Pathophysiology 370 Final Exam: Multiple Choice Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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What is a common site for bone metastases to occur? Vertebral bodies Midshaft femur Carpal bones Radius - ANSWER✔✔Vertebral bodies A child presents with bone deficiency and a bowlegged appearance. This assessment data supports a diagnosis of Rickets Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Paget disease - ANSWER✔✔Rickets Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure? Prodromal Postictal Complex Status epilepticus - ANSWER✔✔Prodromal Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply) Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state Often caused by emboli from the basilar arteries

Results from hemorrhage into brain tissue Is associated with acute hypertension - ANSWER✔✔Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer's disease? (Select all that apply) Amyloid plaques Epileptogenic focus Focal cerebral infarct Neurofibrillary tangles Abnormal serotonin system - ANSWER✔✔Amyloid plaques Neurofibrillary tangles Which is associated with early increased intracranial pressure? Inability to move Unresponsiveness Inability to verbalize Headache - ANSWER✔✔Headache A 6-year-old boy presents with polyarthritis. His parents report no past medical history except for a sore throat 6 weeks previously. On physical exam a murmur is noted. The assessment data supports a diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever Rheumatoid arthritis Lyme disease Reiter syndrome - ANSWER✔✔Acute Rheumatic Fever What is responsible for producing rheumatoid factor antibodies? T lymphocytes

A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been exhibiting symptoms that suggest inflammation of the brain. This type of infection is referred to as Encephalitis Brain abscess Bacteremia Meningitis - ANSWER✔✔Encephalitis A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphysical region of the femur that is referred to as An osteoid osteoma A giant cell tumor An osteosarcoma A chondroma - ANSWER✔✔An osteosarcoma A client diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply) Lower back pain 18 - year-old men normal lordosis pain lessens with rest daily bouts of indigestion - ANSWER✔✔Lower back pain 18 - year-old men When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture? transverse spiral oblique longitudinal - ANSWER✔✔transverse

Which is a risk factor for cerebral palsy? high birth weight post-term delivery prenatal infection genetic defects - ANSWER✔✔prenatal infection What are the early signs of Parkinson's disease? (select all that apply) Minimal blinking Loss of facial expression Drooling Small writing Monotone speech - ANSWER✔✔Minimal blinking Loss of facial expression Which forms of muscular dystrophy are X-linked? Duchenne Becker Facioscapulohumeral A combination of Becker and Duchenne - ANSWER✔✔Duchenne A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of Rheumatic fever Relter syndrome Lyme Disease Osteoarthirtis - ANSWER✔✔Osteoarthirtis What is the most common site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bone?

T3 and t4 hormone Parathyroid hormone Corticosteroid hormones Growth hormone - ANSWER✔✔Growth hormone At present, universal vaccination of children is recommended for (select all that apply) Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatitis D Hepatitis E - ANSWER✔✔Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Which characteristic is found in the condition of cholelithiasis (gallstones)? The presence of gallstones universally creates colicky symptoms Gallstones can be treated only through surgery Gallstones are twice as frequent in women as in men Asians are at highest risk for gallstones - ANSWER✔✔Gallstones are twice as frequent in women as in men Most gallstones among patients in the United State are formed from: a. Pigment polymers b. Calcium c. Cholesterol d. Sulfur - ANSWER✔✔c. Cholesterol Regarding both acute and chronic cholecystitis, which statement is true?

a. Chronic cholecystitis is often caused by fever and bacterial infection, whereas acute cholecystitis is not. b. Mild jaundice is more likely to be seen in chronic cholecystitis than in acute cholecystitis. c. Rupture of the gallbladder is more likely to occur with acute rather than chronic cholecystitis. d. Symptoms of chronic cholecystitis generally occur after a meal. - ANSWER✔✔c. Rupture of the gallbladder is more likely to occur with acute rather than chronic cholecystitis. The chronic inflammatory lesions in the pancreas and persistence of symptoms seen in chronic pancreatitis are most frequently the complications of a. Hyperparathyroidism b. Hereditary factors c. Idiopathic causes d. Alcohol consumption - ANSWER✔✔d. Alcohol consumption Ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease share several similarities. Specific distinctions or differences that are unique to Crohn disease include which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Increased risk for colorectal b. Smoking's increasing the risk c. Pain that is severe and localized d. Primary affecting of the proximal portion of the colon e. Increased risk for colorectal cancer f. Increased risk of developing intestinal cancer - ANSWER✔✔a. Increased risk for colorectal b. Smoking's increasing the risk c. Pain that is severe and localized Diabetes mellitus is most accurately defined as a disorder that affects a. The utilization of fats and glucose b. Glucose metabolism and utilization

The most serious consequence of actor pancreatitis resulting from biliary obstruction is: a. Reoccurring episodes of hypoglycemia b. The development of circulatory shock c. Its conversion to chronic pancreatitis d. Stimulation of pancreatic proenzymes - ANSWER✔✔b. The development of circulatory shock Appendicitis is one of the most common abdominal conditions requiring emergency surgery. Although its symptoms sometimes overlap with those of other abdominal disorders, appendicitis is initially characterized by which of the following? (select all that apply) a. Nausea b. Diarrhea c. Periumbilical pain d. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain e. Fever - ANSWER✔✔a. Nausea b. Diarrhea c. Periumbilical pain d. Migrating lower-right abdomen pain The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus most closely resembles that of a. Type 1 diabetes b. Type 2 diabetes c. Genetic defects of ß-cells d. Chemical-induced diabetes - ANSWER✔✔b. Type 2 diabetes Cushing syndrome differs from Cushing disease in that the term Cushing syndrome is used only to describe a. Hypercortisolism caused by ectopic non pituitary tumors b. Hypercortisolism manifestations, regardless of cause

c. Hypercortisolism that is pituitary dependent d. Hypercortisolism caused by prolonged use of corticosteroid drugs - ANSWER✔✔b. Hypercortisolism manifestations, regardless of cause In adrenocortical insufficiency, such as Addison disease, the most severe manifestations are the result of a. An insufficient amount of circulation cortisol b. An insufficient amount of T4 and T c. Deficiencies in the renin-angiotensin system d. Decreased levels of all the adrenocortical hormones - ANSWER✔✔a. An insufficient amount of circulation cortisol A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is: a. Broken along the long axis b. Broken and protruding through the skin c. Cracked but not completely separated d. Broken in two or more pieces. - ANSWER✔✔b. Broken and protruding through the skin In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on - ANSWER✔✔stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily due to - ANSWER✔✔estrogen deficiency Bone healing may be impaired from - ANSWER✔✔nicotine use A fracture in which the bone is broken into two or more fragments is referred to: - ANSWER✔✔comminuted The most important preventative measure for hemorrhagic stroke is: - ANSWER✔✔blood pressure control Rheumatoid arthritis is commonly associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor autoantibodies in the bloodstream. This indicates that rheumatoid arthritis is likely to be: - ANSWER✔✔an autoimmune process Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

A. Disunion .B. Malunion. C. Delayed union. D. Nonunion. - ANSWER✔✔B. Malunion Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to: A. Wear and tear on weight-bearing joints. B. Autoimmune mechanisms. C. Septic joint inflammation and necrosis. D. Unknown etiologic factors. - ANSWER✔✔B. Autoimmune mechanisms Although skin manifestations may occur in numerous locations, the classic presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) includes: A. Cracked, scaly areas in the webs of fingers. B. Lesions affecting the palms of hands and the soles of feet. C. Dry, scaly patches in the antecubital area and behind the knees. D. A butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose - ANSWER✔✔D. A butterfly pattern rash on the face across the bridge of the nose Jaundice is a common manifestation of - ANSWER✔✔liver disease An early indicator of colon cancer is - ANSWER✔✔Change in bowel habits More than half of the initial cases of pancreatitis are associated with - ANSWER✔✔alcoholism Untreated acute cholecystitis may lead to ______ of the gallbladder wall a. gangrene b. infection c. distention d. inflammation - ANSWER✔✔a. gangrene

Premature infants are at greater risk for developing: a. necrotizing enterocolitis b. pseudomembranous colitis c. appendicitis d. diverticular disease - ANSWER✔✔a. necrotizing enterocolitis A patient receiving chemotherapy may be at greater risk for development of - ANSWER✔✔Stomatitis Barrett esophagus is a - ANSWER✔✔preneoplastic lesion Steatohepatitis is caused by an accumulation of ________ in the liver cells. - ANSWER✔✔Fat Ulcerative colitis is commonly associated with: - ANSWER✔✔bloody diarrhea Diabetic neuropathy is thought to result from a. decreased myoinositol transport b. elevated HbA1C c. deficient neuronal insulin receptors d. neuronal demyelination - ANSWER✔✔a. decreased myoinositol transport The therapies that would be appropriate for a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus include (select all that apply) a. carbohydrate counting b. high protein diet c. daily exercise d. insulin e.oral hypoglycemic agents - ANSWER✔✔a. carbohydrate counting c. daily exercise d. insulin It is true that the synthesis of thyroid hormones - ANSWER✔✔is inhibited by iron deficiency

Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because - ANSWER✔✔they deficient in vitamin D A ureterocele is - ANSWER✔✔A cystic dilation of a ureter What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence? - ANSWER✔✔Cystocele A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of - ANSWER✔✔Prostatic enlargement A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience - ANSWER✔✔fever Endometriosis is a condition in which - ANSWER✔✔The presence of ectopic tissue outside the lining of the uterine cavity Red blood cells differ from other cell types in the body because they - ANSWER✔✔have no cytoplasmic organelles Clinical manifestations of pleural effusion include (Select all that apply.) a. dyspnea. b. sharp pain in expiration c. productive cough. d. diminished breath sounds e. a tracheal shift, if large. - ANSWER✔✔a.dyspnea d. diminished breath sounds e tracheal shift, if large An acute asthma attack is associated with (Select all that apply.)a. bronchoconstriction.b. bronchial mucosal edema.c. hypersecretion of mucus.d. alveolar collapse.e. hypoxemia. - ANSWER✔✔a. bronchoconstriction b. bronchial mucous edema c. hyper secretion of mucus e. hypoxemia

The most definitive diagnostic method for active tuberculosis is acquired via a. sputum culture. b. Mantoux skin test. c. chest x-ray. d. blood culture. - ANSWER✔✔a. sputum culture It is true that diffuse interstitial lung disease (Select all that apply.) a. leads to loss of alveolar walls. b. may be immunologic in nature. c. produces a productive cough. d. is always reversible. e. shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung." - ANSWER✔✔a. leads to loss of alveolar walls b. may be immunologic in nature e. shows on x-ray as a "honeycomb lung" Common characteristics of sarcoidosis include (Select all that apply.) a. presence of CD4+ T cells b. a non-productive cough. c. leukocytosis. d. granulomas in multiple body systems. e. fatigue, weight loss, and fever. - ANSWER✔✔a. presence of CD4+ T cells b. a non productive cough d. granulomas in multiple body systems e. fatigue, weight loss, and fever A major risk factor for the development of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease is

Side effects of chemotherapy include (Select all that apply.) a. anemia. b. nausea. c. leukocytosis. d. bleeding .e. infections. - ANSWER✔✔a. anemia b. nausea d. bleeding e. infections Tumor markers (Select all that apply.) a. are found only in the blood. b. are produced by normal cells. c. help determine cancer origin. d. help identify progression of cancer. e. include prostatic-specific antigen. - ANSWER✔✔b. are produced by normal cells c. help determine cancer origin d. help identify the progression of cancer e. include prostatic-specific antigen In individuals who have asthma, exposure to an allergen to which they are sensitized leads to which pathophysiologic event? a. Mast cell degranulation that causes decreased surfactant b. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction c. Loss of alveolar elastin and premature closure of airways

d. Pulmonary edema and decreased alveolar compliance - ANSWER✔✔b. Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction Diarrhea causes a. metabolic acidosis. b. respiratory alkalosis. c. metabolic alkalosis. d. respiratory acidosis. - ANSWER✔✔a. metabolic acidosis Which complication of asthma is life threatening? a. Exercise-induced asthma b. Late phase response c. Mast cell degranulation d. Status asthmaticus - ANSWER✔✔d. Status asthmaticus A patient is diagnosed with hairy cell leukemia. The patient's lab results would most likely indicate a decrease in (Select all that apply.) a. granulocytes. b. platelets. c. white blood cells. d. red blood cells. e. melanocytes. - ANSWER✔✔a.granulocytes b. platelets d. red blood cells Which electrolyte imbalances cause increased neuromuscular excitability? A. Hypokalemia and hyperphosphatemia B. Hyperkalemia and hypophosphatemia