Pathophysiology Final Exam Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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(Verified Answers) 100 Questions

What is allergic asthma associated with? - correct answers ✅Type 1 Hypersensitivity; IgE mediated What are the S&S of ARDS? - correct answers ✅SOB, Shallow Rapid Breathing, Atelectasis (aveoli close), Dyspnea, Inspiratory Crackles, Respiratory Alkalosis, Decreased Lung Compliance, Hypoxemia What are the S&S of tension pneumothorax? - correct answers ✅Pressure that builds up and pushes the trachea towards the unaffected side; Absent breath sounds over affected lung What is cystic fibrosis? - correct answers ✅Excessive mucous coating in the lungs and pancreas; Genetic Disorder (Autosomal Recessive) Changes with an asthma attack: - correct answers ✅Wheezing, SOB, Bronchoconstriction, Dyspnea, Tachypnea (rapid breathing) How do you interpret ABG's? - correct answers ✅1. Look at pH (acidosis - low or alkalosis - high)

2. Check the CO2 (resp. indicator) - less than 35 (alkalosis) more than 45 (acidosis)

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3. Check the HCO3 (metabolic indicator) - less than 22 (acidosis) more than 26 (alkalosis)
4. Determine primary disorder (matches the pH)
5. Determine if its compensated (pH returns to normal or near normal) Respiratory Acidosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - correct answers ✅Elevation (increase) of pCO2 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Respiratory Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/CO2? - correct answers ✅Depression (decrease) of pCO2 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) Metabolic Acidosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - correct answers ✅Depression (decrease) of HCO3 -- Decreased pH (acidosis) Metabolic Alkalosis: What happens to the pH/HCO3? - correct answers ✅Elevation (increase) of HCO3 -- Increased pH (alkalosis) What are signs of renal cancer? - correct answers ✅No pain! Hematuria (Blood in the Urine)

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How do you manage end stage renal disease? - correct answers ✅Dialysis, Fluid Restriction, Low Protein Diet, Decrease Medication Doses, Anti-hypertensive, Give Ca Supplements, Give Erythropoietin Shot, Give Iron Supplements/Blood Transfusion (anemic) What do you call kidney pain? - correct answers ✅Nephralgia What is the most helpful test to determine renal function? - correct answers ✅Creatinine What bacteria is associated with acute pyelonephritis? - correct answers ✅E. coli What is the treatment for pre-renal kidney failure? - correct answers ✅Hypovolemia - Give Fluids What causes acute intrarenal failure? - correct answers ✅Kidney Stones (renal calculi), Renal Ischemia What do we see associated with SIADH? - correct answers ✅Fluid Retention (edema), Crackles in Lungs, Hypertension, Decreased Sodium (diluted)

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What causes myxedema coma? - correct answers ✅Hypothyroidism What is the main underlying condition for Type I and Type II Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Impaired Glucose Transport What is the difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Type I - Complete lack of insulin (Hyperglycemia) Type II - Insulin resistance on the cells What would we see with hypoparathyroidism? - correct answers ✅Decrease of Calcium (softer bones), Positive Chvostek's Sign, Tetany/Hyperactivity of Muscles/Tremors What is the therapy for Type I Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Give Insulin What is the therapy for Type II Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Diet, Exercise, Oral Antihyperglycemic Medicine (sensitizes cells to take up insulin) What are some complications of Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Paresthesia, Neuropathy, Retinopathy, Cardiac Problems, Hypertension, Nephropathy

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What is Celiac Spruce? What should you avoid? - correct answers ✅Gluten Intolerance Avoid Wheat Products: Wheat, Rye, Barley What do we associate with hepatic encephalopathy? - correct answers ✅Increased Ammonia Levels How do histamine antagonists work to manage peptic ulcer disease? - correct answers ✅Acts of H2 receptors - Coats the stomach and decreases the secretion of stomach acids What are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disorders? - correct answers ✅Chron's Disease Ulcerative Colitis Chron's Disease - correct answers ✅Hardening of the smooth muscles - things aren't being absorbed. Ulcerative Colitis - correct answers ✅Large ulcers form in mucosal layer of colon and rectum. Bloody Diarrhea (!)

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What are the major risk factors for patients developing peptic ulcer disease? - correct answers ✅Spicy Foods, Stress, NSAID medications, Glucocorticoids, Alcohol, H. pylori What are signs and symptoms of gastric ulcers? - correct answers ✅Pain when swallowing (dysphagia), Epigastric pain (goes away if they eat food), Vomiting Bright Red Blood, Coffee Grain Colored Stool What are potential risk factors for breast cancer? - correct answers ✅Early period & Late menopause, Late 1st pregnancy (after 30), Genetic history - especially if mom/sister has it What increases the risk for having candidiasis? - correct answers ✅Oral or IV Antibiotics How are hepatitis A,B,C contracted? - correct answers ✅A: Oral - Fecal B: Blood & Bodily Fluids C: Contaminated Blood Transfusions before 1990; Bodily Fluids

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What happens in acceleration and deceleration? (Coup/Contrecoup) - correct answers ✅Polar injuries of the brain within the skull resulting in double injury What is the 1st priority for a patient who comes in with S&S of a stroke? - correct answers ✅Protect the Airway - keep it opened! What is a tonic-clonic seizure? - correct answers ✅"Grand Mal" (aka: Generalized Seizure) Unconsciousness, Convulsions, Muscle Rigidity What stage of sleep do most dreams occur in? - correct answers ✅REM (Stage V) What are the poorest neurological symptoms we can see in an unconscious patient? - correct answers ✅Hyperactive/Hypoactive Reflexes, Pupil Restriction/No Response, Decorticate/Decerebrate Posturing What are the 3 parts of the Glaucoma scale? - correct answers ✅Verbal, Motor, Eye Movement Score of 3(least) - 15(best) What kind of hemorrhage do cerebral aneurisms cause? - correct answers ✅Subarachnoid

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What causes a cerebral aneurism? - correct answers ✅Ballooning out of a blood vessel - Atherosclerosis, Trauma, Hypertension, Infection What is the difference between focal and generalized seizure? - correct answers ✅Focal Seizure - affects 1 spot Generalized Seizure - all over the brain What are night terrors? - correct answers ✅Affects children, causes fear that is difficult to wake them up from. Fear is still persistent when awoken How do you determine how to treat a stroke? - correct answers ✅Determine if its a Hemorrhagic or Ischemic Stroke What are the S&S of Parkinson's disease? - correct answers ✅Pill Rolling, Shuffling Gait, Unintentional Tremors at Rest, Drooling What are the S&S of a right sided cerebral stroke? - correct answers ✅Life Sided Weakness

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What causes Encephalitis? - correct answers ✅West Nile Virus What are risk factors for hemorrhagic strokes? - correct answers ✅Hypertension What kind of things will you see with fibro myalgia? - correct answers ✅(18) Tender Spots, Pain w/o Inflammation, Fatigue What would you expect when a student comes in with S&S of a fever of 102, headache, and confusion? - correct answers ✅Meningitis - very contagious! Do children have higher or lower thresholds for pain than adults? - correct answers ✅Lower What happens to the brain signals in multiple sclerosis? - correct answers ✅Slow Down What is one of the main complications with spinal cord injury patients, even years later after the injury? - correct answers ✅Autonomic Dysreflexia What is a normal intracranial pressure? - correct answers ✅5 - 15 mmHg

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What will happen if a person has a intracranial pressure of 36? - correct answers ✅Cranium Herniation What are S&S of spinal shock? - correct answers ✅Loss of Reflexes Below Level of Injury, Disturbances of the Bowel and Bladder Function Somatic Pain - correct answers ✅On the body - superficial, arising from the skin described as sharp, dull, aching, or throbbing Visceral Pain - correct answers ✅Pain in the internal organs and lining of body cavities described as aching, gnawing, throbbing, intermittent A patient complains of pain, inflammation, pattern of detmatome? - correct answers ✅Herpes Zoster (Shingles) What is gouty arthritis caused by? - correct answers ✅Uric Acid What are the complications of fractures? - correct answers ✅Infection, Improper Healing, Too Much Protein in the Blood, Ischemia, Compartment Syndrome

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What are the complications of compound (open) fractures? - correct answers ✅Infection (open wound), Increased Bleeding, Muscle Damage, Emboli - Compartment Syndrome is NOT a problem with this!!! Why are women at an increased risk for osteoporosis? - correct answers ✅Decreased Estrogen Levels (Menopause) What is the difference between Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteoarthritis? - correct answers ✅Rheumatoid: Autoimmuned, Pain Decreases Throughout the Day, Chronic Inflammation, Affects Tissues & Joints Osteoarthritis: Pain Increases Throughout the Day, Inflammation in the Joints When is a bone completely healed? - correct answers ✅Once the Callus is Reabsorbed What is Osteomalacia due to? - correct answers ✅Vitamin D Deficiency What do you do for a patient who has a casted broken arm with no capillary refill and the fingers turned white? - correct answers ✅Cut the Cast Off

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What are S&S of rhabdomyolysis? - correct answers ✅Increased Potassium, Increased Proteins, Increased BUN/Creation, Tea Colored Urine When do your refer a person to the dermatologist for a mole? - correct answers ✅Painful, Bleeding, Uneven Boarders, Two-Toned (color), Larger than 1/2 cm, Change Over Time What are the most common causes of burns in children? - correct answers ✅Scalding What is scleroderma? - correct answers ✅Hardening of the Skin What is the 1st priority in caring for a burn patient? - correct answers ✅Save the Airway - keep it open! Why do we get atopic dermatitis or eczema? - correct answers ✅Allergic Reaction to the Skin What causes skin ulcers? - correct answers ✅Pressure, Shearing Force/Friction, Moisture

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What are melanocytes? - correct answers ✅Pigmented Skin What is the treatment of choice with major burn injury? - correct answers ✅Skin Graphing What type of shock do burn victims go into? - correct answers ✅Hypovolemic Shock - sudden loss of fluid What is impetigo? - correct answers ✅Crusty Infection due to Bacteria What is the aim of burn wound management? - correct answers ✅Infection Control Autonomic Dysreflexia - correct answers ✅Medical Emergency caused by simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activity (bowel or bladder distension pain or a pressure ulcer) What are S&S of Autonomic Dysreflexia? - correct answers ✅Hypertension, Bradycardia, Severe Headaches, Pallor below and Flushing above the cord lesions, Convulsions

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What are the normal ranges for pH, HCO3, and CO2? - correct answers ✅pH: 7. (acid) - 7.45 (base) HCO3: 22 (acid) - 26 (base) CO2: 35 (base) - 45 (acid) What is the major s&s that differentiates meningitis from encephalitis? - correct answers ✅Severe pain when moving the neck (extension/flexion) due to Inflamed Meninges What are the s&s of Vertigo? - correct answers ✅Loss of balance, Nystagmus (Rapid involuntary movements of the eyes) How are eyes damaged in Diabetes? - correct answers ✅Hypertension causes hemorrhage in the weak blood vessels What are the s&s of compartment syndrome? - correct answers ✅Pallor, Pain, No Pulse, Paresthesia, Paresis (slight/partial paralysis) How do you treat compartment syndrome? - correct answers ✅Make cuts to relieve the pressure

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What are the different types of skin cancer? - correct answers ✅Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous melanoma, kaposi sarcome What are the s&s of scleroderma? - correct answers ✅Decreased skin turgour, hard skin, hypopigmented skin, taut, shiny, difficulty moving fingers/joints What is the main difference between viral pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia? - correct answers ✅Viral- Dry Cough Bacterial - Cough up Mucous/Phlegm What happens to the lungs in ARDS? - correct answers ✅Pulmonary Hypertension, Oxygen has no effect on increasing the pulse-ox (hypoxemia), Atelectasis, Decreased Tidal Volume, Vasoconstriction, Fibrosis of Aveoli What are the s&s of COPD? - correct answers ✅Fatigue, Dyspnea, Cough, Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia (increased CO2), Cor pulmonale (right side heart failure), SOB What causes esophageal varices? - correct answers ✅Portal Hypertension, Gastric Acid Erosion

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What are the s&s of Cushing's disease? - correct answers ✅Increased ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), Wt. Gain, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Hypertension, Hyperglycemia, Decreased Potassium, Decreased Immune Function, Increased Sodium Why can prolonged seizure activity cause brain damage? - correct answers ✅Tissue Ischemia, Damage to the Neurons What happens in a myoclonic, absence, and a partial stroke? - correct answers ✅Myoclonic - sporadic (isolated), jerking movements Absence - brief loss of consciousness Partial - abnormal electrical activity is restricted to one brain hemisphere What is the classic sign of emphysema? - correct answers ✅Barrel Chest What is the classic sign of bronchitis? - correct answers ✅Productive Cough (Phlegm/Mucous/Sputum)