PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM Questions and Answers 2024.pdf, Exams of Nursing

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM Questions and

Answers 2024

A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?

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Answer

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Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci , Lactobacilli , Staphylococci , Enterobacteria , and Bacteroides , produce abdominal pain. Which cardiac chambers have the thinnest wall and why?

Selected

Answer

The right and left atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood.

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A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

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Answer

Ca ++: 8. mg/dL

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What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

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Answer

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Neural or muscular disorders Which gastric hormone inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion, as well as decreases the release of gastrin?

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Answer

Somatosta tin

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What is one function of the tumor cell marker?

Selected Answer:

T o s c r e e n i n d i v i d u a l s a t h i g h r i s k f o r c a n c e r

Why is leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injuries significant?

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Answer

Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis.

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The student wants information about a patient's renal function. What test does the healthcare professional tell the student to evaluate?

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Answer

Glomerular filtration rate

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A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best?

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Answer

Tell the student to get some normal saline instead.

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A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for?

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Answer

Hemosidero sis

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The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

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Answer

Prevalen ce

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A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum-containing antacids. What lab value does

the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?

Selected

Answer

Phosphate 1. mg/dL

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A student asks why some vaccinations are given orally and some are given by injection. What response by the professor is best?

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Answer

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Each route stimulates a different lymphocyte-containing tissue, resulting in different types of cellular and humoral immunity. A person wants to know if eating only plant-based foods is advisable as a way to cut cholesterol to near-zero levels. What response by the health care professional is best?

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Answer

No, many hormones are made from cholesterol.

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What is the initiating event that leads to the development of atherosclerosis?

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Answer

Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls

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The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the sinoatrial (SA) node because of what reason?

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Answer

It depolarizes more rapidly than other automatic cells of the heart.

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An amniocentesis indicates a neural tube defect when an increase in which protein is evident?

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Answer

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Alpha fetoprotei n

When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA?

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Answer

Kussmaul respirations

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A student learns what information about acute pancreatitis?

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Answer

Pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreatic cells and tissues.

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If a patient develops acidosis, the nurse would expect the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner?

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Answer

Shift to the right, causing more oxygen (O 2 ) to be released to the cells

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A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what?

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Answer

Resistance to insulin by insulin- sensitive tissues

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The healthcare professional explains to a student that the amount of volume of blood in the heart is directly related to the of contraction.

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Answer

Pressur e

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What is apoptosis?

Selected Answer:

• Question f 24 N chanism^ for^ cells^ to^ self-destruct^ when^ growth o is^ excessive r m a l m e

In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release what?

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Answer

Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation

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A professor has taught a student about skeletal alterations seen in chronic kidney disease. Which statement by the student indicates the professor needs to give more information?

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Answer

The parathyroid gland is no longer able to secrete sufficient parathyroid hormone.

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The action of platelet-derived growth factor is to stimulate the production of which cells?

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Answer

Connective tissue cells

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A patient is in severe shock and is receiving vasopressin. A student asks the health care professional to explain the rationale for this treatment. What response by the professional is most accurate?

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Answer

Antidiuretic hormone causes vasoconstriction to help increase blood pressure.

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What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?

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Answer

Salivation decreases.

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People diagnosed with neurofibromatosis have varying degrees of the condition because of which genetic principle?

1 fout fof f 1 fpoints

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Answer

Expressivi ty

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Which term is used to identify the movement of gas and air into and out of the lungs?

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Answer

Ventilatio n

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A healthcare professional wants to determine the adequacy of a person's alveolar ventilation. What assessment finding is most important for the professional to consider?

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Answer

Arterial blood gas shows a PaCO (^2) of 44 mmHg.

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Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?

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Answer

Seconda ry

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What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

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Answer

Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces

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What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

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Answer

Hypoxic injury

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A student asks the professor how a faulty negative-feedback mechanism results in a hormonal imbalance. What response by the professor is best?

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Answer

Excessive hormone production results from a failure to turn off the system.

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Oxygenated blood flows through which vessel?

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Answer

Pulmonary veins

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A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?

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Answer

Hypersecretion of aldosterone

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A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?

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Answer

Renal failure

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The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what?

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Answer

Endogenous pyrogens

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A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis. What statement by the professional would not be consistent with complete knowledge about this process?

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Answer

Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi.

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A healthcare professional tells a student that a patient has lost atrial kick. What would the student expect to see when examining this patient?

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Answer

Signs of decreased cardiac output

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During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?

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Answer

Sodium chloride enters the cell.

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The Bainbridge reflex is thought to be initiated by sensory neurons in which cardiac location?

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Answer

Atri a

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Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response?

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Answer

The immune response is specifi to the antigen that initiates it.

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A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this condition?

Selected

Answer

Vomitin g

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Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen?

Selected Answer:

A c t i v e - a c q u i r e d i m m u n i t y

What is the major determinant of the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the systemic circulation?

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Answer

Muscle layer of the arterioles

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Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

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Answer

Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease

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A patient asks the healthcare professional why tissue damage occurs in acute rejection after organ transplantation. What response by the professional is best?

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Answer

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Th1 cells release cytokines that activate infiltrating macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells directly attack the endothelial cells of the transplanted tissue. Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell?

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Answer

Glycolys is

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A patient reports dumping syndrome after a partial gastrectomy. What does the healthcare professional teach this patient?

Selected

Answer

Eat small, frequent high-protein meals.

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Which statement made by a student indicates the healthcare professional needs to describe the pericardium again?

Selected The^ pericardium^ protects^ the^ heart^ against^ infection^ and

Answer: inflammation^ from^ the^ lungs^ and^ pleural^ space.

The student asks the professor to explain what characteristic is demonstrated by lungs with decreased compliance?

Selected

Answer

Stiffne ss

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A student studying biology asks the professor to describe how the ras gene is involved in cancer proliferation. What explanation by the professor is best?

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Answer

A mutation in this gene allows continuous cell growth.

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How do free radicals cause cell damage?

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Answer

Giving up an electron, which causes injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane

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A patient had a myocardial infarction that damaged the SA node, which is no longer functioning as the pacemaker of the heart. What heart rate would the healthcare provider expect the patient to have?

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Answer

40 to 60 beats/min

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A patient is having a spirometry measurement done and asks the healthcare professional to explain this test. What response by the professional is best?

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Answer

To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration

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How does progressive nephron injury affect angiotensin II activity?

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Answer

Angiotensin II activity is elevated.

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What are blood pressure variations associated with?

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Answer

The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction

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During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

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Answer

Potassiu m

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A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet?

Selected

Answer

Iro n

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What is the blood type of a person who is heterozygous, having A and B alleles as codominant?

Selected A

Answer: B

A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review?

Selected

Answer

Duodenal ulcers occur with greater frequency than other types of peptic ulcers.

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A healthcare professional is conducting community education on vaccinations. Which

statement about vaccines does the professional include in the presentation?

Selected

Answer

Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms.

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Which hormone is required for water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

Selected

Answer

Antidiuretic hormone

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During the cardiac cycle, why do the aortic and pulmonic valves close after the ventricles relax?

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Answer

Reduced pressure in the ventricles creates a negative pressure, which pulls the valves closed.

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A healthcare professional is caring for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. What is the skin-related health risk the professional should assess the patient for and be prepared to treat?

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Answer

Infectio n

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A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition?

Selected

Answer

Low platelet count

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A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for pulmonary emboli (PE) as the priority?

Selected :

Answer

D e e p v e n o u s t h r o m b o s i s

A healthcare professional is working with a person who drinks several 6 - packs of beer a week. What testing does the professional encourage the person to get?

Selected

Answer

Hepatic function

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What physical sign does the healthcare professional relate to the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel?

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Answer

Murmur heard on auscultation

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What is the only surface inside the nephron where cells are covered with microvilli to increase the reabsorptive surface area called?

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Answer

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Proximal convoluted tubules A patient has been diagnosed with a renal stone. Based on knowledge of common stone types, what self-care measure does the healthcare professional plan to teach the patient when stone analysis has returned?

Selected

Answer

Increase water intake.

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A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best?

Selected

Answer

Excessive production of hydrochloric acid

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