Pathophysiology Final (Exam 1-with 100% verified solutions 2024-2025, Exams of Nursing

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Pathophysiology Final (Exam 1-with 100%

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Which of the following causes gout? a. Loss of serotonin receptors b. Excessive uric acid metabolism c. Impaired liver function d. Impaired cardiac arrest b. Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator have on the body? a. It causes the airways to dilate b. It causes the blood vessels to dilate c. It dries up mucous membranes d. It causes the blood vessels to constrict b. It causes the blood vessels to dilate What is the function of the mitochondria? a. Replicates proteins b. Form antibodies on the outside of the cell c. Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy d. Form a protective barrier around the cell c. Produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy On a complete blood count with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following?

a. Basophils b. Hemoglobin c. Red blood cells d. Platelets a. Basophils The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causes the release of many hormones, including angiotensin 1 and angiotensin 2, and aldosterone. Which of the following are effects of the RAAS? a. Vasodilation and decreased BP b. Increased HR and pupil dilation c. Water retention and sodium elimination d. Vasoconstriction and increased BP d. Vasoconstriction and increased BP

• Water and sodium reabsorption Which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? a. Crackles in the lungs b. Weight gain c. Thirst d. Slow; regular pulse c. Thirst
• Dry mucous membranes
• weight loss
• Fast pulse Which of the following best describes the movement of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? a. Diffusion

b. Filtration c. Active transport d. Osmosis c. Active transport

• Filtration: vascular -> interstitial
• Osmosis: Passive movement in interstitial space (low -> high) What is one of the properties of cancer cells? a. The ability to invade local tissue and overrun neighboring cells b. Cannot migrate to distant tissues c. Planned cell death (apoptosis) d. Genetically stable a. The ability to invade tissue and overrun neighboring cells Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? a. Chronic heart failure b. End-stage kidney failure c. Vomiting and diarrhea d. Cirrhosis c. Vomiting and diarrhea
• Cirrhosis: liver damage A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/mL. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? a. Skin discoloration b. Bone fracture c. Immobility

d. Cardiac arrythmias d. Cardiac arrythmias What immunoglobulin (Ig) mediates the type 1 hypersensitivity reactions? a. IgM b. IgA c. IgG d. IgE d. IgE

• IgM: type 2
• IgG: type 2 & 3 A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. What is the client describing? a. A contraindication b. A sign c. A Symptom d. Objective data c. A symptom A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injury to the hands and forearms. Her skin appears red and there are numerous fluid-filled blisters present. What type of burn would this be classified by?

a. 1st degree b. 2nd degree c. 3rd degree d. Full-thickness burn b. 2nd degree

• 1st: Only epidermis - no blisters
• 3rd: all 3 layers
• Full-thickness: AKA 3rd degree What is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful a. Ecchymosis b. Inflammation c. Compartment syndrome d. Rickets c. Compartment syndrome
• Ecchymosis: discoloration of skin
• Rickets: Weakening of bones Which of the following conditions is an example of a type 2 hypersensitivity? a. Contact dermatitis b. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)

c. Anaphylaxis d. Rheumatoid arthritis b. Hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis)

• Contact dermatitis: Type 4 What are the steps of carcinogenesis? a. Initiation, promotion, progression b. Promotion, initiation, metastasis c. Progression, initiation, differentiation d. Initiation, angiogenesis, progression a. Initiation, promotion, progression Fluid excessive occurs by which of the following? a. Drinking and panting b. Urination ans sweating c. Inhalation and spitting d. Crying and drinking b. Urination and sweating Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? a. Fleas

b. Scabies c. Ticks d. Bed bugs b. Scabies Which of the following describes homeostasis? a. A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function b. The ability of the organism to successfully adapt to changes c. It is equivalent to the path of disease causation d. A process that allows water molecules to cross a plasma membrane a. A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? a. Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes b. Psoriasis c. Long-term fibromyalgia d. Atopic dermatitis along the dermatome a. Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes Which of the following symptoms describes complications of compartment syndrome?

a. Hemorrhage b. Pain and tissue damage c. Increased limb function d. Chronic Kidney disease b. Pain and tissue damage The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Calcium d. Chloride c. Calcium You need to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would you state about active immunity? a. Active immunity comes from the ingestion of breast milk b. Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunization c. Active immunity comes from antibodies crossing the placenta during pregnancy d. Active immunity comes from the direct injection of antibodies into an unprotected person b. Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunization

• a: Natural passive immunity

• c: Natural passive immunity Extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of which of the following? a. Sodium and potassium b. Chloride and magnesium c. Calcium and phosphate d. Sodium and chloride d. Sodium and chloride
• Potassium: intracellular What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? a. Allergies b. Rheumatoid arthritis c. Psoriasis d. Degenerative joint changes c. Psoriasis
• When in the joint Which of the following causes edema? a. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Hypotension

d. Dehydration c. An increase in plasma proteins a. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

• Hypertension The fight and flight response in a client is manifested by which of the following? (SATA) a. Constricted pupils b. Dilated pupils c. Increased HR d. Decreased HR e. Decreased BP f. Increased BP b. Dilated pupils c. Increased HR f. Increased BP A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. The nurse knows this is classified as which type of fracture? a. Oblique compound fracture b. Simple transverse fracture c. Greenstick d. Compound comminuted fracture b. Simple transverse fracture

• Oblique: At an angle and edges are separated
• Greenstick: Incomplete
• Compound: Breaks skin Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology? a. Etiology b. Pathogenesis c. Clinical manifestations d. Study of population e. Treatment implications a. Etiology b. Pathogenesis
• How disease develops c. Clinical manifestations e. Treatment implications How does RA, and autoimmune condition manifest? a. Inability to digest high calcium foods b. Chronic inflammation in affected joints c. Deformities in the facial bones d. The ability to increase activity b. Chronic inflammation in affected joints

What electrolyte imbalance would you see in a client with muscle tetany, positive trousseau, Chvostek signs, and increased muscle excitability? a. Potassium b. Aluminum c. Sodium d. Calcium d. Calcium Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? a. The client complains of hyperactivity b. The client cannot make blood sugar c. The client has pain but no specific diagnostic d. The clients wants the attention of the practitioner c. The client has pain but no specific diagnostic

• Stiffness Inflammation is a protective mechanism that protects the body with injured. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation? (SATA) a. Pallor b. Swelling c. Heat d. Increased function e. Pain f. Redness g. Loss of function

b. Swelling c. Heat e. Pain f. Redness g. Loss of function Intracellular fluid contains a higher concentration of which of the following? a. Potassium b. Sodium c. Chloride d. Bicarbonate a Potassium Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? a. Occurs when the body loses more water than salt b. Occurs when the body retains more salt than water c. It causes an increased thirst response d. It is potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain d. It is potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? a. Progressive loss of fat and fibrous tissue

b. Progressive loss of muscle tissue c. Increased ability to generate muscle d. Complication of rheumatic fever b. Progressive loss of muscle tissue What typically causes contact dermatitis? a. Fungal infection b. A long-term disorder from gout c. Contact with skin allergen d. Staphylococcal infection c. Contact with skin allergen What happens when cell metastasize? a. Cancer cells stabilize in the host tissue b. Cancer cells migrate to different sites c. Cancer cells die off by apoptosis d. Cancer cells enlarge locally only b. Cancer cells migrate to different sites The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis. What is the first cause of these clinical manifestations? a. Increased interstitial fluid b. Production of complement

c. An increase of WBC in the area d. Increased blood flow to the area a. Increased interstitial fluid Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? a. Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs b. Dry think mucous membranes c. Weak pulses and hypotension d. Thirst and weight loss a. Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs

• Fast pulse
• Hypertension Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? a. Arterial blood gas b. Urinalysis c. ESR d. Mantoux c. ESR What is cachexia? a. Overall weight loss and weakness

b. An infection from cancer c. A condition caused by smoking during cancer therapy d. A described metabolic rate a. Overall weight loss and weakness What is the best way to precent the transmission of infectious agents? a. Take antibiotics daily b. Call the practitioner for herbal supplements c. Wash hands d. Avoid public areas as much as possible c. Wash hands Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumors? a. A benign tumor of the bone b. Extremely malignant c. Not painful d. Not able to metastasize to distant sites b. Extremely malignant What causes osteoporosis? a. Long term weight bearing exercise b. Consuming calcium supplements

c. An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation d. Increased circulating estrogen c. An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation What are mature monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? a. Macrophages b. T cells c. Stem cells d. Myeloid cells a. Macrophages What causes osteoarthritis or degenerative joint disease? a. The progressive loss of joint function due to "wear and tear" b. Buildup of uric acid crystals in the joint c. Immune system dysfunction d. Having psoriasis a. The progressive loss of joint function due to "wear and tear" What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? a. Paresthesia, pallor, pain, pulses, paralysis b. Pulselessness, pain, pink, paralysis, paresthesia c. Paresthesia, pallor, pain, paralysis, pulselessness

d. Pulselessness, paresthesia, pink, paralysis, pain-free c. Paresthesia, pallor, pain, paralysis, pulselessness What chemical does the body release during stress response? a. Epinephrine b. Estrogen c. Progesterone d. Histamine a. Epinephrine Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of general adaption syndrome (GAS)? a. Decreased secretion of corticosteroids b. Resistance to fight-or-flight manifestations c. Resolution of fight-or-flight d. Increased production of epinephrine d. Increased production of epinephrine