Pathophysiology exam 2 Study Guide: Questions & Answers: Latest Updated, Exams of Nursing

Download Pathophysiology exam 2 Study Guide: Questions & Answers: Latest Updated and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Pathophysiology exam 2 Study Guide: Questions & Answers A 54-year-old male with a long history of smoking complains of excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, and overall ill feelings. Lab results reveal decreased pH, increased CO2, and normal bicarbonate ion. These findings help to confirm the diagnosis of: (Ans- respiratory acidosis For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: (Ans- Kidney excretion of H+ A 55-year-old female presents to her primary care provider and reports dizziness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities. Blood tests reveal an elevated pH, decreased PCO2, and slightly decreased HCO3. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? (Ans- Respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation Outcomes of laboratory tests include an elevated level of natriuretic peptides. Which organ is the priority assessment? (Ans- heart A 60-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting lung tumor. Further testing indicates that the tumor secretes ADH. Which of the following assessment findings should the nurse expect? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- -Confusion -Weakness -Nausea -Muscle twitching The nurse would anticipate the patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) to demonstrate which of the following symptoms? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- -Weakness -Nausea -Headache -Muscle twitching A primary care provider is talking about plasma proteins synthesized by lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. What is the primary care provider describing? (Ans- antibodies While reviewing lab results, the nurse recalls the most abundant cells in the blood are: (Ans- erythrocytes An adult patients blood sample is analyzed in a laboratory. Assuming a normal sample, which type of white blood cell accounts for the highest percentage? (Ans- neutrophils A group of cells isolated in the laboratory have membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm and they show phagocytic activity. Which of the following cells is most similar? A) Monocyte B) Macrophage C) Lymphocyte D) Eosinophils (Ans- eosinophils While planning care for a patient with inflammation, which principle will the nurse remember? The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the: (Ans- neutrophil A student asks the instructor about recycled iron. What information should the instructor share? Recycled iron from macrophages is delivered to the bone marrow bound to: A) Ferritin B) Hemoglobin C) Hemosiderin D) Transferrin (Ans- transferrin A nurse is preparing to teach about erythropoietin. Which information should the nurse include? Erythropoietin is produced in the: (Ans- kidneys Which condition will cause a patient to secrete erythropoietin? (Ans- hypoxia After erythrocytes have circulated for about 120 days, they are removed by macrophages, which are mainly in the: (Ans- spleen Which electrolyte will the nurse check to ensure normal platelet functioning? (Ans- Calcium Which of the following nutritional components will the nurse encourage a patient to consume as it is needed for erythropoiesis? (Ans- Cobalamin A newborn baby is diagnosed with a blood disorder in which her platelet count is low. Which of the following does the nurse suspect could be the reason? (Ans- Decreased thrombopoietin A nurse is caring for a patient who cannot clot. Which end product of the clotting cascade is this patient unable to make? (Ans- fibrin A nurse is discussing fibrinolysis. Which information should the nurse share? Fibrinolysis is mediated by: (Ans- plasmin A newborn baby has a clotting disorder that results in her body being unable to produce thrombin. Which of the following phases of platelet degranulation would be impossible? A. Subendothelial exposure B. Adhesion C. Activation D. Aggregation (Ans- aggregation While checking lab results, the nurse remembers the normal leukocyte count is: (Ans- 5,000-10,000/mm3 When a staff member asks how erythrocytes can carry oxygen, which of the following properties should the nurse describe that allow erythrocytes to function as gas carriers? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- - Biconcavity - Reversible deformability A nurse is caring for an elderly patient. Which of the following are true regarding the hematological system and aging? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- Total serum iron is decreased Total iron-binding capacity is decreased Intestinal iron absorption is decreased When an aide asks a nurse how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry, what is the nurse's best response? Hemoglobin molecules carry _____ oxygen molecules. (Ans- 4 (four) A patient's anemia is described as having erythrocytes that demonstrate anisocytosis. The nurse would recognize the erythrocytes would be: (Ans- Able to assume various shapes A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? (Ans- pernicious anemia When a nurse is reviewing lab results and notices that the erythrocytes contain an abnormally low concentration of hemoglobin, the nurse calls these erythrocytes: (Ans- hypochromic A 5-year-old male was diagnosed with normocytic-normochromic anemia. Which of the following anemias does the nurse suspect the patient has? (Ans- hemolytic anemia After initial compensation, what hemodynamic change should the nurse monitor for in a patient who has a reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes? (Ans- Hyperdynamic circulatory state A 25-year-old female has a heavy menses during which she loses a profuse amount of blood. Which of the following adaptations should the nurse expect? (Ans- peripheral vasoconstriction A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? (Ans- Intravascular fluid A 35-year-old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is ICF? (Ans- 42 L- the total volume of body water for a 70 kg person is about 42 L (60%) While planning care for elderly individuals, the nurse remembers the elderly are at a higher risk for developing dehydration because they have a(n): (Ans- decreased muscle mass Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure in the capillaries? A patient with: (Ans- liver failure Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by: (Ans- osmotic forces An experiment was designed to test the effects of the Starling forces on fluid movement. Which of the following alterations would result in fluid moving into the interstitial space? (Ans- Increased interstitial oncotic pressure When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to _____ balance. (Ans- Sodium A 70-year-old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? (Ans- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure A 10-year-old male is brought to the emergency room (ER) because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: (Ans- localized edema A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: (Ans- increased plasma osmolality Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: (Ans- increased blood volume A 25-year-old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results? (Ans- Decreased blood K+ levels A patient has been searching on the Internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what do these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: (Ans- Sodium A 5-year-old male presents to the ER with delirium and sunken eyes. After diagnosing him with severe dehydration, the primary care provider orders fluid replacement. The nurse administers a hypertonic intravenous solution. Which of the following would be expected? (Ans- Intracellular dehydration Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: (Ans- dehydration The most common cause of pure water deficit is: (Ans- A. renal water loss Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with: (Ans- Hypertonic hyponatremia A 52-year-old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Lab results indicate hyperglycemia. Which assessment finding is most likely to occur? (Ans- decreased sodium When taking care of a patient with hyperkalemia, which principle is priority? Hyperkalemia causes a(n) _____ in resting membrane potential with _____ excitability of cardiac muscle. (Ans- increase, increased Which of the following patients is most prone to hypochloremia? A patient with: (Ans- Increased bicarbonate intake Which of the following conditions would cause the nurse to monitor for hyperkalemia? (Ans- Acute acidosis Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long- term potassium deficits? (Ans- kidneys A 42-year-old female presents to her primary care provider reporting muscle weakness and cardiac abnormalities. Laboratory tests indicate that she is hypokalemic. Which of the following could be the cause of her condition? (Ans- Primary hyperaldosteronism A 21-year-old woman was recently diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Her hematocrit is 32%. Which of the following treatments would the nurse expect to be prescribed for her? (Ans- Iron replacement Iron replacement therapy is required and very effective. Initial doses are 150 mg to 200 mg/day and are continued until the serum ferritin level reaches 50 mg/L. A 45-year-old male is diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. When he asks what the most likely cause of this disease is, what is the nurses best response? (Ans- Ineffective iron uptake and abnormal hemoglobin production A 50-year-old female was diagnosed with sideroblastic anemia. Which of the following assessment findings would most likely occur? (Ans- Bronze colored skin A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about aplastic anemia. Which information should the nurse include? Aplastic anemia is caused by: (Ans- Stem cell deficiency In aplastic anemia, erythrocyte stem cells are underdeveloped, defective, or absent. A nurse recalls posthemorrhagic anemia can result in death when a patient's blood loss is in excess of: (Ans- 40% to 49% A 57-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for red face, hands, feet, ears, and headache and drowsiness. A blood smear reveals an increased number of erythrocytes, indicating: (Ans- Polycythemia vera (PV) PV is manifested by increased numbers of erythrocytes. A 67-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera. Upon taking the history, the patient will most likely report: (Ans- Chest pain Coronary blood flow may be affected, precipitating angina. A 68-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PV). A nurse realizes the patient's symptoms are mainly the result of: (Ans- increased blood viscosity A 67-year-old female is admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of polycythemia vera (PV). Which treatment should the nurse discuss with the patient? (Ans- Therapeutic phlebotomy Treatment of PV is phlebotomy to reduce red cell mass and blood volume. A 70-year-old male is brought to the emergency department, where he dies shortly thereafter. Autopsy reveals polycythemia vera (PV). His death was most likely the result of: (Ans- Cerebral thrombosis 50% of individuals with PV die within 18 months of the onset of initial symptoms because of thrombosis or hemorrhage. A 67-year-old male was diagnosed with polycythemia vera (PV) but refused treatment. His condition is at risk for converting to: (Ans- acute myeloid leukemia A staff member asks what leukocytosis means. How should the nurse respond? Leukocytosis can be defined as: (Ans- A high leukocyte count Leukocytosis is present when the count is higher than normal A 20-year-old female has an increase in eosinophils. When the patient wants to know the most likely cause of the eosinophilia. What is the nurses best response? (Ans- Parasitic invasion and allergic reactions Parasitic invasion can lead to eosinophilia. A 15-year-old female presents with splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and lymph node enlargement. She is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. What should the nurse tell the patient about the recovery time? (Ans- A few weeks Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is usually self-limiting, and recovery occurs in a few weeks; severe clinical complications are rare (5%). Fatigue may last for 1 to 2 months after resolution of other symptoms A 35-year-old male with hyperthyroidism begins treatment to decrease thyroid activity. A nurse monitors for which of the following conditions that could result secondary to the treatment? (Ans- Basophilia Basophilia results from antithyroid therapy. A 15-year-old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. When the patient asks how he got this disease, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: (Ans- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) A 15-year-old male with infectious mononucleosis is being given instructions on how to prevent the spread of this infection to others. Which statement represents a correct instruction? (Ans- Do not share drinking glasses or eating utensils. For a patient experiencing hypersplenism, the nurse expects the erythrocytes to be: (Ans- sequestered Thrombocytopenia may be: (Ans- Congenital or acquired The condition may also be either congenital or acquired and may be either primary or secondary to other conditions. A 30-year-old female presents with hematuria, menorrhagia, and bleeding gums. She is diagnosed with immune thrombocytic purpura (ITP). A nurse realizes the most likely cause is: (Ans- Antibody destruction of platelets The majority of cases of ITP are due to immune driven destruction of platelets. A 50-year-old female is diagnosed with primary thrombocythemia. A nurse would expect the blood smear to reveal _____ platelets. (Ans- Overproduced Thrombocythemia is characterized by a platelet count more than 400,000 platelets/mm3 of blood and is symptomatic when the count exceeds 1,000,000/ mm3, at which time the risk for intravascular clotting (thrombosis) is high. A 52-year-old male IV drug user was diagnosed with hepatitis C 5 years ago. He is now experiencing impaired blood clotting. The nurse suspects a decrease in which of the following vitamins? (Ans- K Lack of vitamin K interferes with clotting. A nurse checks individuals with liver disease for clotting problems because: (Ans- Clotting factors are produced in the liver Clotting factors are produced by the liver. K A 40-year-old female develops disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Upon obtaining the history, which finding is the most likely cause of this condition? (Ans- Sepsis A nurse is teaching the staff about disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which information should the nurse include? The sequence of events in DIC is initiated by the release of: (Ans- Tissue factor Regardless of the underlying disease that initiates DIC, the common pathway appears to be excessive and widespread exposure of tissue factor. In disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the nurse assesses for active bleeding after intravascular clotting because: (Ans- Clotting factors are depleted Intravascular clotting leads to depletion of clotting factors. DIC is due to depletion of clotting factors, not activation of prothrombin. A 22-year-old female just delivered a healthy baby girl. She suffered from eclampsia during her pregnancy, and on the second postpartum day she complained of bleeding gums and bruising on her arms and legs. Hematology lab tests indicate that she had disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Further review of lab tests by the nurse revealed an increase in: (Ans- Fibrin degradation products (FDPs) Patients with DIC have high levels of FDPs. When the nurse sees a diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis on the chart, the nurse knows this is a disorder of: (Ans- iron overload A patient has microcytic hypochromic anemia. Which of the following pathogenic mechanisms may cause anemia in this patient? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- - Decreased erythrocyte life span - Failure of mechanisms of compensatory erythropoiesis - Disturbances of the iron cycled A 15-year-old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. Which of the following assessment findings would he most likely demonstrate? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- - Lymph node enlargement - Fever and sore throat - Fatigue - Enlargement of liver and spleen A patient wants to know about risk factors for acute leukemia. Which of the following should the nurse include? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- Chemotherapy treatment for other cancers Excessive ultraviolet radiation exposure Ovarian Cancer A 35-year-old male was diagnosed with hepatitis B. Further tests revealed neutropenia characterized by a neutrophil count less than _____ per milliliter. (Ans- 2000 A nurse realizes a patient has thrombocytopenia when the platelet count is below _____ platelets per cubic millimeter. (Ans- 100,000 A 60-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by: (Ans- Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls A 75-year-old obese female presents to her primary care provider reporting edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Upon performing the history, which of the following is a possible cause for the varicose veins? (Ans- Standing up for long periods of time. A 52-year-old male presents with pooling of blood in the veins of the lower extremities and edema. The diagnosis is chronic venous insufficiency, and an expected assessment finding of this disorder is: (Ans- Skin hyperpigmentation While planning care for a patient with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), which principle should the nurse remember? SVCS is a progressive _____ of the superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head. (Ans- occlusion A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with bronchogenic cancer. He developed edema and venous distention in the upper extremities and face. Which of the following diagnosis will the nurse observe on the chart? (Ans- Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) A 52-year-old female is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. The nurse assesses for myocardial: (Ans- ischemia A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change? (Ans- smoking cigarettes A 50-year-old obese male with hypertension and coronary artery disease visits a nutritionist for food counseling. He has an elevated level of low- density lipoprotein (LDL) and a low level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Which of the following should the nurse advise him to avoid? (Ans- trans fats When a patient asks the nurse what is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia, which statement is the correct response? The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is: (Ans- atherosclerosis A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. When he asks what causes the pain, how should the nurse respond? The pain occurs when: (Ans- The myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain at rest and with exertion. He does not have a history of coronary artery disease and reports that the pain often occurs at night. He is most likely experiencing which type of angina? (Ans- Prinzmetal A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing: (Ans- stable angina A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial? (Ans- Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply A 68-year-old male presents to the ER reporting chest pain. He has a history of stable angina that now appears to be unstable. He most likely has: (Ans- Impending myocardial infarction (MI) A 55-year-old male died of a myocardial infarction. Autopsy would most likely reveal: (Ans- Platelet aggregation within the atherosclerotic coronary artery A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived, but now the nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because: (Ans- the resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death A 75-year-old male has severe chest pain and dials 911. Lab tests at the hospital reveal elevated levels of cardiac troponins I and T. Based upon the lab findings, the nurse suspects which of the following has occurred? (Ans- myocardial infarction (MI) A 28-year-old female presents to the ER reporting severe chest pain that worsens with respirations or lying down. She has a fever, tachycardia, and a friction rub. Based upon the assessment findings, the nurse determines the patient is experiencing: (Ans- acute pericarditis A 56-year-old male presents to his primary care provider for a checkup. Physical exam reveals edema, hepatomegaly, and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following is of greatest concern to the nurse? (Ans- Tamponade A 42-year-old female is diagnosed with constrictive pericarditis. The nurse assesses the blood pressure for decreased cardiac output because of: (Ans- fibrosis and calcification of the pericardial layers Many valvular stenosis and regurgitation disorders in adults have a common etiology. Which of the following conditions should alert the nurse that the patient may have both types of valve dysfunction? (Ans- Rheumatic fever or heart disease While planning care, the nurse remembers which principle? In valvular _____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely. (Ans- stenosis A 67-year-old female was previously diagnosed with rheumatic heart disease. Tests reveal lipoprotein deposition with chronic inflammation that common to left heart failure, are a result of: (Ans- Pulmonary vascular congestion A 73-year-old female has increased pulmonary pressure resulting in right heart failure. The nurse should monitor for a possible complication because a potential cause for her heart to fail is: (Ans- Left heart failure 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures should the nurse assess for in this patient? (Ans- right heart failure A 72-year-old female has a history of right heart failure caused by a right ventricular myocardial infarction. Which of the following symptoms are specifically related to her right heart failure? (Ans- Significant edema to both lower legs and feet Which condition should cause the nurse to assess for high-output failure in a patient? (Ans- anemia When a person is in shock, a nurse remembers impairment in cellular metabolism is cause by: (Ans- inadequate tissue perfusion One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is: (Ans- Decrease adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production A nurse is planning care for a patient in shock. Which principle should the nurse remember? During shock states, glucose uptake is usually: (Ans- impaired A 50-year-old male was admitted to the intensive care unit with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (MI). He is being treated for shock. His cardiopulmonary symptoms include low blood pressure, tachycardia, and tachypnea. His skin is pale and cool. The primary cause of his shock is most likely: (Ans- Decreased cardiac contractility An 82-year-old female was admitted to the hospital with confusion and severe hypotension. Her bodys compensatory mechanisms are increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and movement of large volumes of interstitial fluid to the vascular compartment. What kind of shock does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? (Ans- hypovolemic A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is: (Ans- Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation What factors make a patient prone to neurogenic shock? Neurogenic shock can be caused by any factor that inhibits the: (Ans- sympathetic nervous system A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment findings will the nurse assess for? (Ans- bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension A nurse is teaching a patient about anaphylactic shock. Which information should the nurse include? The onset of anaphylactic shock is usually: (Ans- Immediate and life threatening For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following factors should the nurse determine occurred? (Ans- Bacteria must enter the bloodstream A 20-year-old female is being admitted to the hospital with fever and septic shock. Which set of assessment findings would the nurse expect the patient to exhibit? (Ans- Low blood pressure, tachycardia, generalized edema The hypotensive state seen in septic shock can lead to: (Ans- Gut lining disruption and the translocation of bacteria into the bloodstream Which patient is most prone to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? In a patient with: (Ans- septic shock A 75-year-old female has been critically ill with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) for longer than a week and has developed a severe oxygen supply and demand imbalance. The statement that best describes this imbalance is which of the following? (Ans- The reserve has been exhausted, and the amount of oxygen consumed depends on the amount the circulation is able to deliver Which organ should the nurse monitor closely since it is often the first to fail in patients with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? (Ans- lungs Which of the following findings in the patient with Raynaud disease would indicate a need for further teaching? (Ans- The patient smokes cigarettes Which of the following lab tests will the nurse check to help diagnose heart failure and provide insight into its severity? (Ans- Brain natriuretic A nurse recalls acute orthostatic hypotension can be caused by (select all that apply): (Ans- - Prolonged immobility - Drug action - Starvation - Volume depletion A patient has been researching cardiac cells on the internet. Which information indicates the patient has a good understanding? Cardiac cells can withstand ischemic conditions for _____ minutes before irreversible cell injury occurs. (Ans- 20 minutes A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult A 30-year-old male is involved in a motor vehicle accident and sustains trauma to the lungs and chest wall. He experiences respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would the nurse expect? (Ans- Elevated PaCO2 In respiratory failure, inadequate gas exchange occurs such that PaO2 = 50 mm Hg or PaCO2 = 50 mm Hg with pH = 7.25. A nurse is teaching staff about pulmonary edema. Which information should the nurse include? The most common cause of pulmonary edema is: (Ans- left sided heart failure A 47-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary edema. Which assessment findings will the nurse observe? (Ans- Pink, frothy sputum In severe pulmonary edema, pink frothy sputum is expectorated. A 65-year-old male recently had a cerebrovascular accident that resulted in dysphagia. He now has aspiration of gastric contents. The nurse assesses the patient for which complication? (Ans- pneumonia A 26-year-old female recently underwent surgery and is now experiencing dyspnea, cough, fever, and leukocytosis. Tests reveal that she has a collapsed lung caused by removal of air from obstructed alveoli. What condition will the nurse observe on the chart? (Ans- Absorption atelectasis Absorption atelectasis results from removal of air from obstructed or hypoventilated alveoli or from inhalation of concentrated oxygen or anesthetic agents. A 45-year-old male undergoes lung transplantation. He now suffers from airway occlusion secondary to fibrosis. Which diagnosis will the nurse see on the chart? (Ans- Bronchiolitis obliterans Bronchiolitis is a serious complication of stem cell and lung transplantation and can progress to bronchiolitis obliterans, a fibrotic process that occludes airways and causes permanent scarring of the lungs. A 50-year-old male presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Based upon these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing? (Ans- Tension pneumothorax Tracheal deviation suggests tension pneumothorax A 60-year-old female with a history of cirrhosis presents with dyspnea, impaired ventilation, and pleural pain. A diagnosis of pleural effusion is made, and a watery fluid is drained. When giving report, the nurse will refer to this fluid as: (Ans- Transudative Pleural effusions that enter the pleural space from intact blood vessels can be transudative (watery) An 80-year-old female develops pneumonia in the hospital. She becomes cyanotic, tachycardic, and develops a fever and cough. Chest x-ray reveals pus in the pleural space. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis documented on the chart? (Ans- empyema A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with empyema. Upon receiving and reviewing the culture result, which organism does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause? (Ans- Staphylococcus aureus A 15-year-old female is diagnosed with restrictive lung disease caused by fibrosis. The patient had a pulmonary functions test. Which of the following findings is expected? (Ans- Decreased functional residual capacity Fibrosis progressively obliterates the alveoli, respiratory bronchioles, and interstitium (fibrosing alveolitis), which can result in chronic pulmonary insufficiency, and functional residual capacity declines. A 57-year-old male presents with cough, sputum production, dyspnea, and decreased lung volume. He is diagnosed with pneumoconiosis. When taking the patients history, which finding is the most probable cause of his illness? (Ans- Inhalation of silica, asbestos, mica A 42-year-old female presents with dyspnea; rapid, shallow breathing; inspiratory crackles; decreased lung compliance; and hypoxemia. Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart? (Ans- acute respiratory distress syndrome Which of the following shows a correct cause and effect sequence in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? (Ans- Alveolocapillary membrane injury causing a massive inflammatory response A 60-year-old female with emphysema is having difficulty expiring a given volume of air. When giving report, the nurse will relay that the patient is most likely experiencing _____ pulmonary disease. (Ans- obstructive When the nurse is asked what causes asthma, how should the nurse respond? Asthma is thought to be caused by: (Ans- Interactions between genetic and environmental factors A nurse recalls asthma is classified by: (Ans- Clinical severity The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program offers stepwise guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic asthma based on clinical severity. A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. When the nurse reviews the lab results, the organism that caused this condition is a: (Ans- Bacterium The organism that causes tuberculosis is a bacterium. A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. While planning interactions, the nurse realizes the patient can transmit this disease through: (Ans- Airborne droplets Tuberculosis is transmitted through airborne droplets. A 70-year-old female is in the hospital for pelvic fracture. She develops pulmonary thromboembolism. The nurse realizes this embolus is composed of: (Ans- blood clot Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing pulmonary embolism (PE)? (Ans- 72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital An 80-year-old female is in the hospital for a bone fracture. While there she develops a large, nonlethal pulmonary embolus. Which of the following is a direct result of the obstruction to pulmonary blood flow? (Ans- Pulmonary hypertenison Significant obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature leads to increased pulmonary artery pressures (pulmonary hypertension). When a patient has a massive pulmonary embolism (PE), what complications will the nurse monitor for? (Ans- Shock and death A massive PE will lead to shock and death. A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism (PE). Which of the following symptoms most likely occurred before treatment? (Ans- Chest pain and shortness of breath An individual with PE usually presents with the sudden onset of pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, and unexplained anxiety. A 60-year-old male undergoes surgery for a bone fracture. Which of the following nursing measures would be most effective for preventing pulmonary embolism (PE) in this patient? (Ans- Prevent deep vein thrombosis formation PE most commonly results from embolization of a clot from deep venous thrombosis (DVT) involving the lower leg; thus preventing these will help prevent pulmonary emboli. A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos, and radiation at his job. Which of the following should the nurse realize had the greatest impact on the development of his cancer? (Ans- Cigarette smoking The most common cause of lung cancer is tobacco smoking. A 60-year-old male with a 40-year history of smoking presents with chest pain, cough, sputum production, and pneumonia. Tests reveal widespread metastatic cancer, and the primary care provider plans radiation therapy. Which of following is the most likely type of cancer to be documented on the chart? (Ans- Non-small cell carcinoma For individuals with non-small cell carcinoma, adjunctive radiation and chemotherapy may improve outcomes. Which of the following assessment findings would be expected in pulmonary embolism (PE)? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- Chest pain Tachycardia Tachypnea Fever Hemoptysis Which of the following are characteristic of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)? (Select all that apply.) (Ans- Fatigue Dyspnea Jugular vein distension A nurse is monitoring a patient for pulmonary hypertension. Which mean pulmonary artery pressure reading will indicate to the nurse that pulmonary hypertension is occurring? Pulmonary artery pressure above _____ mm Hg. (Ans- 25