PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions and Answers: Pharmacology Basics, Exams of Advanced Education

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Codeinei-iCorrectiAnswer-0.5%iopiumi Painirelief Morphinei-iCorrectiAnswer-10%iopium Immenseipainireliever Goldistandardidrug Curarei-iCorrectiAnswer- Indigenousipeopleidippediarrows,icausingiparalysisitoianimals PauliEnrlichi(fatheriofichemo) GerhardiDomagk AlexanderiFleming SelmaniWaksman Mortoni-iCorrectiAnswer-Organoarsenicals-->isyphilis Sulfaidrugs Penicillin Streptomyocini(TB)

Ether Receptori-iCorrectiAnswer- Moleculeilocatedionitheiinsideiorioutsideiofiaicellithatihasiairegulatoryiro leiinihomeostasis Agonistsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Drugsithatibinditoiaireceptoriandistimulateiit Antagonistsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Drugsithatibinditoiaireceptoributiblockitheiresponseithatiitinormallyielici ts Dose-ResponseiRelationshipi-iCorrectiAnswer- Intensityiisiproportionalitoidosage Lowidosei=ilittleiresponse;inotienoughireceptorsiactivatedi Thresholdidosei=ienoughireceptorsiactivateditoielicitiresponsei Pastithresholdi=ismalliincrementsiinidoseileaditoiincreasingiintensityiinir esponsei Maxieffecti=imaximaliresponse;ionceiyouiincreaseitheidoseipastimaximu mithereiisinoiincreaseiiniresponse EDi 50 i-iCorrectiAnswer-Doseithatiresultsiini50%iofitheimaximumieffect Doseithatiisieffectiveiini50%iofitheipopulation

Efficacyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theimaximumiresponseithaticanibeiproducedibyiaidrug Potencyi-iCorrectiAnswer-Theistrengthiofitheidrugi Theiamountithatimustibeigiveniiniorderitoigetiaicertainiresponse TherapeuticiRangei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theidoseiofiaidrugithatikeepsibloodiconcentrationsiaboveitheiminimumi needediforiairesponseibutibelowitheitoxiciresponseiconcentrationi Inibetweeniineffectiveianditoxic Bioavailabilityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theifractioniofitheiadministeredidrugithatientersitheibloodstreami(i.e.i 1 00%iforiIViadministration) Absorptioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Movementiofiaidrugifromisiteiofiadministrationitoitheiblood Distribution/Redistributioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Movementiofiaidrugifromiblooditoitheisiteiofiactioni(i.e.itissue) Metabolism/Biotransformationi-iCorrectiAnswer- Conversioniofiaidrugitoiaidifferentichemicalicompound;ioccursimainlyiini theiliver

Excretioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Movingiaidrugiandiitsimetabolitesioutiofitheibody HalfiLifei-iCorrectiAnswer- Timeineedediforitheiliveriandikidneyitoiremoveihalfiofitheidrugifromithei body Teratogenesisi-iCorrectiAnswer-Drugiproducesibirthidefects TherapeuticiIndexi(TI)i-iCorrectiAnswer-=iTD50/ED HigheriTIi=iSaferiDrugi LoweriTIi=iGreaterichanceiofitoxicity TDi 50 i-iCorrectiAnswer-Theidoseithatiisitoxiciini50%iofitheipopulation Drug-DrugiInteractionsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Oneidrugichangesitheipharmacologicalieffectiofiaisecondidrugi

• ialtersitheiabsorption,imetabolismioriexcretioniofitheiother Tyraminei(Drug-FoodiInteractions)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Foundiinicheese;iraisesibloodipressurei NormallyibrokenidowniinitheiliveribyiMAOi DrugsithatiinhibitiMAOi(i.e.iantidepressants)imeanithatiitican'tibeibroke nidown;iresultsiiniincreasedibloodipressure

Grapefruiti(Drug-FoodiInteractions)i-iCorrectiAnswer- InhibitsienzymesiinitheiGIitractithatimetabolizeidrugsi Resultsiinihigheribloodilevelsiofitheidrug;iincreasediriskiofiOD Placeboi-iCorrectiAnswer-Aniinertisubstanceimasqueradingiasiaidrug Ataxiai-iCorrectiAnswer-Lossioficoordination Neurogenesisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Newineuronsiareicontinuouslyigenerated Neuroplasticityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Connectionibetweenineuronsiareiconstantlyibeingireshaped Synapsei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theijunctionibetweenitwoineurons;iwhereioneineuron'siaxoniendsiandit heiother'sidendrite/cellibodyibegins Neurotransmittersi-iCorrectiAnswer- Endogenousichemicalsithatitransmitiaisignalibetweenitwoineurons Glutamatei-iCorrectiAnswer- Primaryiexcitatoryineurotransmitter;iactsioniglutamatergicireceptors

GABAi-iCorrectiAnswer- Primaryiinhibitoryineurotransmitter;iactsioniGABAergicireceptors AcetylcholineiReceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Nicotinici Muscarinic NorepinephrineiReceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer-AlphaiandiBeta ClassesiofiOpioidiPeptidesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Enkephalinsi Endorphinsi Dynorphins OpioidiReceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer-mu deltai kappa Reinforcementi-iCorrectiAnswer- Theigoodifeelingiobtainedifromiaidrugithatiencouragesitheiuseritoikeepi usingiitidueitoithisiproportionateirelationship

DopamineiHypothesisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Drugsiofiabuseiincreaseidopamineiinitheirewardi(limbic)isystemsiofitheib rain DrugiTolerancei-iCorrectiAnswer- Repeatediadministrationiofiaigivenidoseiofiaidrugihasiprogressivelyilessi pharmacologicalieffect CrossiTolerancei-iCorrectiAnswer- Theiresistanceitoioneidrugibecauseiofiresistanceitoiaipharmacologicallyis imilaridrug SubstanceiAbusei-iCorrectiAnswer- Substanceiuseimanifestedibyisignificantiadverseiconsequences;iexcessi veiuseiofilegalisocialidrugs SubstanceiDependencei-iCorrectiAnswer-Tolerancei Withdrawali Addiction BloodiDoping/Erythropoietini-iCorrectiAnswer- Reinfusioniofiathletesiredibloodicellsibeforeiperformanceitoiincreaseith eiamountiofiRBCsiproducedibyitheibodyi Increasesitheioxygenicarryingicapacityiofitheiblood

CerebraliCortexi-iCorrectiAnswer- Coordination,imentaliprocesses,imemory,iconsciousness Thalamusi-iCorrectiAnswer-Transmitsiimpulsesitoicerebralicortex Painisensation LimbiciSystemi-iCorrectiAnswer-memoryi+iemotioni+irewardi containsidopaminergicirewardicentres;iDopamineihypothesis Hypothalamusi-iCorrectiAnswer- Involuntaryifunctionsi(heartirate,ibodyitemperature,ifeeding,idrinking) PituitaryiGlandi-iCorrectiAnswer- Secretesihormonesithatiactoniperipheralitissues Midbraini-iCorrectiAnswer-Linksiforebrainiandihindbrain Ponsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Conductsisignalsifromitheicerebralicortexitoitheimedullaiandicerebellum Medullai-iCorrectiAnswer-Controliofiinvoluntaryiactivityi Depressedibyidrugsithatidepressirespiratoryifunctioniandibloodipressur e

Cerebellumi-iCorrectiAnswer-Coordinationiandiposture Virusi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aismall,iinfectiousiagentithatiisionlyiableitoimultiplyiwithinitheilivingicell siofiotheriorganisms,iincludingianimals,iplants,iandibacteria Antibiotici-iCorrectiAnswer- Chemicalisubstanceithatisuppressesitheigrowthiofibacteriai Purposeiisitoistopibacterialiinfection BacteriostaticiEffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Inhibitibacterialigrowthiandireproduction BacteriocidaliEffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Directlyikillitheibacteria GramiNegativei-iCorrectiAnswer-Thinipeptidoglycanilayer Outerimembrane GramiPositivei-iCorrectiAnswer-Thickipeptidoglycanilayeri Noiouterimembrane Penicillinasei-iCorrectiAnswer-Enzymeithatibreaksidownipenicillin

PenicilliniVi-iCorrectiAnswer- MoreiacidistableithaniPenicilliniG;icanisurviveistomachiacidi MoreientersitheibloodithaniGiwhenitakeniorally Methicillini-iCorrectiAnswer-Resistantitoiattackibyipenicillinase AmpicilliniandiAmoxicillini-iCorrectiAnswer- Broaderispectrum;icanitargetigraminegativeibacteriai(ieitreatiUTIs) Augmentini-iCorrectiAnswer- Combinationisemisyntheticipenicillinithatihasiaipenicillinaseiinhibitori Combatsipenicillinaseiproducingistrainsiofibacteria PenicilliniGi-iCorrectiAnswer-NaturaliPenicillini Narrowispectrum;itargetsigrami+ibacteriai Treatsisyphilis,ipneumonia,ieariinfectioni.. Penicillini-iCorrectiAnswer-Inhibitsitheiformationiofitheicelliwall Cellsiareiproducediwithoutiaicelliwall,imakingithemifragileiandieasilyilys ed Cephalosporinsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Similaritoipenicillinsi

Moreiresistantitoipenicillinase Selectiveiinhibitorsiofibacterialicelliwallisynthesis Feveriandiskinirashes;irenalitoxicityimayioccuri(rare) Allergicitoipenicillini=iallergicitoicephalosporins Fluoroquinolenesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Antibiotics;iInhibitorsiofibacterialiDNAisynthesisi Oral/IVitherapyitoitreatigrami-iandi+ibacteriai Ciprofloxacin Tetracyclinesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Antibiotics;iInhibitorsiofiproteinisynthesisi Broadispectrumi Bacteriostatici Bindi30SiribosomalisubunitiofitRNA;ipreventiadditioniofiaminoiacidsitoit heigrowingichain AdverseiEffectsiofiTetracylinesi-iCorrectiAnswer- GI;inausea,ivomiting,idiarrheai Teethidiscolorationi Canibreakdowniintoitoxiciproductsiifistorediforitooilong

Macrolidesi(i.eierythromycin)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Antibiotic;iInhibitorsiofiproteinisynthesisi Targetigrami+ibacteriai Usediifisomeoneiisiallergicitoipenicillin Bindi50Siribosomalisubunit;ipreventipeptideibondiformation AdverseiEffectsiofiMacrolidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Nausea,ivomiting,idiarrhea AntifolateiDrugsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Inhibitifolateimetabolismi(needediforibacteriaitoisynthesizeiDNAiandipr oteins) Sulfonamidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- InhibititetrahydrofoliciacidisynthesisibyiinhibitingiPABAifromiincorporat ingiintoidihydropteroiciacid Trimethoprimi-iCorrectiAnswer- Inhibitsitetrahydrofoliciacidisynthesisibyiinhibitingidihydrofoliciacidired uctase AntibioticiResistanceiDevelopmenti(x4ifactors)i-iCorrectiAnswer- 1)iEvolutioni 2)iOver-prescribingiofiantibiotics 3)iPatientsinotifinishingitheiritreatment

4)iOver-useiofiantibioticsiinilivestockiandifishifarmingi. Co-trimoxazolei-iCorrectiAnswer-Trimethoprimi+iSulfamethoxazole Contraceptioni-iCorrectiAnswer-Theipreventionioficonception FixediCombinationi-iCorrectiAnswer- FixediamountiofiEstrogeniandiProgesteronei Takenifromi5thi-i25thidayioficycle Multiphasici-iCorrectiAnswer-FixediEstrogeni VariableiProgesteronei(increasesiweekly)i Drugiofichoice;imimicsinaturalicycle Continuousi-iCorrectiAnswer- EstrogeniandiProgesteroneitakenifori 28 idaysi(noidrugifreeiperiod)i Noimenstruationi-igoodiifiyouihaveiaiproblematicimenstrualicycle Mini-Pilli-iCorrectiAnswer-Daily,ilowidoseiofiprogesteronei Problemiofibleedingibetweeniperiods TheiShoti-iDepoiProverai-iCorrectiAnswer- Progestiniinjectediintramuscularlyieveryi 3 imonthsi

Riskiofibreakthroughibleeding IUDi-iCorrectiAnswer-Implantediintoiuterusi Releasesiprogestini Effectiveifori 5 iyears Norplanti-iCorrectiAnswer- Siliconitubesiofiprogestiniimplantediunderitheiskini Drugireleasedioveritheicourseiofi 5 iyears Antiprogestin;iPoist-CoitaliContraceptivei-iCorrectiAnswer- Blocksitheiactivationiofiprogesteroneireceptoriinitheiendometrium,icau singimenstruationi Takeniafteriaimissediperioditoiinitiateimenstruationiandiabort Gossypol;iMaleiContraceptivei-iCorrectiAnswer- Destroysipartiofitheiseminiferousitubulesi-idecreasesispermiproductioni Noinegativeieffectionisexidriveioritestosterone Testediandi99%ieffectiveiiniChina Grandparentingi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aiprocessiwhereinewiregulationsidoinotiapplyitoithoseiproductsialreadyi onitheimarketi I.e.isaleiofiacetaminophen

Analgesici-iCorrectiAnswer-Painireliever Antipyretici-iCorrectiAnswer-Feverireducer Prostaglandinsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Endogenousisubstancesithatienhanceimediationiofipainiandifeveri Haveiairoleiiniinflammation AspiriniMOAi-iCorrectiAnswer-Inhibitsisynthesisiofiprostaglandinsi Alsoiinhibitsiplateletiaggregationiandiclotiformation AspiriniAdverseiEffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Tinnitusi ReyesiSyndromei(children)i AllergiciReactionsi GastriciIrritation AcetaminopheniMOAi-iCorrectiAnswer- Inhibitiprostaglandinisynthetasesi(cooxygenaseiIiandiII)iwhichiareirespo nsibleiforitheiformationiofiprostaglandins AcetaminopheniAdverseiEffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer-ODi-->iliverifailure

NSAIDsi-iCorrectiAnswer-MostieffectiveiOTCianti-inflammatory NSAIDsiMOAi-iCorrectiAnswer- Reversibleiinhibitioniofiprostaglandinisynthesis NSAIDsiAdverseiEffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Gastriciirritationi(lessithanithaticausedibyiuncoatediASA)i Skinirash Dizzinessiandiblurredivision Fluidiretention AntihistaminesiMOAi-iCorrectiAnswer- Blockihistamineireceptors;iinhibitibindingiofihistamine;idecreaseiallergi cisymptoms FirstiGenerationiAntihistaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Produceidrowsinessiandisedation SecondiGenerationiAntihistaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Preferredibecauseitheyidon'ticauseisedationi Ex.icetirizine,iloratidine) Non-SystemiciAntacidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Giveniorallyibutinotiabsorbedi

Doesn'tileaditoisystemicialkalosis AluminumiHydroxidei(non-systemic)i-iCorrectiAnswer- Coatsimucosaliliningiofitheistomach,iprotectingiitifromiacidi Adverseieffects:idecreasediphosphateiabsorption,iconstipation H2iAntagonistsi-iCorrectiAnswer-BlockiH2ireceptorsi Reduceiamountiofistomachiacidisecretedi Moreieffectiveithaniantacids ProtoniPumpiInhibitorsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Permanentlyibinditoiprotonipumpi Inhibitiacidisecretionibyi90%+i Minimaliadverseieffects;imostieffect Decongestantsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Constrictibloodivesselsi Preventifluidiaccumulation CentrallyiActingiCoughiSuppressantsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Blockiprocessingiofiinformationiinitheimedullai Reduceifrequencyioficoughi Sometimesihaveicodeine

PeripheraliCoughiSuppressanti-iCorrectiAnswer- Blockinerveiendingsiinithroatiandibronchiolesi Inhibitistimulusitoicough CoughiSuppressantiofiChoicei-iCorrectiAnswer-DextromethorphaniHBr Expectorantsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Reduceiviscosityiofiseptumibyiincreasingisecretions SleepingiAidsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Antihistamineiwithisedativeipropertiesi(diphenyhydramine)iandianiana lgesici(acetaminophen) StimulantiLaxativesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Increaseimotoriactivityiofitheiitnestineiandiincreaseisecretioniofimucus,i water,iandielectrolytesiintoitheiintestine BulkiFormingiLaxativesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Swelliiniwateritoiformiemollientigelioriviscousisolutionithatimaintainsiso ftistooli Preferred Loperamidei-iCorrectiAnswer-Antidiarrhealiagenti DoesinotipenetrateiintoitheiCANi

InhibitsigutimotilityibyiactingioniopioidireceptorsiinitheiGIitracti Reducesiperistalticiactivityi Effectiveiforitravelersidiarrhea 0.5%iHydrocortisonei-iCorrectiAnswer-Topicalianti-inflammatory Sunscreensi-iCorrectiAnswer-Containipara- aminobenzoiciacididerivatives,ibenzophenone,icinnamiciacidsi ScatteriUVienergyitoipreventiitifromireachingilowerilayersiofitheiskin OTCiforiDentaliPaini-iCorrectiAnswer-IbuprofenioriNaproxen OTCiforiPoisoniIvyi-iCorrectiAnswer-0.5iHydrocortisone OTCiforiHeartiBurni-iCorrectiAnswer-Protonipumpiinhibitor OTCiforiTravellersiDiarrheai-iCorrectiAnswer-Loperamide OTCiforiFeveriiniaiChildi-iCorrectiAnswer-Acetaminophen AllopathiciMedicinesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Drugsiusedibyimainstreamimedicine

HerbaliMedicinesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Plantiproductsisoldiasimedicine FoodiSupplementi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniherbaliproductithatiisiusediatione- quarteriofitheiproposeditherapeuticidose AllopathiciPhytopharmaceuticalsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Fullistatusiasiaidrugiandimeetsiallirequirementsiofiaidrug Phytopharmaceuticalsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Drugsiobtainedifromiplants,iwhichiareipurified,iandiusediatitherapeutici dosesiwithiscientificievidenceiofiefficacyiandidocumenteditoxicity St.iJohn'siWorti-iCorrectiAnswer-Treatimilditoimoderateidepression AloeiVerai-iCorrectiAnswer-Aidiinihealingiofiwoundsiandiburns Devil'siClawi-iCorrectiAnswer-Treatingiinflammatoryiconditions Echinaceai-iCorrectiAnswer- Preventionianditreatmentiofitheicommonicold Valeriani-iCorrectiAnswer- Treatmentiofinervousitensioniandipaniciattacks

Ginsengi-iCorrectiAnswer-Reducingibloodisugari Enhanceimemoryiandilearning Caniincreaseiinsulinilevelsiinitheiblood Retinoidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiAiderivativesi Manyiadverseieffects;ionlyiavailableibyiprescription SupplementiduringiPregnancyi-iCorrectiAnswer-FoliciAcid FoodiAdditivei-iCorrectiAnswer- Substancesithatiareiaddeditoifooditoiimproveiappearance,itexture,iandis torageiofifood Preservativesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Allowitransportationiofifooditoifaridestinationsi

• iantibacterialsi
• iantioxidants Saccharini-iCorrectiAnswer-Artificialisweeteneri Potentialicarcinogenicieffects Aspartamei-iCorrectiAnswer-Replacesisaccharini

Peopleiwithiphenylketonuriaican'titolerateiphenylalanineiwhichiisiania minoiacidipresent MegavitaminiApproachi-iCorrectiAnswer- IngestioniofivitaminsiiniexcessiofiRDAi Canihaveiadverseianditoxicieffects NutritionaliVitaminiApproachi-iCorrectiAnswer- SelectiaidietiaimediatisupplyingitheiRDAiforieachivitaminioriaimultivitam inipreparationiwhichisuppliesitheiRDAiofieachivitamin WateriSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiCiandiB's FatiSolubleiVitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-VitaminiA,iD,iE,iandiK EnvironmentaliToxicanti-iCorrectiAnswer- Aichemicalireleasediintoitheienvironmentiandicaniproduceiadverseiheal thieffectsionilivingiorganisms AcuteiToxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Singleiexposureitoiaichemical,iandiofteniailargeidoseiofitheichemicali Chemicalispills

ChroniciToxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- Repeatediexposureitoismallidosesiofiaichemicalioveriailongiperiodiofitim ei Eatingicontaminatedifood AnthropogeniciAiriPollutantsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Heatingi+iPoweri Carsi IndustrialiProcessesi(i.e.imanufacturing) AgentiofiAiriPollutionithatiCausesiHealthiProblemsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Combinediactioniofiparticulatesiandisulfurioxide Insecticidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Chemicalsiuseditoikilliinsectsioritoimakeiinsectsiunableitoireproduceiorid evelopinormally OrganochlorineiInsecticidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Increaseitheisensitivityiofineurons,iresultingiiniincreasediCNSistimulatio ni

• itremorsi
• iconvulsions DDTi-iCorrectiAnswer-Aniorganochlorineiinsecticidei

Useditoicontrolimalariaibutistoppedibecauseiinsectsidevelopediresistan cei Hasidevelopmentaliandireproductiveieffectsi Hasibeeniphasediout OrganophosphorusiInsecticidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- Smalliimpactionienvironmenti Highlyitoxicitoihumansi Absorbediviaiskini Inhibitiacetylcholinesterasei Decreasesiheartiratei Deathiviairespiratoryifailure Herbicidesi-iCorrectiAnswer-Capableiofikillingioriinjuringiplants AgentiOrangei-iCorrectiAnswer-Herbicidei Mimicsiplantigrowthihormones,icausingiuncontrollediandiunsustainabl eigrowthi Resultsiiniplantideathi TCDDitoxicityi- iimpairmentiofiliveriandiCNSifunction,icancer,ibirthidefects Paraquati-iCorrectiAnswer-Herbicidei

Highlyitoxiciwheniingestedi Cellularidamageitoilungsi Deathidueitoilungidamage MainiToxiciComponentsiofiLeadi-iCorrectiAnswer- Leadioxideianditetraethylilead LeadiToxicityiSymptomsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Appetiteilossi Coordinationilossi Kidneyidamagei Anemia ChelatingiAgenti(EDTA)i-iCorrectiAnswer-Leaditoxicityitreatmenti Bindsitoileadiandiproducesiaiwaterisolubleicomplexithaticanibeiexcreted MercuriciMercuryi-iCorrectiAnswer-Exposureifromivaporsi Accumulatesiinitheikidneysi Veryitoxic MethyliMercuryi-iCorrectiAnswer-Mostitoxiciformi 90%iabsorbedifromifoodiafterieatingi TargetsiCNSiandileadsitoinerveicellideath