Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM-

Rasmussen University Questions With

Correct Answers.

Monitor heart. Complications of the heart. - ANSWER- Low potassium (Hypokalemia) Epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol. Increase heart rate and increase in blood pressure - ANSWER- Catecholamines - Flight or fight response Plasma protein. It keeps water along with it. Water escapes into interstitial cell space. Swelling. Fluid is in the wrong places. Fluid in the peritoneal cavity. - ANSWER- Function of Albumin - decrease albumin - ascites Sodium and water retention - ANSWER- Function of aldosterone extracellular, interstitial, intracellular, intravascular - ANSWER- Different fluid compartments increased capillary hydrostatic pressure. Decreased albumin levels. - ANSWER- Causes of edema Sign is something you see. Objective you observe is a sign. Subjective is a symptom. Symptom is something the patient is feeling. - ANSWER- Signs and Symptoms Immune complex reaction. RA and SLE - ANSWER- Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples Contact with allergen - ANSWER- Cause of contact dermatitis Primary, secondary, tertiary - ANSWER- Levels of prevention Fatal to brain- Nervous system changes - ANSWER- Hyponatremia They will not listen to the signals of apoptosis cell death. They communicate and invade nearby organs - ANSWER- Metastatic cancer cells Powerhouse. - ANSWER- Function of the mitochondria Helps with the production of proteins synthesis. - ANSWER- Ribosomes After 50 years, every 10 years screening for colonoscopy. Stool for occult blood every year, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years - ANSWER- Colonoscopy

Helps in the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets. Hematopoiesis - ANSWER- Primary function of the bone marrow Swelling, pain, redness, warmth - ANSWER- Assessment findings with localized inflammation Increased amount white blood cells - ANSWER- Leukocytosis Uncontrolled modification of immature white blood cells, decreased RBC, and decreased platelet. Lead to bone marrow suppression - ANSWER- Leukemia Develop disease and develop immunity of disease (immunization). - ANSWER- Active immunity Transfer of antibodies of one person to another. - ANSWER- Passive immunity Abnormal uric acid metabolism - ANSWER- What happens with Gout? bone loss due to aging. Increased bone reabsorption than bone formation. - ANSWER- Osteoporosis Respiratory management - ANSWER- Priority assessment with myasthenia crisis produces blood glucose levels - ANSWER- Insulin helps to increase blood glucose levels. Breaks down stored glycogen into glucose. - ANSWER- Glucagon Body continues to produce growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates have been fused

• ANSWER- Acromegaly Increased growth hormone production during the growth period. - ANSWER- Gigantism calcium imbalance - ANSWER- Parathyroid gland problems Priority assessment with spinal cord injury - ANSWER- Maintaining the airway Change of the mental status. Indicator of brain function - ANSWER- Glasgow coma scale Diving accident - ANSWER- Examples for compression injury Problems during pregnancy and labor, irreversible changes before, during, and after birth. - ANSWER- cause for cerebral palsy

break in the artery. Sudden bleeding - ANSWER- Epidural rupture of the vein. Gradual or slow bleeding - ANSWER- Subarachnoid Due to bleeding - ANSWER- hemorrhagic occurs when a piece breaks off a blood clot that formed outside the brain, and the clot is carried to a cerebral artery and blocks it - ANSWER- Thromboembolic Compression of the brain. Decreased perfusion, and inflammation. - ANSWER- What happens with increases intracranial pressure Confusion, disorientation, restlessness, dilated pupils - ANSWER- Signs of increased ICP Brain injury resulting from the body's response to tissue damage. - ANSWER- What cause secondary brain injury after head trauma can lead to increase ammonia level in the blood - ANSWER- Encephalitis inflammation of the brain - ANSWER- Encephalitis inflammation of the meninges - ANSWER- meningitis Abnormal electrical discharges of the brain. Classified on the signs and symptoms. - ANSWER- Seizures Tremors, bradycardia, slow movement, mask like expression. Cause: decreased dopamine levels. - ANSWER- Parkinson disease symptoms Demineralization of the neurons - ANSWER- Multiple sclerosis Lack of blood flow to the brain. CT scan - ANSWER- Cause of CVA and diagnosis Secondary injury to the brain after reestablishing blood flow - ANSWER- Reperfusion injury Ventilator dependent patients priority - ANSWER- airway increased RBC production - ANSWER- Polycythemia Tissue hypoxia. Restore oxygen in the body - ANSWER- Anemia complication and treatment goal biopsy: you'll see reed Steinberg cells - ANSWER- Hodgkins lymphoma

affects the lymphatics. Upper part of the body - ANSWER- Hodgkins lymphoma affects the lymphatics anywhere in the body. - ANSWER- Non-hodgkins lymphoma · ventricular dysfunction. Problems in the heart. Common reason- Mi or heart failure. - ANSWER- Cardiogenic shock is caused by insufficient circulatory volume - ANSWER- Hypovolemic shock is caused due to sepsis - ANSWER- Septic shock loss of consciousness, tachycardia, hypotention - ANSWER- complications of shock Inflammation of the vein - ANSWER- phlebitis check the fluid overload in the lungs - ANSWER- CHF priority assessment EKG - ANSWER- chest pain first assessment Low cardiac output - ANSWER- What is the denominator of right and left side heart failure? Peripheral edema - ANSWER- Right side heart failure priority assessment? fluid on the lungs - ANSWER- left side heart failure priority assessment? Injury to the coronary endothelium - ANSWER- Atherosclerotic plaques Partial eclusion - ANSWER- Angina pectoris Causes a complete block. Angina partial block. - ANSWER- What happens with MI and angina? Damage to heart and kidneys - ANSWER- Complication of uncontrolled hypertension modifiable: diet, activity, sedentary lifestyle and nonmodifiable: age, sex, history - ANSWER- Hypertension pain can come anytime. - ANSWER- Unstable angina patient has chest pain during activity. Pain can go away at rest. - ANSWER- Stable angina narrowing of the bronchioles, dilation of the peripheral blood vessels and increase capillary permeability. - ANSWER- Anaphylactic shock symptoms

Decreased urine output, hypovolemia, hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, decreased blood pressure, dehydration, skin turgor - ANSWER- Signs of hypotension Insufficient delivery of oxygen and blood to meet the heart's demand. - ANSWER- What is coronary artery disease persistent, radiate to neck, jaw, and arm - ANSWER- MI venous blood stasis, damage to the venous wall and increase blood coagulation - ANSWER- Virchow's triad Pain and tissue damage - ANSWER- Complication with compartment syndrome Stress reduces blood flow to the gastric mucosa - ANSWER- Stress and peptic ulcer relation (H.Pylori infection) Helps with the secretion of intrinsic factor of vitamin B12 absorption - ANSWER- Function of parietal cells of gastric mucosa proximal duodenum - ANSWER- Frequent location of peptic ulcer Blood in the stool - ANSWER- What is occult blood occurs as a complication to portal hypertension - ANSWER- What is esophageal varices Making up complex structures from the simple structures - ANSWER- What is anabolic process Inflammation of the bladder. Vesico-ureteral reflux. Urine backflow. - ANSWER- Genetic defect with cystitis and what is cystitis Hormone associated with dysfunctional uterine bleeding - ANSWER- Estrogen Causes of pyelonephritis - ANSWER- UTI Flank pain - ANSWER- Kidney disease- location of pain Enlargement of the prostate gland. Dribbling of urine, difficulty initiating stream, unable to empty the urinary bladder, increased urgency, decreased urine output. - ANSWER- Symptoms with BPH Hypovolemia, hypotensive states - ANSWER- When is Renin-angiotensin system activated Cervical cancer - ANSWER- Human Papilloma virus

Sneezing, coughing, jumping - ANSWER- Stress Incontinence deficiency of insulin - ANSWER- Type 1 Increased of resistance - ANSWER- Type 2 Deals with hormones - ANSWER- What is the main function of endocrine system What is Grave's disease? - ANSWER- Hyperthyroidism increase heart rate, increase blood pressure, insomnia, increase metabolism, difficulty breathing, irritation - ANSWER- Hyperthyroidism symptoms weight gain, intolerance, always cold, constipation, low appetite, low blood pressure, heart rate low, anorexia. - ANSWER- Hypothyroidism symptoms Hypothyroidism in adults - ANSWER- Myxedema Deficiency of hormone ADH. Increased urine output - ANSWER- Diabetes Insipidus Type 1 diabetes. Fat is broken down into ketone bodies. Tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, abdominal pain, ketonuria, Kassumaul's breathing, acetone breath. - ANSWER- DKA Hypercortisolism. Increased cortisol production. Moon face, buffalo hump, fluid accumulation, weight gain. - ANSWER- What is cushing syndrome Pulmonary Hypertension leading to Rt side heart failure - ANSWER- What is corpulomonale leads to hypoxemia - ANSWER- Causes of respiratory distress syndrome hypoxemia and hypercapnia - ANSWER- Respiratory failure airborne precaution - ANSWER- Tuberculosis Air in the thoracic cavity. Chest tube insertion - ANSWER- What is pneumothorax and treatment Fluid in the pleural cavity - ANSWER- pleural effusion wheezing, dyspnea, and coughing - ANSWER- Asthma treatment with rescue inhaler albuterol - ANSWER- Asthma pons and medulla - ANSWER- Brain's respiratory center

barrel chest seen with air trapping in alveoli - ANSWER- COPD asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, COPD, cystic fibrosis. - ANSWER- Examples of obstructive pulmonary disorders excessive mucous production and these mucous blocks respiratory tract and GI tract - ANSWER- Cystic fibrosis Rupture of the alveoli. Barrel chest seen with air trapping in alveoli. - ANSWER- Emphysema due to allergy - ANSWER- Extrinsic bronchospasm following exercise - ANSWER- exercise induced asthma Causes of pulmonary embolism - ANSWER- DVT high risk group include sick and immunocompromised, older adults - ANSWER- Pneumonia 7.35-7.45 - ANSWER- Normal pH 35-45 - ANSWER- Normal PCO 22-26 - ANSWER- Normal HCO 0.8-1.2 - ANSWER- Normal INR Profuse bleeding - ANSWER- High INR symptoms equilibrium of the body - ANSWER- homeostasis stopping of bleeding - ANSWER- hemostasis first step is vasospasm - ANSWER- hemostasis can block any arteries, chronic pain, difficulty breathing, dehydration - ANSWER- sickle cell crisis bleeding and clotting occurs simultaneously, treatment is by identifying the cause. - seen as complication with sepsis - ANSWER- disseminated intravascular coagulation is tissue hypoxia - ANSWER- Anemia complication Hormone help in the RBC synthesis - ANSWER- Erythropoietin

Decreased platelets - ANSWER- Thrombocytopenia transfuse antihemophilic factor - ANSWER- Hemophilia treatment WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, platelet - ANSWER- Components of complete blood count Time taken for the clot formation - ANSWER- What is Prothrombin Time Albumin, Globulin, and Fibrinogen - ANSWER- List the plasma proteins Blood in the vomitus - ANSWER- Hematemesis What hormone helps in red blood synthesis - ANSWER- Erythropoietin