PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND100% CORRECT ANSWERS 2024, Exams of Nursing

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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM

QUESTIONS AND100% CORRECT

ANSWERS 2024

Which of the following would be a sign of right-sided Heart Failure?

• Increased Urination
• Peripheral Edema
• Pulmonary Edema
• Immunosuppression - ANSWER-Peripheral Edema Which of the following are clinical manifestations of left-sided heart failure? (Select all that apply)
• Jugular Vein Distention
• Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles Auscultated in Lungs
• Dyspnea - ANSWER-- Cough with Frothy Sputum
• Crackles auscultated in lungs
• Dyspnea Which medications would be used to treat a patient with heart failure?
• Antibiotics and Steroids
• Vitamin D and Calcium
• Calcium Channel Blockers and Zafron

• ACE Inhibitors and Beta-Blockers - ANSWER-ACE inhibitors and Beta-Blockers Which of the following is often the cause of pulmonary embolism?
• An autoimmune disorder
• A venous blood clot from lower extremity
• An increase in intracranial pressure
• Hypotension - ANSWER-- A venous blood clot from lower extremity Virchow's Triad contributes to pulmonary embolism formation. Virchow's Triad factors include all of the following except:
• Venous Blood Stasis
• Damage to the venous wall
• Venous blood hypermobility
• Increased blood coagulability - ANSWER-Venous blood hypermobility How does unstable angina pectoris differ from stable angina pectoris?
• Can only be diagnosed by changes in cardiac biomarkers
• manifests in ECG changes only
• Is not relieved by periods of rest
• Not as serious as stable angina - ANSWER-Not relieved by periods of rest

Which of the following organs are primarily affected by poorly managed hypertension?

• Bladder and Urethra
• Brain and Skin
• Heart and Kidneys
• Stomach and Intestines - ANSWER-Heart and Kidneys Management of hypertension involves multiple approaches including which of the following?
• Dietary Modifications
• Engaging in regular exercise routines
• Prescribing diuretics and/or anti-hypertensives
• All of the above - ANSWER-All of the above When arterial blood pressure declines, the cells of the kidneys secrete a hormone called ___ to increase blood pressure and peripheral resistance.
• Renin
• Antidiuretic Hormone
• Atrial Natriuretic
• Erythropoietin - ANSWER-Renin Which of the following are examples of complications of shock? (Select all that apply)
• Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute Renal Failure
• Clotting and Bleeding Disorders

• Increased Cardiac Output - ANSWER-- Multiple Organ Dysfunction
• Acute renal failure
• Clotting and Bleeding disorders What pathophysiological responses would you expect to find in a client who has anaphylactic shock?
• Bronchodilation, Peripheral constriction, Decreased capillary permeability
• Asthma, Deep vein thrombosis, hepatic encephalopathy
• Bronchoconstriction, peripheral dilation, increased capillary permeability
• Left-sided heart failure, pulmonary embolism, UTI - ANSWER- Bronchoconstriction, Peripheral Dilation, Increased Capillary Permeability What is the cause of Cardiogenic Shock?
• Severe Ventricular Dysfunction
• Acute Blood Loss
• Severe Atrial Dysfunction
• Suppression of the Sympathetic Nervous System - ANSWER- Severe ventricular dysfunction What is occurring in the body of clients with hypovolemic shock?
• Inadequate stomach acid
• Insufficient circulating blood volume
• Insect bite or snake bites

• Not taking enough diuretics - ANSWER-Insufficient circulating blood volume Obstructive shock is due to a mechanical obstruction impeding blood flow. Cause of obstructive shock include all of the following except?
• Spinal Cord Injury
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Cardiac Tamponade
• Tension Pneumothorax - ANSWER-Spinal Cord Injury Presentation of shock includes all of the following clinical findings except:
• Altered level of consciousness
• Hypotension
• Mental Clarity
• Tachycardia - ANSWER-Mental Clarity Septic shock is a common cause of death in the ICU. What causes sepsis?
• An overwhelming allergic reaction
• Severe inflammatory response to pathogens
• Unknown causes resulting in Hypertension
• Poor nursing and health care provider interventions - ANSWER- Severe inflammatory response to a pathogen Which of the following is a type of septic shock?

• Cardiogenic Shock
• Distributive Shock
• Obstructive Shock
• Hypovolemic Shock - ANSWER-Distributive Shock A disease where the client often has shortened (genetic mutation) dystrophin strand resulting in small tears in the muscles as they are used resulted in muscle degeneration is called what?
• Gower's Disease
• Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Fibromyalgia - ANSWER-Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Homeostasis - ANSWER-The maintenance of a constant, internal state. Allostasis - ANSWER-The process where the body response to stressors in or to maintain homeostasis Allostatic Overload - ANSWER-When chronic exposure exceeds the body's ability to cope Hypokalemia is - ANSWER-Potassium less than 3.5 mEq/L Hyperkalemia is - ANSWER-Potassium greater than 5.5 mEq/L

Hypovolemia is - ANSWER-A decrease in blood volume throughout the body Hydrostatic Pressure - ANSWER-The pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push the water out of the vessel Mitochondria - ANSWER-The organelle where most of the body's ATP (Energy) is made. Innate Immunity - ANSWER-The immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth Antibody - ANSWER-a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body Cytotoxic T Cells - ANSWER-A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells Histamine - ANSWER-A chemical mediator stored in mast cells that triggers inflammatory processes and causes itching Interstitial Fluid - ANSWER-"Liquid between the cells and the body" Fluid from the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries Pathogen - ANSWER-A disease-causing agent

Carcinoma - ANSWER-Cancer that arose in the epithelial tissue of the skin or the lining of the internal organs Leukemia - ANSWER-Cancer of white blood cells Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy - ANSWER-Often an X-linked recessive disease seen more often in males A condition that causes a "Bamboo-spine" appearance that is in an inflammatory disease causing vertebrae to fuse is called what?

• ANSWER-Ankylosing Spondylitis Cellulitis - ANSWER-Infection of the skin and soft tissues underneath Melanoma - ANSWER-The most serious form of skin cancer. A tumor of melanin-forming cells Actinic Keratosis - ANSWER-precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight Erythema - ANSWER-Redness of the skin (Superficial) Bullae - ANSWER-Fluid-filled blisters Osteoarthritis - ANSWER-progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces. Sometimes from wear and tear

What is fibromyalgia? - ANSWER-Chronic disease characterized by non-restorative sleep and muscle aches and stiffness in all four quadrants of the body Cardinal signs of inflammation - ANSWER-Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain, Pallor What is true of Psoriasis - ANSWER-Excessive Keratinocytes, Immune dysregulation, and Inflammation are part of the process On a complete blood count (CBC) with differential, a client with allergies will have high levels of which of the following? - ANSWER-Basal Cells and Mast Cells What electrolyte imbalance would the nurse with a client who has muscle tetany, positive trousseau and Chvostek's sign's? - ANSWER-Hypocalcemia, Low levels of calcium may affect the excitability of the nerve and muscle cells, causing cramps and abnormal muscle movements. What is the best way to prevent transmission of infections agents? - ANSWER-Wash Hands Which of the following describes Homeostasis? - ANSWER-A state of equilibrium or balance within the organism to maintain usual function What happens to a client with muscular dystrophy? - ANSWER- Progressive loss of muscle tissues

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) causes the release of many hormones. Including angiotensin 1, 2, and aldosterone. - ANSWER-Vasoconstriction and Increased Blood Pressure Which of the following occurs with the distribution of water between interstitial and intracellular compartments? - ANSWER- Osmosis What causes osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease? - ANSWER-The progressive loss of joint function to "wear and tear" How does rheumatoid Arthritis, an autoimmune condition manifest? - ANSWER-Chronic inflammation in affected joints What is one of the properties of cancer cells? - ANSWER-The ability to invade local tissues and overrun neighboring cells A client presents to the emergency department after sustaining burn injuries to her hands and forearms. Her skin appears red, swollen. What type of burn would this be classified as? - ANSWER- First degree burn Which of the following symptoms describe complications of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER-Pain and tissue damage What is a protective mechanism that protects the body when injured. What are the cardinal signs? - ANSWER-Loss of function, swelling, heat, redness, and pain.

What are the five P's of compartment syndrome? - ANSWER- Paresthesia, Pallor, Pain, Paralysis, and Pulselessness Which of the following causes edema? - ANSWER-Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure Osteosarcoma is one of the cancers of the bone. Which of the following describes osteosarcoma tumor? - ANSWER-Extremely Malignant Clinical manifestations of fluid excess include which of the following? - ANSWER-Bounding pulses and crackles in the lungs Intracellular fluid contains higher concentration of which of the following? - ANSWER-Potassium What is the function of Mitochondria within the cells? - ANSWER- Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for energy The nurse observes redness and feels warmth in an area of cellulitis, what is the direct cause of these clinical manifestations?

• ANSWER-Increased blood flow to the area A client presents with a single fracture straight across the bone without a break in alignment. - ANSWER-Simple transverse fracture

Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? - ANSWER- Potentially fatal due to swelling in the brain which of the following causes gout? - ANSWER-Excessive uric acid metabolism Which of the following is an example of type ll hypersensitivity? - ANSWER-Hemolytic disease of the newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetallis) - IgG or IgM Type 1 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-Anaphylaxis, IgE mediated Type 3 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-Rheumatoid arthritis, Immune- complex induced glomerulonephritis--Immune-Complex Mediated, formation of antigen-antibody complexes. Can cause systemic or localized reactions. I.e. farmer's lung, librarian's lung, rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (wolf face).

• IgG, IgM Type 4 hypersensitivity - ANSWER-contact dermatitis, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, T-Cells What are the steps of carcinogenesis? - ANSWER-initiation, promotion, progression Why is fibromyalgia frequently a misunderstood disorder? - ANSWER-The client has pain but no specific diagnotics

Which of the following causes itchy linear burrows on the hands and wrists? - ANSWER-Scabies What are matured monocytes that migrate from the blood into tissues and engulf foreign substances called? - ANSWER- Macrophages What happens when cells metastasize? - ANSWER-Cancer cells migrate to distant sites Fluid excretion occurs by which of the following? - ANSWER- Urination and Sweating Which immunoglobin (Ig) mediates the Type 1 Hypersensitivity reactions? - ANSWER-IgE A client has a potassium of 1.9 mEq/L. Which of the following is a potential complication of this electrolyte imbalance? - ANSWER- Cardiac Arrhythmias Which of the following would a client experience during the alarm phase of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - ANSWER- Resolution of fight-or-flight manifestations The nurse needs to explain to a colleague what defines active immunity. What would the nurse state about active immunity? - ANSWER-Active immunity comes either from an active infection or through immunizations

Which of the following topics are components of pathophysiology?

• ANSWER-Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment Implications, Clinical manifestation The bones serve as a reservoir for which ion/electrolyte? - ANSWER-Calcium Fluid volume deficits may result from which of the following? - ANSWER-Vomiting and Diarrhea A client diagnosed with heart failure reports to the healthcare provider a feeling of dizziness upon standing. - ANSWER-A symptom What is associated with psoriatic arthritis? - ANSWER-Psoriasis what causes osteoporosis? - ANSWER-An imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation what chemical does the body release during a stress response? - ANSWER-Epinephrine fight or flight response is manifested by which of the following? - ANSWER-Dilated pupils, increased heart rate, Increase heart pressure Which of the following effects does histamine, an inflammatory mediator, have on the body? - ANSWER-Causes the blood vessels to dilate

what is a complication of a bone fracture that causes decreased blood flow and is painful? - ANSWER-Compartment syndrome Shingles is a disorder of herpes zoster and has which of the following clinical manifestations? - ANSWER-Eruption of vesicles along sensory neuron dermatomes what typically causes contact dermatitis? - ANSWER-contact with a skin allergen What is cachexia? - ANSWER-Overall weightloss and weakness extracellular fluid contains higher concentrations of what? - ANSWER-Sodium and Chloride which of the following is a symptom of dehydration? - ANSWER- Thirst Which of the following is a simple lab test that can measure inflammation in a client? - ANSWER-Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ETR) Which of the following explains why women are at an increased risk for UTI? - ANSWER-in women, the opening of the urethra is in close proximity to the anus What is the main cause of chronic pancreatitis occurrences? - ANSWER-Alcoholism

Pyelonephritis is the infection of which of the following areas? - ANSWER-Kidney Which of the following describes hematuria? - ANSWER-Blood in the Urine Which of the following "Polys" occurs with type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER-Polyuria, Polydipsia, and Polyphagia The client has gallstones obstructing the bile duct. What symptoms would the nurse to expect to see in this client? - ANSWER-Severe right upper quadrant pain What is the difference between diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2? - ANSWER-Type 1 is due to lack of insulin production; type 2 is due to lack of a pancreas What is one of the causes of pyelonephritis? - ANSWER-Ascending urinary tract infection The client can expect which of the following concerns when infected with Herpes Simplex Virus? - ANSWER-A recurrence of symptoms periodically Which condition is the result of endometrial tissue growing outside of the uterus? - ANSWER-Endometriosis

Which of the following is a condition of the newborn eyes caused by the transmission of Chlamydia? - ANSWER-Ophthalmia Neonatorum What are the two main conditions responsible for chronic kidney disease? - ANSWER-Hypertension and Diabetes Which of the following can lead to an intrarenal kidney injury? - ANSWER-Clot in the renal artery What causes a rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? - ANSWER- Inflammation and Abdominal muscle spasm Which of the following electrolyte disorders is associated with Syndrome of Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone? - ANSWER- Hyponatremia Which of the following causes obstructions in the renal system? - ANSWER-Presense of a tumor and enlarged prostate A client presents to the emergency department with lower right abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and occasional diarrhea. After palpating the abdomen, the client displays rebound tenderness. What would the nurse anticipate the client is experiencing? - ANSWER-Appendicitis Which of the following injury is associated with prerenal kidney injury? - ANSWER-An episode of decreased blood flow to the kidneys. hemorrhage

What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANSWER-Cold intolerance, constipation, weight gain, Bradycardia Which of the following may a client be at risk for it they have the human papillary virus? (HPV) - ANSWER-Cervical Cancer Which electrolyte can cause fatal cardiac dysrhythmias for clients with chronic kidney disease? - ANSWER-Potassium A nurse is teaching a client about syphilis. Which information should the nurse include? - ANSWER-Syphilis can be fatal in the tertiary stage or the disease How many stages of syphilis are there? - ANSWER-4 stages: primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary (also known as neurosyphilis)

• Primary syphilis is the first stage of the disease. It causes one or more small, painless sores in or around the genitals, anus, or mouth. What is the order of the flow of filtrate through the kidneys? - ANSWER-The correct order for filtrate flow through a nephron is Glomerular capsule (Bowman's Capsule) , Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) , loop of Henle, DCT, collecting duct. When a client has abnormal functioning of the parathyroid glands, this can result in imbalances of which of the following electrolyte?
• ANSWER-Calcium

Which of the following organism is most often associated with pelvic inflammatory disease? - ANSWER-Chlamydia and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae What is most likely to cause a hiatal Hernia? - ANSWER-Increased intra-abdominal pressure Which of the following is a sign that a client is in oliguric phase of acute renal failure (ARL)? - ANSWER-Decreased urine output What causes diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER-Insufficient Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) production What are the main characteristics of Cushing Syndrome? - ANSWER-Excessive Cortisol Production, fluid retention, and moon- face appearance Which of the following is a problem related to benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH) - ANSWER-Inability to pass urine effectively Which of the following conditions would be expected with a client who has elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level with a decrease T3/T4 level? - ANSWER-Hypothyroidism Which of the following may result in a mechanical bowel obstruction? - ANSWER-Intussusception: A condition in which part of the intestine telescopes into itself.

Which symptom would a client with chronic gastritis likely exhibit?

• ANSWER-Hyperchlorhydria and ulcers Dysphagia - ANSWER-condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful chronic gastritis symptoms - ANSWER-burning or gnawing epigastric pain, nausea, weight loss, anorexia, and hematemesis Which of the following is an example of general cause of UTI? - ANSWER-E. Coli - Escherichia Coli Which of the following is an example of postrenal kidney injury? - ANSWER-An obstruction in the ureter Which of the following may occur if gastroenteritis is left untreated? - ANSWER-Electrolyte Imbalance and Dehydration Which of the following is a serious potential complication of gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD)? - ANSWER-Esophageal Cancer What of the following may occur with exposure to antibiotics? - ANSWER-Diarrhea What type of incontinence is caused by an increase in intraabdominal pressure due to activities such as coughing or sneezing? - ANSWER-Stress

Which of the following does helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) often cause - ANSWER-Peptic Ulcer Disease Which disorder is related to breaking down fats for energy in clients with type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER-Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Which of the following is a classic manifestation of glomerulonephritis? - ANSWER-Proteinuria What is most likely the cause of polyuria in renal insufficiency? - ANSWER-Loss of tubule function Which of the following are inflammatory bowel disorders? - ANSWER-Ulcerative Colitis and Crohns Disease Which of the following is the name of a medical emergency associated with hyperthyroidism, in which the client experiences fever, decreased levels of consciousness, and abdominal pain? - ANSWER-Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxicosis) Which condition is typically caused by genetic mutation? - ANSWER-Polycystic kidney disease What is the main purpose of dialysis for a client with kidney diease - ANSWER-Removes excess fluid and waste. Which condition leads to an excessive amount of growth hormone (GH) being released by the pituitary gland in adulthood after

epiphyseal plates of the long bones have fused. - ANSWER- Acromegaly Gigantism - ANSWER-abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

• childhood The neurologic system needs two main components to function: - ANSWER-Oxygen & Glucose What is the difference between a primary head injury and a secondary injury? - ANSWER-Primary is main injury and secondary is due to inflammation Why is intracranial pressure (ICP) measured? - ANSWER-Indicates pressure levels inside the cranium Deadly complication from ICP - ANSWER-the client can have a brain herniation An epidural hematoma is dangerous due to which below - ANSWER-An epidural hematoma is due to arterial bleeding A spinal cord injury can result in paralysis - ANSWER-TRUE How is a spinal cord injury diagnosed? - ANSWER-Diagnosis by imaging studies

What is a primary risk factor for Transient Ischemic Attack? (Temp. blockage of blood flow to the brain) Mini-stroke - ANSWER-A TIA is due to artherosclerosis: buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. What is the most important diagnostic for a stroke (CVA)? - ANSWER-Cranial CT A hemorrhagic stroke is due to which cause? - ANSWER-Client has a bleeding vessel in the brain Where is the most common location of cerebral aneurysms? - ANSWER-In the Circle of Willis: acts to provide collateral blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel disease or damage in one or more areas Serious complication of Epilepsy - ANSWER-Status Epilepticus: A seizure that lasts longer than 5 minutes, or having more than 1 seizure within a 5 minutes period, without returning to a normal level of consciousness between episodes What is the difference between a focal seizure and generalized seizure? - ANSWER-Generalized is due to whole seizure activity Identify the AS of Alzheimer Disease - ANSWER-Anomia(Aphasia), Agnosia, Amnesia, Apraxia Treatment of Alzheimers are medications to maximize functioning

• ANSWER-True

Brain tumor complications can result in death due to which - ANSWER-Increased ICP Multiple Sclerosis is characterized by which? - ANSWER- Demyelination of Neurons Destruction of which brain structure results in manifestations of Parkinson's Disease - ANSWER-Substantia Nigra: is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement. Parkinson's Disease manifestations are due to? - ANSWER-Under production of Dopamine Myasthenia Gravis is due to which cause? - ANSWER-Autoimmune IgG autoantibodies Determine the minute volume: Tidal Volume = 400ml ; Resp. Rate = 12 bpm - ANSWER-4800 ml/min Lung compliance is which below - ANSWER-Compliance is the 'stretch' and recovery of the lungs What is the role of the lungs in pH balance - ANSWER-The lungs manage CO2 balance Nosocomial Pneumonia results in which type of pneumonia? - ANSWER-Hospital acquired Pneumonia

Compliance with TB medication is important due to which complication? - ANSWER-Development of drug-resistant forms What are the problems when a client has a asthma attack? - ANSWER-Airway swelling and Mucus What is a life threatening condition related to an asthma attack? - ANSWER-Status Asthmaticus: respiratory failure that comes with the worst form of acute severe asthma, or an asthma attack What is Cor Pulmonale? - ANSWER-Pulmonary related right-sided heart failure Which condition is called 'pink puffer' - ANSWER-Emphysema: lung condition that causes shortness of breath; the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged Atelectasis is referred to as which complication? - ANSWER- Collapsed Alveoli Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is due to another serious condition - ANSWER-TRUE What is the hallmark of ARDS? - ANSWER-Refractory Hypoxemia What is the classic defining characterisitic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? - ANSWER-Reed-Sternberg cells