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Differences between Rheumatoid Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, and Type I and Type II Diabetes, Exams of Nursing
Detailed comparisons between rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, two common types of arthritis, highlighting their symptoms, causes, and characteristics. Additionally, it explains the differences between type i and type ii diabetes, two major types of diabetes, focusing on their symptoms, causes, and treatment. This information is presented in a question-and-answer format, making it easy to understand and remember.
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A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ANSHerpes Zoster (Shingles) Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer) Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) Chron's Disease - ANSHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ANSLower How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ANSHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ANSA: Oral - Fecal B: Blood & Bodily Fluids C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANSActs of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ANSDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
- Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
- Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
- Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
- Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ANSMake cuts to relieve the pressure Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Somatic Pain - ANSOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing Ulcerative Colitis - ANSLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!) Visceral Pain - ANSPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent What are melanocytes? - ANSPigmented Skin
What are night terrors? - ANSAffects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ANSEarly period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ANSHypertension What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ANSHypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ANSIncreased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine What are S&S of spinal shock? - ANSLoss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSPain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSNo pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANSParesthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSChron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ANSVerbal, Motor, Eye Movement Score of 3(least) - 15(best) What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ANSInfection (open wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!! What are the complications of fractures? - ANSInfection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome What are the different types of skin cancer? - ANSBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - ANSSpicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ANSScalding What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ANSpH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base) HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base) CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid) What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? - ANSHyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ANSLife Sided Weakness
What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSSOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - ANSPallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis (slight/partial paralysis) What are the s&s of COPD? - ANSFatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2), Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - ANSIncreased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune Function, Increased Sodium What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ANSPill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling What are the s&s of scleroderma? - ANSDecreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut, shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSPressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What are the s&s of Vertigo? - ANSLoss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes) What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSE. coli What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ANSBallooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSKidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What causes Encephalitis? - ANSWest Nile Virus What causes esophageal varices? - ANSPortal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion What causes myxedema coma? - ANSHypothyroidism What causes skin ulcers? - ANSPressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSIncreased Ammonia Levels What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSFluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted) What do you call kidney pain? - ANSNephralgia What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned white? - ANSCut the Cast Off What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - ANSMyoclonic - sporadic (isolated), jerking movements Absence - brief loss of consciousness Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere
What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ANSPolar injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ANSSlow Down What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - ANSPulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ANSOral or IV Antibiotics What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ANS5 - 15 mmHg What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ANS"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSType 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANSGluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSExcessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ANSUric Acid What is impetigo? - ANSCrusty Infection due to Bacteria What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? - ANSAutonomic Dysreflexia What is Osteomalacia due to? - ANSVitamin D Deficiency What is scleroderma? - ANSHardening of the Skin What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ANSProtect the Airway - keep it opened! What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ANSSave the Airway - keep it open! What is the aim of burn wound management? - ANSInfection Control What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - ANSProductive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum) What is the classic sign of emphysema? - ANSBarrel Chest What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ANSFocal Seizure - affects 1 spot Generalized Seizure - all over the brain What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - ANSRheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSType I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells
What is the main difference between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia? - ANSViral- Dry Cough Bacterial - Cough up Mucous/Phlegm What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSImpaired Glucose Transport What is the major s&s that differentiates meningitis from encephalitis? - ANSSevere pain when moving the neck (extension/flexion) due to Inflamed Meninges What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANSCreatinine What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - ANSGive Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - ANSDiet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANSHypovolemia - Give Fluids What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - ANSSkin Graphing What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - ANSSubarachnoid What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - ANS(18) Tender Spots, Pain w/o Inflammation, Fatigue What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - ANSREM (Stage V) What type of shock do burn victims go into? - ANSHypovolemic Shock - sudden loss of fluid What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - ANSCranium Herniation What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - ANSDecrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102, headache, and confusion? - ANSMeningitis - very contagious! When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - ANSPainful, Bleeding, Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time When is a bone completely healed? - ANSOnce the Callus is Reabsorbed Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - ANSDecreased Estrogen Levels (Menopause) Why can prolonged seizure activity cause brain damage? - ANSTissue Ischemia, Damage to the Neurons Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? - ANSAllergic Reaction to the Skin A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ANSHerpes Zoster (Shingles) Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer) Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
Chron's Disease - ANSHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ANSLower How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ANSHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ANSA: Oral - Fecal B: Blood & Bodily Fluids C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANSActs of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ANSDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
- Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
- Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
- Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
- Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ANSMake cuts to relieve the pressure Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Somatic Pain - ANSOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing Ulcerative Colitis - ANSLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!) Visceral Pain - ANSPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent What are melanocytes? - ANSPigmented Skin What are night terrors? - ANSAffects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ANSEarly period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ANSHypertension
What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ANSHypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ANSIncreased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine What are S&S of spinal shock? - ANSLoss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSPain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSNo pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANSParesthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSChron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ANSVerbal, Motor, Eye Movement Score of 3(least) - 15(best) What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ANSInfection (open wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!! What are the complications of fractures? - ANSInfection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome What are the different types of skin cancer? - ANSBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - ANSSpicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ANSScalding What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ANSpH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base) HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base) CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid) What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? - ANSHyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ANSLife Sided Weakness What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSSOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - ANSPallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis (slight/partial paralysis) What are the s&s of COPD? - ANSFatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2), Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB
What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - ANSIncreased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune Function, Increased Sodium What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ANSPill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling What are the s&s of scleroderma? - ANSDecreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut, shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSPressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What are the s&s of Vertigo? - ANSLoss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes) What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSE. coli What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ANSBallooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSKidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What causes Encephalitis? - ANSWest Nile Virus What causes esophageal varices? - ANSPortal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion What causes myxedema coma? - ANSHypothyroidism What causes skin ulcers? - ANSPressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSIncreased Ammonia Levels What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSFluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted) What do you call kidney pain? - ANSNephralgia What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned white? - ANSCut the Cast Off What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - ANSMyoclonic - sporadic (isolated), jerking movements Absence - brief loss of consciousness Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ANSPolar injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ANSSlow Down What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - ANSPulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ANSOral or IV Antibiotics
What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ANS5 - 15 mmHg What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ANS"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSType 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANSGluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSExcessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ANSUric Acid What is impetigo? - ANSCrusty Infection due to Bacteria What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? - ANSAutonomic Dysreflexia What is Osteomalacia due to? - ANSVitamin D Deficiency What is scleroderma? - ANSHardening of the Skin What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ANSProtect the Airway - keep it opened! What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ANSSave the Airway - keep it open! What is the aim of burn wound management? - ANSInfection Control What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - ANSProductive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum) What is the classic sign of emphysema? - ANSBarrel Chest What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ANSFocal Seizure - affects 1 spot Generalized Seizure - all over the brain What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - ANSRheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSType I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells What is the main difference between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia? - ANSViral- Dry Cough Bacterial - Cough up Mucous/Phlegm What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSImpaired Glucose Transport What is the major s&s that differentiates meningitis from encephalitis? - ANSSevere pain when moving the neck (extension/flexion) due to Inflamed Meninges What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANSCreatinine
What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - ANSGive Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - ANSDiet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANSHypovolemia - Give Fluids What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - ANSSkin Graphing What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - ANSSubarachnoid What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - ANS(18) Tender Spots, Pain w/o Inflammation, Fatigue What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - ANSREM (Stage V) What type of shock do burn victims go into? - ANSHypovolemic Shock - sudden loss of fluid What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - ANSCranium Herniation What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - ANSDecrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102, headache, and confusion? - ANSMeningitis - very contagious! When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - ANSPainful, Bleeding, Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time When is a bone completely healed? - ANSOnce the Callus is Reabsorbed Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - ANSDecreased Estrogen Levels (Menopause) Why can prolonged seizure activity cause brain damage? - ANSTissue Ischemia, Damage to the Neurons Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? - ANSAllergic Reaction to the SkinA patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - ANSHerpes Zoster (Shingles) Autonomic Dysreflexia - ANSMedical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer) Changes with an asthma attack: - ANSWheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) Chron's Disease - ANSHardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - ANSLower How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - ANSHypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - ANSA: Oral - Fecal B: Blood & Bodily Fluids C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids
How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - ANSActs of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - ANSDetermine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke How do you interpret ABG's? - ANS1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)
- Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)
- Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
- Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
- Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) How do you manage end stage renal disease? - ANSDialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) How do you treat compartment syndrome? - ANSMake cuts to relieve the pressure Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSDepression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - ANSElevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSElevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - ANSDepression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Somatic Pain - ANSOn the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing Ulcerative Colitis - ANSLarge ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!) Visceral Pain - ANSPain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent What are melanocytes? - ANSPigmented Skin What are night terrors? - ANSAffects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - ANSEarly period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - ANSHypertension What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - ANSHypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - ANSIncreased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine What are S&S of spinal shock? - ANSLoss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function
What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - ANSPain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool What are signs of renal cancer? - ANSNo pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine) What are some complications of Diabetes? - ANSParesthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSChron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - ANSVerbal, Motor, Eye Movement Score of 3(least) - 15(best) What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - ANSInfection (open wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!! What are the complications of fractures? - ANSInfection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome What are the different types of skin cancer? - ANSBasal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - ANSSpicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori What are the most common causes of burns in children? - ANSScalding What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - ANSpH: 7.35 (acid) - 7.45 (base) HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base) CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid) What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? - ANSHyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - ANSLife Sided Weakness What are the S&S of ARDS? - ANSSOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - ANSPallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis (slight/partial paralysis) What are the s&s of COPD? - ANSFatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2), Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - ANSIncreased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune Function, Increased Sodium What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - ANSPill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling What are the s&s of scleroderma? - ANSDecreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut, shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints
What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - ANSPressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What are the s&s of Vertigo? - ANSLoss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes) What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - ANSE. coli What causes a cerebral aneurism? - ANSBallooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection What causes acute intrarenal failure? - ANSKidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What causes Encephalitis? - ANSWest Nile Virus What causes esophageal varices? - ANSPortal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion What causes myxedema coma? - ANSHypothyroidism What causes skin ulcers? - ANSPressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - ANSIncreased Ammonia Levels What do we see associated with SIADH? - ANSFluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted) What do you call kidney pain? - ANSNephralgia What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned white? - ANSCut the Cast Off What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - ANSMyoclonic - sporadic (isolated), jerking movements Absence - brief loss of consciousness Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - ANSPolar injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - ANSSlow Down What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - ANSPulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - ANSOral or IV Antibiotics What is a normal intracranial pressure? - ANS5 - 15 mmHg What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - ANS"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity What is allergic asthma associated with? - ANSType 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - ANSGluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley
What is cystic fibrosis? - ANSExcessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) What is gouty arthritis caused by? - ANSUric Acid What is impetigo? - ANSCrusty Infection due to Bacteria What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? - ANSAutonomic Dysreflexia What is Osteomalacia due to? - ANSVitamin D Deficiency What is scleroderma? - ANSHardening of the Skin What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - ANSProtect the Airway - keep it opened! What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - ANSSave the Airway - keep it open! What is the aim of burn wound management? - ANSInfection Control What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - ANSProductive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum) What is the classic sign of emphysema? - ANSBarrel Chest What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - ANSFocal Seizure - affects 1 spot Generalized Seizure - all over the brain What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - ANSRheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSType I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells What is the main difference between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia? - ANSViral- Dry Cough Bacterial - Cough up Mucous/Phlegm What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - ANSImpaired Glucose Transport What is the major s&s that differentiates meningitis from encephalitis? - ANSSevere pain when moving the neck (extension/flexion) due to Inflamed Meninges What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - ANSCreatinine What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - ANSGive Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - ANSDiet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - ANSHypovolemia - Give Fluids What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - ANSSkin Graphing
What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - ANSSubarachnoid What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - ANS(18) Tender Spots, Pain w/o Inflammation, Fatigue What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - ANSREM (Stage V) What type of shock do burn victims go into? - ANSHypovolemic Shock - sudden loss of fluid What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - ANSCranium Herniation What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - ANSDecrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102, headache, and confusion? - ANSMeningitis - very contagious! When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - ANSPainful, Bleeding, Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time When is a bone completely healed? - ANSOnce the Callus is Reabsorbed Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - ANSDecreased Estrogen Levels (Menopause) Why can prolonged seizure activity cause brain damage? - ANSTissue Ischemia, Damage to the Neurons