Pathophysiology Exam 1 with Verified Solutions, Exams of Advanced Education

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2024 NR 283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

EXAM 1 WITH VERIFIED SOLUTION

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Etiology - CORRECT-ANSWERSCause of particular disease on microscopic level Pathogenesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSStory of how disease develops Atrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSDecrease in the size of the cells, results in reduced tissue mass Hypertrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease in cell size, results in enlarged tissue mass Hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncreased number of cells, results in enlarged tissue mass Types of Chromosomal Disorders - CORRECT-ANSWERSDown's Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome Down's Syndrome - CORRECT-ANSWERSTrisomy 21 Turner Syndrome - CORRECT-ANSWERSOnly affects females, short stature, infertility, XO Klinefelter Syndrome - CORRECT-ANSWERSOnly affects males, develop breasts and small testes, extra X chromosome present XXY Intracellular Fluid - CORRECT-ANSWERSFluid inside the cell, accounts for 2/ of body water Extracellular Fluid - CORRECT-ANSWERSFluid outside the cell, IVF (intravascular fluid or blood plasma), ISF (interstitial fluid or fluid between tissues and blood), CSF, and Transcellular fluid (Synovial, Pericardial cavities) Hydrostatic Pressure - CORRECT-ANSWERSPush, typically happens at the arterial level

Osmotic Pressure - CORRECT-ANSWERSPull, typically on the veinous level, wherever the waste needs to be eliminated from the body Isotonic Solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERSCompletely balanced solutions, blood, NS Hypotonic Solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERSLess solute so its less concentrated, only a few pepper flakes, 0.45% NaCl (1/2 NS) Give this to dehydrated pt Hypertonic Solutions - CORRECT-ANSWERSMore solute, so its more concentrated, lots of pepper flakes, 3.0-5.0% NaCl Give this to cerebral edema pt Na+ Normal Range - CORRECT-ANSWERS135-145 mEq/L K+ Normal Range - CORRECT-ANSWERS3.5-5.0 mEq/L Cl- Normal Range - CORRECT-ANSWERS98-106 mEq/L Ca2+ Normal Range - CORRECT-ANSWERS8.5-10.5 mEq/L Mg2+ Normal Range - CORRECT-ANSWERS1.4-2.1 mEq/L Hyponatremia - CORRECT-ANSWERSLow sodium due to rapid dehydration Hypernatremia - CORRECT-ANSWERSHigh sodium, slower dehydration, ex: old person who can't get up to drink water frequently enough Hypokalemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSLow potassium, cardiac arrhythmia, leg cramping, decreased bowel sounds Hyperkalemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSHigh potassium, cardiac arrest, muscle weakness, hyperactive bowel sounds Hypocalcemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSweak bones and teeth, severe muscle cramping, Trousseau and Chvostek signs, caused by not ingesting enough calcium or vitamin D Hypercalcemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSlethargy, bone pain, may be indicative of bone cancer, immobility, bone deteriorates hypomagnecemia - CORRECT-ANSWERStremors, tachycardia, confusion hypermagnecemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSvasodialation, nausea, emesis, hypotensive, cardiac arrest

Blood pH - CORRECT-ANSWERS7.35-7. Co2 normal range - CORRECT-ANSWERS45- HCO3- (bicarbonate) normal range - CORRECT-ANSWERS22- Blood pH less than 7.35 - CORRECT-ANSWERSmetabolic or respiratory acidosis Blood pH more than 7.45 - CORRECT-ANSWERSmetabolic or respiratory alkalosis respiratory acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSCo2 greater than 45, caused by pneumonia, COPD, narcotic OD, chest injuries respiratory alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSCo2 lower than 35, caused by panic attacks, hyperventilation metabolic acidosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSHCO3- less than 22, DKA metabolic alkalosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSHCO3- greater than 26, GI secretions over suctioned, NG tubes, OD on antacids, prolonged emesis Nonspecific or Innate Immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERS1st and 2nd lines of defense Specific or Adaptive Immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERS3rd line of defense 1st line of defense - CORRECT-ANSWERSBarriers: Skin, Mucous Membranes, Gastric juices, Normal Flora, and Cilia 2nd line of defense - CORRECT-ANSWERSInflammation and Phagocytosis 3rd line of defense - CORRECT-ANSWERSB-Cells and T-Cells Cycle of Infection - CORRECT-ANSWERSPathogens, Reservoir, Portal of Exit, Mode of Transmission, Portal of Entry, Host B B-Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSResponsible for production of antibodies, can clone themselves to tag antigens, can become memory B-cells to remember antigen(pathogen) T-Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSborn in bone marrow, but mature in thymus gland, cell-mediated response

T-Killer Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSPhagocytosis of human cells that are infected Helper T-Cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSLike nicolas cage "Fire! Fire! Fire!", directs adaptive immunity response in what to do IgG - CORRECT-ANSWERSMost common, in blood, Good God there's a lot of them! IgM - CORRECT-ANSWERSfirst at the scene, IMMediate response IgA - CORRECT-ANSWERSspread from mother to child in colostrum in breast milk, saliva, tears IgE - CORRECT-ANSWERSAllerGIES, allergic response, release of histamine IgD - CORRECT-ANSWERSattached to B-Cells, no one knows what they do Active Immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERSactivates the immune system Active natural immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERSnatural exposure to antigen Active artificial immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERSimmunizations Passive natural immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERSmother to fetus Passive artificial immunity - CORRECT-ANSWERSadult antibody injected into another adult Metaplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSMature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, Ex: chronic smokers, cells lose cilia Dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSCells are different looking varying in size and shape Neoplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSNew growth, commonly a tumor. May be malignant or benign Apoptosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSProgrammed cell death, normal occurrence in the body Ischemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSDeficit of oxygen in the cells Hypoxia - CORRECT-ANSWERSReduced oxygen in the tissues

Iatrogenic - CORRECT-ANSWERSillness or disease process because a medical process was done ex: CAUTI Autosomal Recessive Disorders - CORRECT-ANSWERSHas to have two recessive genes to have disease, only one recessive gene to be carrier ex: Cystic fibrosis, PKU (phenylketonuria), Tay-Sachs Cystic fibrosis - CORRECT-ANSWERSautosomal recessive disorder that causes thick mucous secretions PKU (phenylketonuria) - CORRECT-ANSWERSautosomal recessive disorder that causes an inability to metabolize phenylalanine. Can cause mental retardation. Pt must follow strict very low protein diet Tay-Sachs - CORRECT-ANSWERSautosomal recessive disorder that causes an enzyme to not be produced causing fatty proteins build up causing destruction of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord Autosomal Dominant Disorders - CORRECT-ANSWERSOnly takes one gene for disease to show. There are no carriers, either have disease or don't. Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's, Familial Hypercholesterolemia Marfan Syndrome - CORRECT-ANSWERSAutosomal Dominant Disorder, causes long extremities, congenital heart defects Huntington's Disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSAutosomal Dominant Disorder, nerve cells break down over time, causing involuntary movements Familial Hypercholesterolemia - CORRECT-ANSWERSAutosomal Dominant Disorder, high cholesterol X-Linked Disorders - CORRECT-ANSWERSDisorder carried on the x chromosome Recessive X-Linked Disorders - CORRECT-ANSWERSColor blindness, more prominent in males, XcY male color blind, XcXc female color blind. XcX not color blind only carrier. Chromosomal Disorder - CORRECT-ANSWERSnot inherited, theres a problem on the chromosome