Pathophysiology Exam Questions and Answers: A Study Guide for Guaranteed Success, Exams of Nursing

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PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM ALL MODULES QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS VERIFIED BY EXPERTS|ACCURATE ACTUAL EXAM WITH FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND STUDY GUIDE GUARANTEED PASS ALREADY GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2024/ Definition of Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>the study of how structural/functional changes that occur in cells, tissues, and organs due to disease effect total body function What are the 5 etiologic factors (w/ examples) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Physical (trauma, burns, radiation)

2. Chemical (poisons, alcohol)

3. Biological (bacteria, viruses)
4. Genetic disposition
5. Nutritional imbalances (deficiencies, excesses) Please Call Billy Goat Now What are the 2 types of risk factors? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. congenital conditions (present at birth)
6. acquired defects (occurring after birth) What is the difference between MORPHOLOGY and HISTOLOGY? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Morphology is the structure of a cell or tissue. Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix at the tissue level

Signs vs. Symptoms (example of each) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Signs - objective manifestations (dilated pupils, elevated heart rate) Symptoms - subjective complaints (stomach pain, trouble breathing) What are 3 processes needed when coming to a diagnosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. patient history

2. physical exam
3. diagnostic tests PPD Validity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>how a tool measures what it is supposed to measure

Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>the likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>True pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease Specificity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>True neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of health (i.e.

age, race, geographic location, dietary habits) Incidence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>># of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>># of existing cases in a population at a given time Mortality - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>death rate; cause of death in a population Morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The effect of a disease on quality of life Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER

Eliminating risk factors to prevent

disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet) Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER

Detect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears, colonoscopy screening)

1. patient history 2. physical exam 3. diagnostic tests PPD Validity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>how a tool measures what it is supposed to measure Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>the likelihood of the same result occurring if the test is repeated Sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>True pos - proportion of people with the disease who are positive for the disease Specificity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>True neg - proportion of people without the disease who are negative for the disease What is the definition of Epidemiology and what does it track? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The study of how disease occurrence effects the human population. It tracks social determinants of health (i.e. age, race, geographic location, dietary habits) Incidence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>># of NEW cases in a population at risk at a specified time Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER >>>># of existing cases in a population at a given time Mortality - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>death rate; cause of death in a population Morbidity - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The effect of a disease on quality of life Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Eliminating risk factors to prevent disease from occuring (vaccinating children, diet) Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Detect and treat disease early, usually while treatable and asymptomatic (annual pap smears, colonoscopy screening) Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWER

Clinical intervention to reduce complications/deterioration after disease is diagnosed (medications after a heart attack, dialysis) Why is evidence-based practice important? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The conscientious reliance on current best, scientific evidence when caring for

patients as to avoid/counteract "the way things have always been done" What are the 3 primary structures/functional components of the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. nucleus

2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm NPC What is the function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>control center of the cell and houses DNA and RNA Name 3 structures within the nucleus - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. nucleolus
4. nuclear envelope
5. chromatin

Name the organelles located in the cytoplasm - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. ER (rough and smooth)

2. Golgi apparatus
3. Mitochondria
4. Lysosomes
5. Ribosomes What do ribosomes do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>site of protein synthesis What does the rough ER do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>houses ribosomes and synthesizes lysosomes What does the smooth ER do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>synthesizes lipids,

lipoproteins, and steroid hormones (does not have ribosomes) what is the function of the lysosome - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Digestive system for the cell. It breaks down cell excess, worn cell components, and foreign substances What is the function of the peroxisome - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Helps control free radicals in the cel. They break down peroxides, long chain fatty acids, and help form bile acids What is the function of the mitochondria?

• CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Power house of the cell. It helps convert organic compounds into energy for the cell (ATP).

What is in the cytoskeleton and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>Network of Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments. It controls cell structure and movement. where are cilia and flagella found in the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER

Flagella - spermatozoa Cilia - epithelial lining of bronchi and nose in the upper respiratory system What are the 4 functions of the cell membrane? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. aids in regulation of cell growth and division

2. controls transport of materials into and out of the cell

3. helps conduct electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells
4. houses hormone receptors Why do cells need to communicate with one another? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>in complex organisms cells have special functions and need to communicate with one another to respond to changes in their environment, transport substances in and out and contribute to cell growth. Name the 4 types of cell signaling - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Endocrine (far away)
5. Paracrine (close)
6. Autocrine (self)
7. Synaptic (nervous system)

Up Regulation - CORRECT ANSWER

when there are not enough chemical messengers present, the number of active receptors increases Down regulation - CORRECT ANSWER when there are too many chemical messengers present, the number of active receptors decreases What are the 3 types of receptor proteins? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. g- protein linked (on/off switch to convert external signals to internal signals)

2. enzyme linked (binding activates intracellular enzyme activity; cell growth factors)

3. ion-channel linked (synaptic signaling can open or close ion channels; neurotransmitters) What are the 3 processes of passive movement? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. osmosis
4. diffusion
5. facilitated diffusion osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration the pressure generated as the water moves through the membrane is called osmotic pressure

Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration on one side of the membrane to an area of low concentration on the other side of the membrane Facilitated Diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER

The use of a transport protein to help lipid insoluble or large molecules pass through the membrane Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER Cells use energy (ATP) to move ions against the electrical/chemical gradient (Na+/K+ pump) What is the most important active transport system and why? - CORRECT

ANSWER >>>>Sodium/Potassium ATPase pump. It is responsible for moving Na+ from inside the cell to the extracellular matrix and putting K+ back into the cell. Without this process, the cell would retain too much Na+, causing water to enter to cell and the cell to swell. Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER

enclosing a molecule via the invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER secretes intracellular substances into the extracellular space. important in removing cellular debris and releasing hormones made in the cell

What are the 2 processes of endocytosis?

• CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. pinocytosis "cell drinking" - cell engulfs small solid or fluid particles (proteins, electrolytes)

2. phagocytosis "cell eating" - engulfs and kills microorganisms or other particulates electrochemical gradient - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>electrochemical gradient - difference in number of particles, charged particles, or ions on either side of the membrane Why are ion channels necessary? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>small ions like Na+ and K+ have an electrical charge and are unable to cross the cell membrane.

ion channels allow this to happen through the process of facilitated diffusion 2 types of Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. primary - ATP used directly to transport the substance

2. secondary - energy is derived from primary active transport of one substance (Na+) for the cotransport of a secondary substance membrane potential - CORRECT ANSWER

difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the cell. these are needed in nerve and muscle cells to generate nerve impulses and muscle

enclosing a molecule via the invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>secretes intracellular substances into the extracellular space. important in removing cellular debris and releasing hormones made in the cell What are the 2 processes of endocytosis? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. pinocytosis "cell drinking" - cell engulfs small solid or fluid particles (proteins, electrolytes) 2. phagocytosis "cell eating" - engulfs and kills microorganisms or other particulates electrochemical gradient - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>electrochemical gradient - difference in number of particles, charged particles, or ions on either side of the membrane Why are ion channels necessary? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>small ions like Na+ and K+ have an electrical charge and are unable to cross the cell membrane. ion channels allow this to happen through the process of facilitated diffusion 2 types of Active Transport - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. primary - ATP used directly to transport the substance 2. secondary - energy is derived from primary active transport of one substance (Na+) for the cotransport of a secondary substance membrane potential - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the cell. these are needed in nerve and muscle cells to generate nerve impulses and muscle contractions. in other cells, this can cause hormone secretion

2 groups of secondary active transport available when a Na+ concentration gradient develops (storage of energy) - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Symport (coTransport) - Na+ ions and solute are transported in the same direction (Na+ transport paired with absorption of glucose & amino acids)

2. Antiport (counter-Transport) - Na+ and solute are transported in opposite directions where do Na+ and K+ concentration reside within the cell? - CORRECT ANSWER

higher conc of K+ in the cell (35x greater). Na+ conc lower in the cell than the extracellular fluid

What are the 4 types of tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. epithelial

2. connective
3. muscle
4. nervous Define epithelial tissue - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>covers the surface of the body, lines the inner surfaces, and forms glandular tissue. Avascular Basement membrane define connective tissue - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>connects and binds/supports the various tissues by producing extracellular matrix proper

specialized (blood cells, cartilage, bone) define muscle tissue - CORRECT ANSWER

moves the skeletal structure, pump blood through the hear, contracts blood vessels and visceral organs actin - thin filaments myosin - thick filaments define nervous tissue - CORRECT ANSWER found throughout the body, it is used for communication between peripheral tissue and the central nervous system (CNS). helps control body function, senses, and movement around the environment neurons - communication glial cells - neuron support

what are the 3 classifications of epithelial tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. squamous

2. cuboidal
3. columnar What are the 3 classification of layers in epithelial tissues? - CORRECT ANSWER

1. simple

2. stratified
3. pseudostratified what are the 4 types of connective tissue proper? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Loose (areolar)
4. Adipose
5. Reticular
6. Dense connective

what are the 3 types of muscle tissue? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. skeletal

2. cardiac
3. smooth What is atrophy and what causes it? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>decrease in the size of an organ or tissue due a decrease in the mass or number of it's cells. typically from disuse, nutritional/oxygen deprivation, diminished endocrine stimulation, aging, denervation (lack of nerve stimulation) hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER

increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to increase in cell size. an increase in workload(stress) leads to increase in cell size

hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER

increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in cell number Advantage and disadvantage of metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER occurs in response to chronic irritation/inflammation allowing for a higher likelihood of survival in less than optimal environment. under persistent stress, it can progress to dysplasia metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>the replacement of one differentiated tissue by another. dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal cellular growth. most often

refers to proliferation of precancerous cells pros and cons of dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>dysplasia is reversible with alleviation of inciting stress. with persistent stress it can progress to carcinoma (irreversible) What are the 5 ways cells can be damaged? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Physical (fractures, burns)

2. Radiation (cancer treatment, sunburn)
3. Chemical (drugs, lead toxicity)
4. Biologic agents (parasites, bacteria, viruses)
5. Nutritional Imbalances (excess or deficiency)

Pears Really Can Be Nasty What are the mechanisms of cell injury? - CORRECT ANSWER >>>>1. Free radical formation - ROS (reactive oxygen species) exceeds body's ability to neutralize/eliminate leading to oxidative stress

2. hypoxia - low O2 delivery to tissues. Decreased O2 impairs oxidative metabolism, resulting in decreased production of ATP
3. disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - cells release vesicles leading to increase in calcium within the cell and disruption of cell function what is a free radical? - CORRECT ANSWER

A molecule that is unstable and