Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024 GRADE A When a patient presents at the emergency department for an allergic reaction, the nurse recognizes the most severe consequence of a type I hypersensitivity reaction is: - ....ANSWER

Anaphylaxis Which information would indicate more teaching is needed regarding hypersensitivity reactions? Type ______ hypersensitivity reactions involve an antibody response - ....ANSWER >>>>IV Several prisoners are experiencing symptoms of tuberculosis. A tuberculin reaction test was

ordered. This test is an example of the type _____ hypersensitivity - ....ANSWER >>>>IV A person is given an attenuated antigen as a vaccine. When the person asks what was given in the vaccine, how should the nurse respond? The antigen is: - ....ANSWER >>>>Alive, but less infectious When an aide asks the nurse what is a purpose of the inflammatory process, how should the nurse respond? - ....ANSWER >>>>To prevent infection of the injured tissue The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed: - ....ANSWER

Chemotaxis A 35 year old male weighs 70 kg. Approximately how much of this weight is ICF? - ....ANSWER 28 L

The predominant antibody of a typical primary immune response is: - ....ANSWER >>>>IgM A 40 year old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report? - ....ANSWER

Dysplasia During which process can lysosomal enzymes be released to degrade engulfed particles? - ....ANSWER >>>>Endocytosis A 40 year old female is diagnosed with SLE. Which of the following findings would be considered a symptom of this disease? - ....ANSWER >>>>Photosensitivity A nurse is reviewing lab reports. The nurse recalls blood plasma is located in which of the following fluid compartments? - ....ANSWER Intravascular fluid

Which of the following patients is the most at risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: - ....ANSWER >>>>Dehydration Which of the following buffer pairs is considered the major plasma buffering system?

• ....ANSWER >>>>Carbonic acid/bicarbonate What common symptom should be assessed in individuals with immunodeficiency? - ....ANSWER >>>>Recurrent infections A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? - ....ANSWER >>>>Antibodies Which statement indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: - ....ANSWER >>>>IgG

The predominant antibody of a typical immune response is: - ....ANSWER >>>>IgM The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? - ....ANSWER

Vitamin D Which of the following individuals would be at greatest risk for an opportunistic infection? a. 18 year old with diabetes b. 70 year old with congestive heart failure c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised d. 30 year old with pneumonia - ....ANSWER c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a

response to the parasite? - ....ANSWER

Eosinophils When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: - ....ANSWER Hormonal hyperplasia When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _______ present - ....ANSWER >>>>Rigor mortis 70 year old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? - ....ANSWER >>>>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Which of the following patients is at most risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: - ....ANSWER >>>>Dehydration

Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with - ....ANSWER >>>>Hypertonic hyponatremia A 52 year old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Lab results indicate hyperglycemia. Which assessment finding is most likely to occur? - ....ANSWER

Decreased sodium Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long term potassium c. 24 year old who is immunocompromised A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? - ....ANSWER >>>>Eosinophils When planning care for the pregnant patient, the nurse will recall that the mammary glands enlarge as a consequence of: - ....ANSWER >>>>Hormonal hyperplasia When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _______ present - ....ANSWER >>>>Rigor mortis 70 year old male with chronic renal failure presents with edema. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this condition? - ....ANSWER >>>>Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Which of the following patients is at most risk for developing hypernatremia? A patient with: - ....ANSWER >>>>Dehydration Hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are associated with - ....ANSWER >>>>Hypertonic hyponatremia A 52 year old diabetic male presents to the ER with lethargy, confusion, and depressed reflexes. His wife indicates that he does not follow the prescribed diet and takes his medication sporadically. Lab results indicate hyperglycemia. Which assessment finding is most likely to occur? - ....ANSWER >>>>Decreased sodium Which organ system should the nurse monitor when the patient has long term potassium deficits? - ....ANSWER >>>>Kidneys A nurse recalls regulation of acid-base balance through removal or retention of volatile acids is: - ....ANSWER >>>>lungs

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7. because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: - ....ANSWER >>>>1: A patient presents with poison ivy on the extremities, face, and buttocks. This condition is an example of: - ....ANSWER >>>>Delayed hypersensitivity A 25 year old male is diagnosed with a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal cortex. Which finding would the nurse expect to see in the lab results? - ....ANSWER

Decreased blood K+ levels A 10 year old male is stung by a bee while playing in the yard. He experiences a severe allergic reaction and has to go to the ER. The nurse providing care realizes this reaction is the result of: - ....ANSWER >>>>IgE

Which patient should the nurse assess for both hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? A patient diagnosed with: - ....ANSWER >>>>Renal failure When trying to distinguish between an infection disease and noninfectious disease, what is the hallmark symptom for most infectious diseases? - ....ANSWER >>>>Fever A 10 year old male is brough to the ER because he is incoherent and semiconscious. CT scan reveals that he is suffering from cerebral edema. This type of edema is referred to as: - ....ANSWER >>>>Localized edema The predominant phagocyte of early inflammation is the - ....ANSWER

Neutrophil Which patient will develop active immunity? A patient who: - ....ANSWER >>>>Has natural

exposure to an antigen or receives an immunization A 75 year old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to: - ....ANSWER

Ischemia Which of the following is a characteristic of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS? - ....ANSWER >>>>HIV is a retrovirus A patient has been searching the internet about natriuretic hormones. When the patient asks the nurse what do these hormones do, how should the nurse respond? Natriuretic hormones affect the balance of: - ....ANSWER Sodium Which of the following patients should the nurse assess for a decreased oncotic pressure

in the capillaries? A patient with: - ....ANSWER

Liver failure For a patient with respiratory acidosis, chronic compensation by the body will include: - ....ANSWER >>>>Kidney excretion of H+ When a patient asks the nurse what hypersensitivity is, how should the nurse respond? Hypersensitivity is best defined as: - ....ANSWER >>>>An excessive or inappropriate response of the immune system to a sensitizing antigen Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? - ....ANSWER >>>>Citric acid cycle A 55 year old male is diagnosed with hepatocellular cancer secondary to hepatitis C. If the cancerous region of the liver were removed, the remaining cells would undergo: - ....ANSWER >>>>Compensatory hyperplasia

Which statement by the staff indicates teaching was successful concerning aldosterone? Secretion of aldosterone results in: - ....ANSWER >>>>Increased blood volume Physiologic pH is maintained around 7. because carbonic acid and bicarbonate exist in a ratio of: - ....ANSWER >>>>1: After teaching the students about B cells, which statement indicates teaching was successful? B cells are originally derived from cells of the: - ....ANSWER >>>>Bone marrow When a nurse cares for a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), the nurse remembers this disease is an example of - ....ANSWER >>>>Autoimmunity A 25 year old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls

aspirin relieves the headache by: - ....ANSWER

Decreasing prostaglandin production A 10 year old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a response to the parasite? - ....ANSWER Eosinophils After a patient is exposed to a specific antigen, B cells will differentiate into - ....ANSWER Plasma cells The complement, clotting, and kinin systems share which of the following characteristics? - ....ANSWER >>>>Activation of a series of proenzymes A nurse is teaching the staff about antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Which information should the nurse include? Secretion of ADH is stimulated by: - ....ANSWER >>>>Increased plasma osmolality

The nurse would be correct in identifying the predominant extracellular cation as: - ....ANSWER >>>>Sodium Water movement between the ICF and ECF compartments is determined by - ....ANSWER

Osmotic forces A 20 year old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his hand? - ....ANSWER >>>>Neutrophils A macrophage was isolated and analyzed for major histocompatibility complex. Which of the following would be expected? - ....ANSWER MHC I and II When the nurse is checking urinalysis, the finding that would alert the nurse to cellular

injury is the presence of: - ....ANSWER

Excessive protein When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occuring within 6 to 14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as ___________ present. - ....ANSWER >>>>Rigor mortis When planning care for a dehydrated patient, the nurse remembers the principle of water balance is closely related to ________ balance - ....ANSWER >>>>Sodium A cell that is produced in the thymus and interacts with MHC class II molecules would have which of the following surface proteins? - ....ANSWER >>>>CD Outcomes of laboratory tests include an elevated level of natriuretic peptides. Which

organ is the primary assessment? - ....ANSWER

Heart Which statemtn indicates a correct understanding of antibodies? The most abundant class of antibody in the serum is: - ....ANSWER >>>>IgG A 6 year old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of the following will most likely try to fight the antigen? - ....ANSWER >>>>Antibodies The post-surgical patient is experiencing delayed wound healing. The dietician believes the delay is related to nutritional intake. A deficiency in which of the following substances could directly affect healing? - ....ANSWER Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)

When histamine is released in the body, which of the following responses would the nurse expect? - ....ANSWER >>>>Edema Which of the following statements indicates more teaching is needed regarding secondary lymph organs? _______ is/are a secondary lymph organ. - ....ANSWER >>>>The liver A 22 year old was recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which decreased lab finding would be expected to accompany this virus? - ....ANSWER >>>>CD T-helper When planning care for a cardiac patient, the nurse knows that in response to an increased workload, cardiac myocardial cells will: - ....ANSWER >>>>Increase in size A nurse is teaching staff about protein hormones. Which information should the nurse

include? One of the protein hormones is: - ....ANSWER >>>>Insulin A 30 year old male was diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Synthesis of which of the following would decrease in this patient? - ....ANSWER >>>>Thyroid-binding globulin If a patient's posterior pituitary is removed, which hormone would the nurse expect to decrease? - ....ANSWER >>>>ADH If a patient had a problem with the hypothalamus, which of the following hormones would be affected? - ....ANSWER

Oxytocin A nurse recalls insulin has an effect on which of the following groups of electrolytes? - ....ANSWER >>>>Potassium, magnesium, phosphate

A student asks the instructor which of the following is the most potent naturally occuring glucocorticoid. How should the intsructor respond? - ....ANSWER >>>>Cortisol If the patient has a problem with the pineal gland, which substance would the nurse monitor? - ....ANSWER >>>>Melatonin An aide asks the nurse what is the most common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion. How should the nurse respond? - ....ANSWER >>>>Cancer A 54 year old patient with pulmonary tuberculosis (lung infection) is evaluated for syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH). Which of the following electrolyte imbalances would be expected for this patient?

• ....ANSWER >>>>Hyponatremia

A 25 year old female with Graves disease is admitted to a medical-surgical unit. Palpation of her neck would most likely reveal: - ....ANSWER >>>>Diffuse thyroid enlargement A 3 year old male was diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism. The parents ask the nurse if left untreated what will happen. What is the nurse's best response? If left untreated, the child would have: - ....ANSWER >>>>Mental retardation and stunted growth A nurse is reviewing lab results for glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1C) levels. A nurse recalls the purpose of this test is to: - ....ANSWER >>>>Monitor long term serum glucose control A 55 year old female is admitted to the medical unit for complications of long-term, poorly controlled type 2 DM. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in addition to

elevated glucose? - ....ANSWER

Atherosclerosis When a staff member asks the nurse what causes the chronic complications of DM such as microvascular and macrovascular disease, how should the nurse respond? These complications are primarily related to: - ....ANSWER Hyperglycemia A 49 year old female is diagnosed with hypercortisolism. Which of the following would the nurse expect? - ....ANSWER Osteoporosis A newborn is diagnosed with congenital intrinsic factor deficiency. Which of the following types of anemia will the nurse see documented on the chart? - ....ANSWER Pernicious anemia

A 35 year old female is diagnosed with vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (pernicious anemia). How should the nurse respond when the patient asks what causes pernicious anemia? A decrease in ______ is the most likely cause. - ....ANSWER >>>>Intrinsic factor A 34 year old male presents in the emergency room with extreme fatigue and shortness of breath. His skin and sclera appear to have a yellowish discoloration. These assessment findings are consistent with which type of anemia? - ....ANSWER >>>>Hemolytic anemia A 15 year old male is diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis. When the patient asks how he got this disease, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: - ....ANSWER

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Thrombocytopenia may be: - ....ANSWER Congenital or acquired

A 1 year old female is diagnosed with anemia secondary to insufficient erythropoiesis. When the parents asked what caused this, how should the nurse respond? The most likely cause is: - ....ANSWER >>>>An iron deficiency A 12 month old toddler weighing 18 pounds is brought to the clinic because of weakness, slow physical growth, and developmental delays. His mother reports that the only food he will consume is cow's milk. Considering this information, the nurse decides that the child probably has ______ anemia. - ....ANSWER

Iron deficiency Sickle cell disease is characterized by the presence of Hb S. A nurse is trying to differentiate between Hb S and normal Hb. Which of the following amino acids is present in Hb S and not present in normal Hb? - ....ANSWER >>>>Valine

A 25-year-old female has a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. She does not have the disease. Which of the following characterizes the genetic makeup of the parents with regard to this trait? - ....ANSWER

Hb S and Hb A Which major symptom in a patient with sickle cell anemia indicates to the nurse, the patient is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis? - ....ANSWER >>>>Pain Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease? - ....ANSWER >>>>Malabsorption Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid? - ....ANSWER >>>>Parietal

A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: - ....ANSWER >>>>Decrease the heart rate A 20-year-old male underwent an echocardiogram to assess chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in papillary muscles. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur? - ....ANSWER

Backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies Iron deficiency Sickle cell disease is characterized by the presence of Hb S. A nurse is trying to differentiate between Hb S and normal Hb. Which of the following amino acids is present in Hb S and not present in normal Hb? - ....ANSWER >>>>Valine A 25-year-old female has a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. She does not have the disease. Which of the following characterizes the genetic makeup of the parents with regard to this trait? - ....ANSWER >>>>Hb S and Hb A Which major symptom in a patient with sickle cell anemia indicates to the nurse, the patient is experiencing a vaso-occlusive crisis? - ....ANSWER >>>>Pain Which of the following symptoms would help a health care provider distinguish between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease? - ....ANSWER >>>>Malabsorption Which cells of the gastric glands secrete hydrochloric acid? - ....ANSWER >>>>Parietal A nurse assesses the heart after acetylcholine because the effect of acetylcholine on the heart is to: - ....ANSWER >>>>Decrease the heart rate A 20-year-old male underwent an echocardiogram to assess chest pain. Results revealed a congenital defect in papillary muscles. Which of the following would the nurse expect to occur? - ....ANSWER >>>>Backward expulsion of the atrioventricular valves Clinical manifestations of bile salt deficiencies are related to poor absorption of: - ....ANSWER Fats and fat-soluble vitamins A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with orthostatic hypotension. Which of the following symptoms would he most likely experience? - ....ANSWER >>>>Correct ANSWER: Syncope and fainting