Download Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 Diagnosis - correct answers The identification of a specific disease. Etiology - correct answers The causative factors in a specific disease. Predisposing factors - correct answers Tendencies that promote development of a disease. Pathogenesis - correct answers Development of the disease. Acute disease - correct answers Develops quickly, marked signs, and short term. Chronic Disease - correct answers Mild, develops gradually, persist for long time. Subclinical State - correct answers Pathological changes occur, but there are no obvious manifestations. Latent State - correct answers No symptoms or clinical signs are evident. Epidemiology - correct answers Science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the occurrence or pattern of a disease. Morbidity - correct answers Number of people with a disease. Mortality - correct answers Number of people who died from a particular disease. Atrophy - correct answers Decreased size of cell. Hypertrophy - correct answers Increased size of cell. Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 Hyperplasia - correct answers Increased number of cells. Anaplasia - correct answers Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures. Liquifaction Necrosis - correct answers Dead cells liquify due to release of cell enzymes. Coagulative Necrosis - correct answers Cell proteins are altered or denatured. Fat Necrosis - correct answers Fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids. Caseous Necrosis - correct answers A form of coagulative necrosis. Thick yellowish "cheesy" substance forms. Infarction - correct answers An area of dead cells due to oxygen deprivation. Gangrene (there is also dry gangrene) - correct answers An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria. Which of the following adaptive changes is considered to be the most dangerous with regard to malignant changes: atrophy, dysplasia, metaplasia, hypertrophy - correct answers Dysplasia Which of the following situations is an example of hyperplasia? 1. Increase in size of heart of trained athlete 2. Thickening of gallbladder wall because of gallstones 3. Development of callus on laborers hands 4. Enlargement of prostate gland with age - correct answers 3 & 4 Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 Which type of cell becomes a macrophage once it migrates into the tissue? - correct answers Monocyte What does monocytes become once it goes from blood into the tissue? - correct answers Macrophages What type of cell is prevalent in allergic responses? - correct answers Eosinophil What is the term for a hypertrophic scar? - correct answers Keloid What cells are prevalent in chronic inflammations? 1. Fibroblasts 2. Macrophages 3. Neutrophils 4. Lymphocytes - correct answers 1,2,4 What is the second event in the vascular response of inflammation? - correct answers Vasodilation Which of the following would be elevated during an acute inflammation involving a large area? 1. neutrophils 2. erythrocyte sedimentation rate 3. body temp 4. platelet count 5. C-reactive protein level - correct answers 1,2,3,5 What type of burn involves destruction of all the epidermis and part of the dermis? - correct answers Deep partial thickness Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 How do non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease inflammation? - correct answers They decrease production of prostaglandins What do prostaglandins do? - correct answers One of the chemical mediators causing inflammation. (Vasodilation, increase capillary permeability, pain, fever) Prostaglandins make histamines work better. For ex: taking tylenol, the reason why it works is because it doesn't allow histamine to work as well. What is the effect of histamine? - correct answers Increases capillary permeability Which of the following could stimulate inflammation? 1. Fracture 2. Heart Attack 3. Throat infection 4. Cat scratch 5. Superficial burn - correct answers All of the above What is the best definition of inflammation? - correct answers The body's local response to tissue injury A protein produced by fibroblasts, that is the basic component of scar tissue and provides strength for the new repair is? - correct answers Collagen The process by which leukocytes are attracted by chemical mediators at the site of injury is referred to as? - correct answers Chemotaxis Which of the following cells are involved in the production of anti-bodies? 1. neutrophils 2. helper T cells 3. B lymphocytes Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 4. killer T cells 5. monocytes - correct answers 2 & 3 Which are the antigen-capturing cells? - correct answers Macrophages Which cells process and present antigen? - correct answers Macrophages What is an antigen? - correct answers A foreign substance that stimulates immune response What is an antibody? - correct answers A specific protein produced in humoral response to bind with antigen. What is the thymus and where is it located? - correct answers A gland located in the mediastnum. The site of maturation for T lymphocytes. (t lymphocytes are white blood cells involved in cell-mediated immunity) Where do T lymphocytes mature? - correct answers In the thymus Where do B lymphocytes mature? - correct answers In the bone marrow What is the bone marrow? - correct answers Source of stem cells and leukocytes. This is also the site of maturation for B lymphocytes What are neutrophils? - correct answers White blood cells for phagocytosis. Neutrophils are active in _________ process. - correct answers Inflammatory What are eosinophils? - correct answers White blood cells that participate in allergic responses. Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 What is the etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? - correct answers It is an autoimmune disorder What is the criterion in a medical diagnostic lab for changing the diagnosis from HIV-positive to one of AIDS? - correct answers The helper T (CD4) cells count falls below a certain level How could passive immunity be acquired? 1. Injection of antivenom following a snake bite 2. Measles inoculation or vaccination 3. Injection of hepatitis B immunoglobulin 4. Infection with chickenpox - correct answers 1,3 A severe Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction that could result from a reaction to a bee sting or administration of penicillin to an allergic individual is called? - correct answers Anaphylaxis What is the mechanism by which bacteria reproduce? - correct answers Binary fission What is binary fission? - correct answers Binary fission is the mechanism by which bacteria reproduce. The bacteria duplicates by duplicating the DNA and making 2 daughter cells which then break off separately and become their own bacteria. Which of the following structures are found in human cells but not bacterial cells: 1. Cell membrane 2. robosomes 3. mitochondria 4. nucleus 5. cell wall - correct answers 3,4 Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 Bacterial cells do not have a _______. - correct answers Nucleus Bacterial cells do not have m_______. - correct answers Mitochondria Which type of organism may produce spores? 1. bacteria 2. fungi 3. viruses 4. chlamydiae 5. protozoa - correct answers 1,2 What is a superinfection? - correct answers An infection caused by an alteration of normal body flora during treatment with an antibiotic. Antibiotics are effective against? - correct answers Bacterias Antibacterials exert their effects by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: 1. inhibition of protein synthesis 2. activation of compliment 3. inhibition of an essential metabolic pathway 4. inhibition of cell wall synthesis - correct answers 2. activation of compliment The development of resistance during the course of antibiotic therapy means that: - correct answers Invading organisms are no longer sensitive to destruction or inhibition by the drug Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia - correct answers Fungi Pathophysiology Ch.1 (including questions from Evolve exam for chapter 1-5) 2023 Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Candidiasis - correct answers Fungi Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Gonorrhea - correct answers Bacteria Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Trichomoniasis - correct answers Protozoa Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Tuberculosis - correct answers Bacteria Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Pneumonia - correct answers Bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa, chlamydia Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Tetanus - correct answers Bacteria Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Malaria - correct answers Protozoa Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Athletes foot - correct answers Fungi Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Herpes zoster - correct answers Virus Identify the causative agent or agents for the following infection: Influenza - correct answers Virus Programmed cell death is referred to as: - correct answers Apoptosis The term carcinoma refers to a tumor of the: - correct answers Epithelial tissue How could diagnosis of malignancy be positively confirmed? - correct answers A biopsy