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Pearson Edexcel a level biology (9BN0/02) question paper 2 june 2024 salters Nuffield Q&A, Exams of Biology

Pearson Edexcel a level biology (9BN0/02) question paper 2 june 2024 salters Nuffield merged with mark scheme

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 12/16/2024

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Download Pearson Edexcel a level biology (9BN0/02) question paper 2 june 2024 salters Nuffield Q&A and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Pearson Edexcel a level biology (9BN0/02) question

paper 2 june 2024 salters Nuffield merged with mark

scheme

Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided. Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box. If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross. 1 Cells in the human brain use glucose as a respiratory substrate. (a) The diagram represents a glucose molecule. The letters P–V represent atoms or groups in the glucose molecule used as a respiratory substrate. P Q R V S U T (i) Which atom does R represent? A carbon B hydrogen C nitrogen D oxygen (ii) Which group does P represent? A CH 2 OH B CH 3 C COOH D OH 2

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(b) PET, MRI and fMRI are methods for scanning the brain. PET uses labelled glucose. This glucose can be detected so that PET can be used to identify brain tumours. (i) Describe the advantages of using PET and fMRI rather than MRI scans to investigate a possible tumour in the brain. (2)

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) The images show brain scans produced from two imaging techniques other than PET. Image 1 Image 2 (Source: ZEPHYR/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY) (Source: ALFRED PASIEKA/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY) State how image 1 can be identified as being produced by CT and image 2 by MRI. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ■■■■ 3 Turn over

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(c) The diagram shows a human brain. P Q Brain tumours can change brain function. Describe the possible effects of brain tumours in parts P and Q. (2) P................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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phosphorylated three carbon compound glycerol 2 A range of organic molecules can be synthesised in metabolic reactions in mammals. These organic molecules include pyruvate, lactate and vitamin C. (a) In human liver cells, glycerol can be converted to pyruvate. This conversion involves glycolysis as shown in the diagram. X X Which of the following is molecule X? A adenosine diphosphate (ADP) B adenosine triphosphate (ATP) C nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) D reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH + H+) (b) Explain why human muscle cells sometimes convert pyruvate to lactate.

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(c) Many mammals such as cows can synthesise vitamin C from glucose in the liver. Vitamin C solutions can be prepared from fresh or frozen cow liver. Devise an investigation to compare the vitamin C content of these solutions. (4)

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3 In 2021, there was an accident at a nuclear power station in Spain. There was no radiation leak but carbon dioxide was released. Some people were taken to hospital showing symptoms of carbon dioxide poisoning after inhaling carbon dioxide. Their symptoms included rapid breathing and an increased heart rate. (a) (i) Explain why rapid breathing is a symptom of carbon dioxide poisoning. (4)

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(b) Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were also recorded for the people with carbon dioxide poisoning. The diagram shows part of an ECG. K (Source: KATERYNA KON/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY) Explain the role of the atrioventricular node (AVN) in the events happening at K on the ECG. (3)

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4 Mutations are rare changes in the sequence of bases in DNA. (a) Each body cell contains 6 billion base pairs. The mutation rate for human cells has been estimated to be 2.5 × 10 –^8 mutations per base pair per cell cycle. Calculate how many mutations could happen per body cell in one cell cycle. (1) Answer.............................................................. (b) Some mutations affect the phenotype of the organism. (i) The DNA template strand is involved in the synthesis of mRNA. The anticodons of the first four tRNA molecules that carry amino acids into a ribosome are shown. UAC GGA UCG AAC Determine why the sequence of bases in these anticodons is 83% the same as the sequence of bases on the DNA template strand. (2)

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(ii) Explain why a change in the DNA sequence can change the phenotype of an organism. (3)

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(c) Mutations can affect the metabolism of glycogen in fast twitch muscle fibres. Explain why fast twitch muscle fibres contain more glycogen than slow twitch muscle fibres. 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5 The resting heart rate varies between individuals for a variety of reasons. (a) An adult male had a resting heart rate of 90 beats per minute. The systole stage was found to be 30% of his cardiac cycle. Calculate the length of time for a single systole stage for this person. (2)

. .....................................................seconds (b) Some people with high blood pressure have a 100% increased risk of developing CVD. (i) State what is meant by a 100% increased risk. (1) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii) This person could be treated with antihypertensives. Give two risks of this treatment. (2) 1............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 ■■■■

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(iii) Explain how antihypertensives can reduce the risk of developing CVD. (4)

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6 In 2018, there were 7340 non-identical twins born in the UK. Each set of twins was the outcome of two egg cells each fertilised by a different sperm cell. (a) Which of the following shows the probability of a pair of non-identical twins being the same sex? A 0. B 0. C 0. D 1. (b) Explain how a sperm cell is adapted for its role in fertilisation.

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(c) At fertilisation, a zygote is formed. The zygote is a totipotent cell. The zygote then divides repeatedly to form an embryo. There are pluripotent cells in a five-day-old embryo. (i) Describe the differences between pluripotent stem cells and totipotent stem cells. (3)

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(ii) Stem cells divide by mitosis. Describe the role of centromeres in mitosis. 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7 The human retina contains rod cells and three types of colour sensitive cell. This allows full colour vision. However, there are many inherited conditions that can affect these cells. (a) The diagram shows a section through a typical human retina. State why the retina can be described as a tissue. (2)

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b) One recessive genetic condition affecting the eye is fundus albipunctatus. In this condition the speed of rhodopsin formation in rod cells is reduced after exposure to bright light. (i) Describe the process of rhodopsin formation in rod cells after exposure to bright light. (2) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 ■■■■

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Key a shaded shape shows the person has the condition (ii) The diagram shows three family pedigrees. Each pedigree shows the inheritance of a different genetic condition. Only one of the pedigree diagrams definitely shows that fundus albipunctatus is inherited as a recessive condition. Pedigree 1 Pedigree 2 Pedigree 3 Explain which family pedigree shows the inheritance of fundus albipunctatus. (2)

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(ii) Some people do not have full colour vision and are described as being colour blind. Colour blindness is a recessive condition. An investigation was carried out to discover the number of male and female people who are colour blind, in a sample of the UK population. It was found that 4.5% of the sample were colour blind as shown in the table. Type of colour blindness Number of females Number of males Blue 1 2 Green 10 91 Red 2 25 The percentage of males in the whole sample was 55%. Calculate the number of males in the whole sample who have full colour vision. (3) Answer.............................................................. 18 ■■■■

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(iii) Deduce how colour blindness is inherited. (4)

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8 Phytochromes are photosensitive pigments in plants that absorb light. (a) A phytochrome consists of a protein bonded to a non-protein molecule. (i) Which of the following is the location for the synthesis of protein in a cell? A centrioles B Golgi apparatus C lysosomes D rough endoplasmic reticulum (ii) Which of the following is the location where carbohydrate can be added to a protein molecule in a eukaryotic cell? A cytoplasm B Golgi apparatus C lysosome D smooth endoplasmic reticulum (iii) Which of the following describes a peptide bond? A bond between a carbon atom on one amino acid and a carbon atom on another amino acid B bond between a nitrogen atom on one amino acid and a carbon atom on another amino acid C bond between a nitrogen atom on one amino acid and an oxygen atom on another amino acid D bond between an oxygen atom on one amino acid and a carbon atom on another amino acid 20

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(b) The non-protein part of phytochrome is a light absorbing pigment. Light of a suitable wavelength and duration can stimulate plant growth. (i) What happens to phytochrome in the dark? A B C D (ii) Explain how the response of phytochrome to a light stimulus can cause an increase in plant growth.

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Converted To phytochrome Rapidly far red Rapidly red Slowly far red Slowly red

9 Many organisms that live in the sea produce poisonous chemicals called neurotoxins. (a) Pufferfish produce a neurotoxin called tetrodotoxin (TTX). This is believed to be a defence against predators. An investigation studied TTX from five individuals of the same species of pufferfish. (i) The investigation showed that the distribution of TTX within the pufferfish varies, as shown in the table. Tissue Mean concentration of TTX / mass per gram of tissue Liver 0.046 mg Muscle 2.000 μg Gonad (ovary/testis) 0.365 mg Skin 25.000 μg Calculate the percentage difference in mean concentration of TTX in pufferfish liver tissue compared with skin tissue. (2) ...................................................... % 22 ■■■■

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(ii) The investigation also tested the toxicity of the different tissues from each of the five pufferfish. The level of toxicity was tested in mice, and the results are shown in the table. Level of toxicity per gram of pufferfish tissue / arbitrary units Sex of fish Liver Muscle Gonad Skin Female 126 4 398 18 Female 239 6 485 17 Female 112 4 350 16 Male 4 3 3 15 Male 4 3 4 17 Some humans eat pufferfish. Describe why mice were used to determine the level of toxicity. (3)

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*(b) Conus is a predatory marine snail. It uses a neurotoxin, conotoxin, to paralyse the muscles of its prey. The neurotoxins conotoxin and TTX work in different ways:

  • Conotoxin inhibits calcium ion movement across the cell surface membrane
  • TTX inhibits sodium ion movement across the cell surface membranes Discuss how the investigations support the potential use of neurotoxins as painkillers and treatments for uncontrolled muscle movement in humans. 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