Pathophysiology Midterm Exam: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Pathophysiology Midterm Exam: Questions and Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

Walden University | Advanced

Pathophysiology 6501 | Midterm Exam

Facilitating Muscle Performance - Correct Answer Anaerobic glycolysis Initiation of Action Potential - Correct Answer Sodium gates open, sodium rushes in, membrane potential changes Karyotype in Klinefelter Syndrome - Correct Answer XXY Identifying a Proband in Pedigree Chart - Correct Answer First diagnosed person with genetic disease Genetic Principle for Varying Disease Degrees - Correct Answer Expressivity Cholesterol's Effect on Erythrocyte Membrane - Correct Answer Reduces oxygen- carrying ability Cause of Cystic Fibrosis Gene - Correct Answer Autosomal recessive Potassium and Sodium Transport Mechanism - Correct Answer By ATPase enzyme Predominant Extracellular Cation - Correct Answer Sodium Effect of ER Dilation on Protein Synthesis - Correct Answer Reduction in protein synthesis Principle for Distinguishing Aging from Diseases - Correct Answer It is difficult to tell the difference because both processes result from cell injury.

Diagnosis of 13-Year-Old Female with Short Stature and Single X Chromosome - Correct Answer Turner syndrome Location of Most Genetic Information during DNA Replication in Eukaryotic Cell - Correct Answer Nucleolus Most Common Cause of Down Syndrome - Correct Answer Maternal nondisjunction Transmission Pattern Associated with Huntington Disease - Correct Answer Delayed age of onset Risk Factors for Down Syndrome - Correct Answer Pregnancy in women over age 35 Role of Cytokines in Cell Reproduction - Correct Answer Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development Finding Supporting Diagnosis of Albinism in Newborn Male - Correct Answer Inability to convert tyrosine to DOPA (3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine) Direct Result of Sodium and Water Accumulation in Injured Cell - Correct Answer Decreased ATP production Determinants of Oncotic Pressure (Colloid Osmotic Pressure) - Correct Answer Plasma proteins Ion Transporter for Na+ and Ca2+ - Correct Answer Symport Stillborn Child with 92 Chromosomes - Correct Answer Tetraploidy Potassium Diffusion in Cells - Correct Answer Resting plasma membrane permeable to potassium

Hypothyroidism - Correct Answer Thyroid gland slower, less productive; insufficient T and T Thyroid Function Tests - Correct Answer T3, T4, TSH: Diagnosing hypo/hyperthyroidism Calcium Regulation - Correct Answer Parathyroid glands regulate calcium levels Thyroid Hormones and Functions - Correct Answer Thyroid hormones regulate metabolism, temperature; growth and development Iodine Requirement - Correct Answer Brain needs iodine to produce T3 and T Effects of Hypothyroidism - Correct Answer Slows everything down: metabolism, body functions Hyperthyroidism Definition - Correct Answer Excessive thyroid activity: increased T3, T4, TSH levels Loss - Correct Answer Hyperthyroidism: burning calories at an excessive rate, weight loss, stimulates sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response), heat intolerance, active GI (diarrhea) Anterior Pituitary Gland - Correct Answer The anterior part of the pituitary gland; produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Cushing's Disease - Correct Answer Remember: UP, UP, UP, DOWN, UP - HYPERnatremia, HYPERtension, INCREASED blood volume, HYPOkalemia, HYPERglycemia

Adrenal Cortex - Correct Answer Outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones Aldosterone - Correct Answer Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water to regulate BP, retention of sodium and secretion of potassium Cortisol - Correct Answer Stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex; increases blood glucose, breaks down fats, proteins, carbs, and regulates electrolytes Negative Feedback - Correct Answer Hypothalamus releases CRH --> pituitary gland releases ATCH --> adrenal cortex releases cortisol Increased - Correct Answer Cushing's disease has increased secretion of cortisol Decreased - Correct Answer Addison's disease has decreased secretion of cortisol and aldosterone; need to add some steroids Syndrome - Correct Answer Cushing syndrome is when an outside cause results in too much production of cortisol, like treatment with steroids Disease - Correct Answer Internal issue causing over production of cortisol Autoimmune - Correct Answer Addison's disease is typically a disorder where the body is attacking the adrenal cortex Cushing's - Correct Answer Symptoms: skin fragile, truncal obesity, small extremities with striae, excessive hair, 'moon face', buffalo hump, females - no menstruation, males

• ED, hyperglycemia Addison's - Correct Answer Symptoms: brownish hyperpigmentation of skin, diarrhea, nausea, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia, low bp, risk for shock

Anti-diuretic hormone - Correct Answer AKA Vasopressin, regulates water balance in blood Increase - Correct Answer SIADH will have increase in antidiuretic hormone Decrease - Correct Answer Diabetes insipidus will have a decrease in ADH Posterior pituitary gland - Correct Answer Stores and secretes ADH after hypothalamus produces it Pheochromocytoma - Correct Answer Benign tumor of adrenal medulla causing high BP, headache, sweating, panic attack symptoms Diabetic ketoacidosis - Correct Answer Acidity of blood caused by ketone bodies in type 1 diabetes mellitus Cerebral Coma - Correct Answer DKA causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and can progress to cerebral edema, coma, and death Deficiency - Correct Answer DKA: hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency causes an osmotic diuresis leading to marked urinary losses of water and electrolytes. Urinary excretion of ketones leads to additional loss of sodium and potassium Inflammation - Correct Answer Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium, often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space (pericardial effusion) Cardiac Tamponade - Correct Answer Acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity impairs cardiac filling leading to low cardiac output

Infective Endocarditis - Correct Answer Inflammation of endothelium that lines heart and cardiac valves. Most commonly damages mitral valve, then aortic and tricuspid valves. Commonly caused by bacteria that are normally present in the body. Can also occur after an invasive medical or dental procedure. Symptoms include valvular dysfunction, may affect organ systems, chest pain, CHF, clubbing, meningitis, low back pain, arthralgia, arthritis Myocarditis - Correct Answer Inflammation of the myocardium with necrosis of cardiac myocytes. Biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrate of the myocardium with lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and granulomas. Direct cardiomyocyte injury caused by an infectious or other cardiotoxic agent OR myocardial injury caused by an autoimmune reaction to an infectious or cardiotoxic agent Aortic Regurgitation - Correct Answer (Aortic Insufficiency) Incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole Aortic Stenosis - Correct Answer Calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole. Narrowing of the aortic valve obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta during systole Mitral Regurgitation - Correct Answer Mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood from the left ventricle back into the left atrium during systole Mitral Stenosis - Correct Answer Narrowing of the mitral valve orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle Mitral Valve Prolapse - Correct Answer Improper closure of the valve between the heart's upper and lower left chambers.

Pulmonic Regurgitation - Correct Answer Backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle. Pulmonic Stenosis - Correct Answer Narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle. Deep Vein Thrombosis - Correct Answer Blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb due to impaired venous return, endothelial injury, or hypercoagulability. Thrombi - Correct Answer Consist of thrombin, fibrin, and red blood cells with few platelets; without treatment can travel to the lungs causing PE. Hypertension - Correct Answer High blood pressure sustained SBP >130. BP= cardiac output x total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR). HTN leads to increased CO and TPR. What is the primary function of the Parathyroid Glands? - Correct Answer Answer: Regulating Calcium Levels What is the role of Aldosterone in the body? - Correct Answer Answer: Stimulates Sodium Retention and Potassium Secretion What is the main function of Cortisol during stress? - Correct Answer Answer: Increases Blood Glucose Levels and Breaks Down Fats, Proteins, and Carbohydrates Define Negative Feedback in Hormonal Regulation - Correct Answer Answer: Hypothalamus releases CRH, Pituitary releases ACTH, Adrenal Cortex releases Cortisol What are the symptoms of Diabetic Ketoacidosis? - Correct Answer Answer: Hyperglycemia, Hyperketonemia, Metabolic Acidosis