin b. Vagina d. Urinary tract Which type of cellular adaptation would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report? a. Dysplasia b. Metaplasia c. Hyperplasia d. Hypertrophy - ANSWER>>a. Dysplasia Dysplasia is disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variations in size, shape, and arrangement

• Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
• Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions) In a patient with mitral stenosis, cardiac catheterization findings would indicate increased pressure in the a. Right ventricle b. Left ventricle c. Right atria d. Left atria - ANSWER>>d. Left atria In mitral valve stenosis, left atrial pressure remains higher than ventricular pressure throughout diastole. Mitral valve stenosis is not characterized by increased pressure in the right ventricle, left ventricle, or right atria. The pathogenesis of pneumonia includes the inhalation of microbial agents and the resulting of which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Inflammation b. Lung consolidation c. Formation of exudates d. Alveolar wall thickening e. Decreased lung compliance - ANSWER>>a. Inflammation

b. Positive Mantoux test c. Positive sputum culture for acid-fast bacillus d. Presentation of typical symptoms including night sweats - ANSWER>>c. Positive sputum culture for acid-fast bacillus High blood pressure can be treated with lifestyle modification related to which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Decreased sodium intake b. Relaxation techniques c. Weight management d. Medication therapy e. Exercise - ANSWER>>a. Decreased sodium intake b. Relaxation techniques c. Weight management e. Exercise A low-sodium diet decreases sodium retention and blood volume, altering stroke volume and cardiac output, which results in a lower blood pressure. Relaxation techniques help manage stress which helps lower blood pressure. Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension. Exercise increases vascular tone, thus decreasing systemic vascular resistance and blood pressure. Medication therapy is not considered a lifestyle modification. The strong risk factors for colon cancer include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Aging b. Gender c. Heredity d. Crohn disease e. High-fat diet - ANSWER>>a. Aging c. Heredity d. Crohn disease e. High-fat diet Aging increases the risk of colon cancer, with the risk doubling every decade until age

Family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative triples the probability of risk. Ulcerative bowel conditions such as Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis are risk factors. Dietary factors, such as a high-fat, low-fiber diet, increase the risk. There is no current research to support a strong link between gender and the risk for colon cancer. Which is a characteristic finding in renal failure? a. Increased serum phosphorus b. Increased serum calcium

c. Crystals in the urine d. Protein in the urine - ANSWER>>a. Increased serum phosphorus Which term is used to describe the deficiency in circulating platelets? a. Anemia b. Leukopenia c. Leukocytosis d. Thrombocytopenia - ANSWER>>d. Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is a deficiency in circulation platelets, which are important mediators of blood clotting. Anemia is a deficiency of circulating red blood cells. Leukopenia is a decrease in white blood cells. Leukocytosis is an increase in circulating white blood cells. Appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal conditions requiring emergency surgery. Although its symptoms sometimes overlap with those of other abdominal disorders, appendicitis is initially characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Fever b. Nausea c. Diarrhea d. Periumbilical pain e. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain - ANSWER>>b. Nausea c. Diarrhea d. Periumbilical pain e. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain Which clinical manifestation differentiates myocardial infarction (MI) from angina pectoris? (Select all that apply.) a. Radiating chest pain b. Chest pain initiated by exercise c. ST-segment changes on the ECG d. Elevated serum levels of troponin e. Chest pain aggravated by coughing - ANSWER>>a. Radiating chest pain c. ST-segment changes on the ECG d. Elevated serum levels of troponin A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphyseal region of the femur that is referred to as a. An osteoid osteoma b. A giant cell tumor c. An osteosarcoma d. A chondroma - ANSWER>>c. An osteosarcoma

a. Dysuria b. Urinary frequency c. Hematuria d. Cloudy urine e. Pain in the suprapubic area - ANSWER>>a. Dysuria b. Urinary frequency d. Cloudy urine e. Pain in the suprapubic area Predisposing factors associated with pyelonephritis include a. Urinary obstruction b. Neurogenic bladder c. Catheterization d. Viral infection e. Pregnancy f. Diabetes - ANSWER>>a. Urinary obstruction b. Neurogenic bladder c. Catheterization e. Pregnancy f. Diabetes Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) can be indirectly estimated with the use of which blood pressure measurement? a. Systolic pressure b. Diastolic pressure c. Pulmonary arterial pressure d. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure - ANSWER>>b. Diastolic pressure The systemic diastolic pressure is determined by the narrowing of blood vessel diameter and therefore the resistance to blood flow, whether from peripheral vascular constriction or atherosclerosis. Systolic pressure is not as influenced by the narrowing of blood vessel diameter. Pulmonary arterial pressure is generated by the right ventricle ejecting blood into the pulmonary artery. By definition, the volume of blood within a ventricle immediately before a contraction is known as the end-diastolic volume. A client is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.) a. African American female b. Contractures of the fingers c. Facial butterfly rash noted d. Swelling and pain in knees e. Pain worsens in the evening - ANSWER>>a. African American female b. Contractures of the fingers c. Facial butterfly rash noted

d. Swelling and pain in knees A severe life-threatening type I hypersensitivity reaction is a. Angioedema b. Urticaria c. Anaphylaxis d. Hives - ANSWER>>c. Anaphylaxis What is the underlying problem common among all types of shock? a. Cardiac failure b. Generalized vasodilation c. Inadequate cellular oxygenation d. Faulty compensatory mechanisms - ANSWER>>c. Inadequate cellular oxygenation Although each type of shock has specific characteristics, all are associated with a deficiency of cellular oxygen consumption. Inadequate cellular oxygenation may result from decreased cardiac output, maldistribution of blood flow, or reduced blood oxygen content. The impaired oxygen utilization by cells may lead to cell death, organ dysfunction, and stimulation of inflammatory reactions. Cardiac failure can be an outcome, but is not a common cause in all types of shock. Vasodilation occurs in only selective forms of shock. Faulty compensatory mechanisms may contribute to the seriousness of all shocks but that is not the cause of all forms of shock. Diabetes mellitus is most accurately defined as a disorder that affects a. The utilization of fats and glucose b. Glucose metabolism and utilization c. The metabolism of glycogen stores and glucose d. The utilization of all energy nutrients - ANSWER>>d. The utilization of all energy nutrients Diabetes mellitus affects utilization of all energy nutrients. Utilization is only one aspect of the process affected by diabetes mellitus. Although energy requirements are met primarily by glucose, this substance can be derived from glycogen stores and amino acid and lactate substrates. The amount of stored fats in the form of triglyceride is potentiated by the action of insulin. It is most important that the nurse teach the technique for testicular self-examination to males of which age group? a. 18 to 35 years old b. 40 to 55 years old c. 60 to 75 years old d. 80 and older - ANSWER>>a. 18 to 35 years old Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply.) a. Often caused by emboli from the basilar arteries

b. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents c. Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents d. Damage to large blood vessels supplying the brain - ANSWER>>a. Retinopathy and nephropathy When emphysema is a result of a α1-Antitrypsin disorder, assessment data is likely to include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. Caucasian b. Client age younger than 50 c. Elevated levels of α1-Antitrypsin d. No history of cigarette smoking e. Enzyme levels that are below normal - ANSWER>>b. Client age younger than 50 d. No history of cigarette smoking e. Enzyme levels that are below normal Which statement is true regarding asthma? a. There is decreased responsiveness to environmental stimuli. b. It is characterized by airway inflammation. c. It involves irreversible airway obstruction. d. Extrinsic asthma has adult onset. - ANSWER>>b. It is characterized by airway inflammation. Incontinence manifested by constant or intermittent dribbling is known as a. Urge incontinence b. Stress incontinence c. Mixed incontinence d. Overflow incontinence - ANSWER>>d. Overflow incontinence Which of these statements best describes the purpose of the TNM classification system? a. It tracks the progress of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. b. It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. c. It enables the physician to determine the underlying cause of the malignancy. d. It provides information for ongoing research efforts to develop a cure for cancer. - ANSWER>>b. It provides tumor data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer. The TNM staging system is used to describe the tumor size, lymph nodes affected, and degree of metastasis. Grading and staging are done to predict tumor behavior and guide therapy. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and has little impact on tumor data collection by the CDCP. The availability of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), as well as other highly sophisticated imaging techniques, has revolutionized cancer detection. The TNM classification system is used to stage cancer and is not directly related to cancer research.

Which symptom is most common in diabetic neuropathy? a. Numbness b. Weakness c. Tingling d. Pain - ANSWER>>s. Pain? What stage is defined by "fight or flight"? a. Alarm b. Resistance c. Exhaustion d. Adaptation - ANSWER>>a. Alarm Macrovascular complications of diabetes mellitus include a. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents b. Retinopathy and nephropathy c. Capillary basement membrane thickening d. Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accidents - ANSWER>>a. Ischemic cerebrovascular accidents Which is a risk factor for cerebral palsy? a. High birth weight b. Post-term delivery c. Prenatal infection d. Genetic defects - ANSWER>>c. Prenatal infection Which is a required for red blood cell production? (Select all that apply.) a. Iron b. Folate c. Vitamin B d. Vitamin K e. Vitamin C - ANSWER>>a. Iron b. Folate c. Vitamin B Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by which of the following? (Select all that apply.) a. A ventricular septal defect b. Right ventricular hypertrophy c. Transposition of the great arteries d. Obstructed right ventricular outflow e. An aorta positioned above the ventricular septal opening - ANSWER>>a. A ventricular septal defect b. Right ventricular hypertrophy d. Obstructed right ventricular outflow e. An aorta positioned above the ventricular septal opening