PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest Update, Exams of Advanced Education

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PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions with

100% Correct Answers | Verified | Latest

Update

Pathiofidrugifromiwheniitientersitoiexitsitheibodyi-iCorrectiAnswer- 1.iAbsorption 2.iDistribution 3.iMetabolism 4.iExcretion Absorptioni-iCorrectiAnswer- theimovementiofitheidrugifromitheisiteiofiadministrationiintoitheiblood stream Distributioni-iCorrectiAnswer- theimovementiofiaidrugifromitheiblooditoitheisiteiofiactioniandiotheritiss ues Metabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer- theiconversioniofiaidrugitoiaidifferentichemicalicompound. Excretioni-iCorrectiAnswer- movingiofitheidrugiandiitsimetabolitesioutiofitheibody

Routesiofidrugiadministrationi-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iTopical

• iOnitheiskin
• Transdermal
• Inhalation 2.iEnteral
• Oral
• Suppository
• Buccal 3.Parenteral
• IV
• IM
• Subcutaneous Whyiandihowidoiadverseidrugireactionsioccur?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Example:iaireceptoriisiactivatediiniaibloodivesselibyiaidrugidesigneditoitr eatihypertension.iTheirectoriisiactivatedibyitheiligandithatiisibounditoiit,i anditheibloodipressureiisilowered.iHowever,ithisireceptorimayilocatedii niotheriareasiofitheibody.iTheisubsequentiactivationiofithisireceptoriinio theriareasiofitheibodyiisianiexampleiofianiadverseieffect.

Adverseieffectsi-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iExtensioniofitherapeuticieffect 2.iUnrelateditoimainidrugiaction 3.iAllergicireaction 4.iDependenceiandiaddiction 5.iTeratogenesis 6.iAdverseibiotransformationireactions Whyidoesidrugivariabilityiexisti-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iGeneticiFactors 2.iEnvironmentalifactors 3.iDiseasedistatesi(cardiovasculariorikidneyidiseaseiforiexample) 4.iAlterediPhysiologicalistate

• pregnantiorielderly 5.iOtheridrugsipresenti(competition) Theiprocessiofidevelopingiainewidrugi-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iPre- clinicalitesting
• safetyiandipotentialiefficacyiinilabianimals 2.iPhaseiIiClinicaliTrial
• safetyianditolerabilityiinihealthyivolunteers 3.iPhaseiIIi

• effectivenessiandisafetyiiniaismallinumberiofipatients 4.iPhaseiIII
• effectivenessiandisafetyiiniailargeinumberiofipatients 5.iPhaseiIV
• postimarketisurveillanceiforiadverseieffectsiandisafety Howidoidrugsirestore/modifyitheinormalifunctioniofitheinervousisystem ?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Drugsicanirestoreitheinormalifunctioniofitheinervousisystemithroughire- uptakeiofineurotransmittersibyipost- synapticineurons.iAniexampleiofithisiwouldibeitakingianiSSRIiforidepress ion. Drugsicanialsoimodifyitheifunctioniofitheinervousisystemithroughidistur bingitheinaturaliconcentrationsiofineurotransmittersithroughiillicitiand/ oriprescribedidrugiuse.iAniexampleiofithisiwouldibeitakingiainarcoticiana lgesicisuchiasimorphineitoirelieveipost-opipain. Whatipropertiesiofiaisubstanceicontributeitoiabuseiandidependence?i- iCorrectiAnswer-1.iTolerance 2.iWithdrawal

3.iLossioficontroli(compulsion) Sedative-hynopticsi-iCorrectiAnswer- aiclassiofidrugsithatiworkibyipromotingiGABAitoiproduceiantiianxiolytici effects Effectsiofishortitermialcoholiusei-iCorrectiAnswer- lossiofimotoricoordination,inausea,idizziness,ieuphoria,ipsychiatricieffe cts,iincreasedigastricisecretions,ihypoglycemiai(bingeidrinking) Effectsiofilongitermialcoholiusei-iCorrectiAnswer- cirrhosis,ialcoholicicardiomyopathy,idecreaseiiniexecutiveifunctioni(alc oholicidementia),ifattyiliver,iFASi(fetaliAlcoholiSyndrome) Alcoholimetabolismi-iCorrectiAnswer- Ethanoliisiconverteditoiacetaldehydeibyitheienzymeialcoholidehydroge nasei(ADH).iThisiisitheirateicontrollingistepiinialcoholimetabolism.iOveri 95%iisieliminatedibyibiotransformationiinitheiliver,iremainingi5%iiniswe at,ibreathiandiurine. Alcoholimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- CNSidepressionithroughiGABAiinhibition,ibindsitoichlorideichannel. Effectsiofishortitermicannabisiusei-iCorrectiAnswer- increasedibreathingiandiheartirate

increasediappetitei reductioniofisexidrive relaxationiandidrowsiness Effectsiofilongitermicannabisiusei-iCorrectiAnswer- lossiofishortitermimemory respiratoryieffectsifromismokingi(asthma,iirritation) decreasedispermicount developmentalidelaysiinifetus Cannabisimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- THCibindsitoiCB1ireceptorsiinitheibrainiandispinalicord,iAnandamideiisith oughtitoibeiaimajoriligandiforiCBireceptorsiandihasiairoleiinilearningiandi memory.iWheniCB1iisiactivatedibyiTHCiorianandamide,itheireleaseiofiex citatoryineurotransmittersiisiinhibitedi,iwhichiexplainsitheidepressiveiC NSieffectsioficannabis. CB1iReceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Foundiprimarilyiinitheibrainibutialsoithroughoutitheibody.iHighidensityii nispecificibrainiregions. Ex;ihighidensityiinihippocampusimayimediateitheidecreaseiinimemoryia ndilearning

CB2iReceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer- foundimainlyioutsideitheibrainiiniimmuneicellsi(lymphocytes),imayibeiin volvediiniinflammation CNSistimulantsi-iCorrectiAnswer-stimulateitheicentralinervousisystem ex:icaffeine,iamphets,icocaine CNSidepressantsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Substancesithatislowidownitheibody'sifunctions,iincludingiheartiandibre athingirates. ex:isedativeihypnotics,ialcohol TD50i-iCorrectiAnswer-toxicidoseiini50%iofitheipopulation Hallucinogensi-iCorrectiAnswer-LSD,iMDMA TherapeuticiIndexi-iCorrectiAnswer-TD50/ED50- itheirangeiofiplasmaiconcentrationsiwhereitheidrugiisieffectiveibutidrugi toxicitiesidoinotiusuallyioccur. Opiatesi-iCorrectiAnswer- depressineuraliactivity,itemporarilyilesseningipainiandianxiety

ex:imorphine,icodeine,iheroin ED50i-iCorrectiAnswer-Effectiveidoseiini50%iofitheipopulation Cytochromeip450i-iCorrectiAnswer- Theigeneralinameiforiailargeiclassiofienzymesithatiplayiaisignificantiroleii nidrugimetabolismiandidrugiinteractions.iResponsibleiforibiotransformi ngiabouti50%iofiallidrugsiusediclinically. Issueiwithitakingimultipleimedicationsisimultaneouslyi-iCorrectiAnswer- Cytochromeip450iisiresponsibleiforitheibiotransformationiofimultipleim edications.iIfisomeoneiisitakingitwoiorimoreidrugsimetabolizedibyithisie nzyme,iinteractionieffectsicouldioccuriandicompetitioniforitheireceptor,i whichimayileaditoitoxicity. glutamatei-iCorrectiAnswer- primaryiexcitatoryineurotransmitteriinitheibrain GABAi-iCorrectiAnswer- theiprimaryiinhibitoryineurotransmitteriinitheibrain acetylcholinei-iCorrectiAnswer- producesianiexcitatoryiCNSiresponse.iActsionicholinergicireceptors

muscarinicireceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer- involvediinilearning,imemoryiandicognitiveifunction.iLossiofitheseineuro nsiisithoughtitoibeilinkediwithiAlzheimersidisease. nicotinicireceptorsi-iCorrectiAnswer- cholinergicireceptorsithatialsoiresponditoistimulationibyinicotine catecholaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer- dopamine,inorepinephrine,iepinephrine serotonini-iCorrectiAnswer- Aineurotransmitterithatiaffectsihunger,isleep,iarousal,iandimood.iHyper activityiisiinvolvediinianxiety,ihypo-activityiinvolvediwithidepression. opioidipeptidesi-iCorrectiAnswer-enkephalins,iendorphins,idynorphins Factorsiaffectingisubstanceiabusei-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iGenetics 2.iCo-existingidisorders 3.iEnvironmentaliriskifactors 4.iDevelopmentaliaspectsi(childhoodiabuseietc.) Theidopamineihypothesisi-iCorrectiAnswer- Thisihypothesisisuggestsithatidrugsiofiabuseiincreaseidopamineiinitheire wardisystemsiofitheibraini(i.e.itheilimbicisystem).

Classificationiofiwhyidrugsicanibecomeiaddictivei-iCorrectiAnswer- 1.iRewardi(increaseidopamine) 2.iNoveltyi(euphoria) 3.iReduceianxiety Nicotineimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- actsioninicotinicireceptors,ithusiincreasesipsychomotoriactivity,icognitiv eifunctioniandimemory Caffeineimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- adenosineireceptoriantagonist,istimulatesiGABAergicineuronsithatithen iinhibitidopamineirelease. fourimainieffectsiofiamphetaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer- 1.iexcitationi(overstimulation) 2.ieuphoriaiandisenseiofireward 3.itempiregulationiandiappetiteisuppression 4.iincreaseiiniaggressiveibehaviouriandimoodiswings Clinicaliusesiofiamphetaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer-ADHD,inarcolepsy

amphetamineimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- blocksiVMAT,iincreasesinorepinephrine,idopamineiatitheisynapse cocaineimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer-blocksire- uptakeiofidopamine,iincreasesidopamineiatitheisynapse anabolicisteroidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-increaseimuscleimassiandistrength bloodidopingi-iCorrectiAnswer- Aitechniqueiforitemporarilyiimprovingiathleticiperformanceiiniwhichiox ygen- carryingiredibloodicellsipreviouslyiwithdrawnifromianiathleteiareiinjecte dibackijustibeforeianievent erythropoeitini-iCorrectiAnswer- aihormoneisecretedibyitheikidneysithatiincreasesitheirateiofiproductioni ofiredibloodicellsiiniresponseitoifallingilevelsiofioxygeniinitheitissues. sedativeihypnoticsiworkibyi-iCorrectiAnswer- modulatingitheichlorideichanneliinitheiCNSiandioverallienhanceitheiinhi bitoryieffectsiofiGABA:iGABAiagonists barbituratesi-iCorrectiAnswer-anti-epileptics Zolipidemi-iCorrectiAnswer-hypnotici(sleep)

Flumazenili-iCorrectiAnswer- Antidoteitoibenzodiazepineioverdosei(antagonistithatireversesitheiCNSi effects) benzodiazepinesi-iCorrectiAnswer-antiianxiety Antifungali(Imidazole)i-iCorrectiAnswer- effectiveiforisystemicifungaliinfections howidoiimidazolesiworki-iCorrectiAnswer- inhibiticytochromeip450ithereforeiinhibitiergosterolisynthesis antiviralidrugsi-iCorrectiAnswer- UseditoitreatiinfectionsicausedibyivirusesiotherithaniHIV viralilifeicyclei-iCorrectiAnswer- virusesiinfecticellsibyiattachingitoispecificireceptors,iandithenieitherifusi ngiwithitheiplasmaimembrane,ibeingibroughtiinibyiendocytosis,ioriinject ingitheirigenomeiintoitheicell.iTheivirusireproducesibyireplicatingianditra nslatingigeneticimaterialiusingitheihosticell'siribosomes,itRNA,iaminoiac ids,iandienzymes.iViraliprogenyiareireleasedithroughicellideath,ilysisiorie xtrusion.

drugsithatitreatiinfluenzai-iCorrectiAnswer-amantidine- inhibitsitheiuncoatingiofiviraliRNA,ithusipreventingireplication oseltamiviri(tamiflu)- ineuroaminidaseiinhibitoripreventsicellitoicellispreadiofivirus. drugsithatitreatiHSV/VZVi-iCorrectiAnswer-acyclovir- iinhibitsiviraliDNAireplication howidoiantibioticsiwork?i-iCorrectiAnswer- 1.iKillitheibacteriaidirectlyi(bactericidal) 2.iInhibitsitheigrowthiandireproductioniofibacteriai(bacteriostatic) bacterialicellistructurei-iCorrectiAnswer- Celliwallimadeiofipolysaccharidesiandiproteins,ipeptidoglycanilayer.iNoi nucleus,iinsteaditheyihaveiaicircularichromosomeiofiDNA.iTheyimayialso ihaveismalliextraicirclesiofiDNAicallediplasmids. Gram-positiveibacteriai-iCorrectiAnswer- Bacteriaithatihaveiaithickipeptidoglycanilayeriwithinoiouterimembrane. Gram-negativeibacteriai-iCorrectiAnswer- Bacteriaithatihaveicomplexicelliwallsiwithiaithinipeptidoglycanilayer,ian dianiouterimembrane. iVeryitoxiciandiharditoitreat.

Broadispectrumiantibioticsi-iCorrectiAnswer- affectiaibroadirangeiofigram-positiveiorigram-negativeibacteria ex:itetracyclines Narrowispectrumiantibioticsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Effectiveiagainstispecificibacteria ex:ipenicilliniG Fluroquinolonesi-iCorrectiAnswer-inhibitibacterialiDNAisynthesis ex:iciprofloxacin Penicillinsiandicephalosporinsi-iCorrectiAnswer- inhibitingitranspeptidase,icausingitheicelliwallitoilyseiandiinhibitingicelli walliformation tetracyclinesi-iCorrectiAnswer- inhibitsibacterialiproteinisynthesisibyibindingitoithei30Siribosomalisubu nit ex:idoxycycline

macrolidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- inhibitiproteinisynthesisibyibindingitoithei50Siribosomalisubunit ex:ierythromycin,iazithromycin sulfonamidesi-iCorrectiAnswer- blockifolateimetabolismibyiinhibitingiPABAiincorporationiintoidihydrop teroiciacid trimethoprimi-iCorrectiAnswer- blockifolateimetabolismibyiinhibitingidihydrofoliciacidireductase Howidoesiantibioticiresistanceioccur?i-iCorrectiAnswer- Evolution:iAntibioticsikillitheibadibacteria,ianditheigoodibacteriaithatipr otectsitheibodyifromiinfection.itheibacteriaibecomeidrugiresistant,iandic anitakeioveriandigiveitheiresistanceitoiotheribacterialicells.i Also:imisuseiofiantibioticsiclinicallyi(over- prescriptioniorimisdiagnosis)iandiantibioticsiinitheienvironmenti(throug hiagriculture) whichipenicilliniisiresistantitoipenicillinase?i-iCorrectiAnswer-Methicillin

contraceptivesimechanismiofiactioni-iCorrectiAnswer- releaseiofiGnRHiisiinhibitedifromitheihypothalamus,ipituitaryiisinotistim ulateditoireleaseiFSHiandiLH.iProgestinsialteritheisecretionsiofiendocervi caligland,isoispermimigrationiisinotioptimal,iimplantationidoesinoioccur. adverseieffectsioficontraceptivesi-iCorrectiAnswer--bloodiclots

• heartiattack
• stroke
• hypertension benefitsioficontraceptivesi-iCorrectiAnswer-- reducediriskiofiovarianicysts
• reducediriskioficervicaliandiendometrialicancer
• reducediincidenceiofiectopicipregnancy
• lessianemia
• lessiacne Progestinionlyicontraceptivesi-iCorrectiAnswer-IUD,inorplant,imini- pill,idepo-provera progestiniandiestrogeni-iCorrectiAnswer- fixed,imultiphasic,iandicontinuousioralipills,itransdermalipatch

gossypoli-iCorrectiAnswer- Aniingredientiinicottonseedioilithat,iwheniinjectedioriimplanted,imayiin hibitispermiproductioniandiwasieffectiveiini99%iofisubjects grandparentingi-iCorrectiAnswer- newiregulationsidon'tiapplyitoidrugsialreadyionitheimarket InternaliAnalgesicsi-iCorrectiAnswer-Salicylates Acetaminophen Ibuprofen antihistaminesi-iCorrectiAnswer- medicinesithatireduceitheiproductioniofihistamines antacidsi-iCorrectiAnswer-systemic- absorbedibyiGIitract,icausingisystemicialkalosis non-systemic-idoinoticauseisystemicialkalosis drugsithatitargeti(inhibit)istomachiacidisecretioni-iCorrectiAnswer- Protonipumpiinhibitors,iH2i(histamine)iinhibitors decongestantsi-iCorrectiAnswer- constrictibloodivesselsiofinasalipassagesiandilimitibloodiflow,iwhichicau

sesiswollenitissuesitoishrinkisoithatiairicanipassimoreifreelyithroughithei passageways coughisuppressantsi-iCorrectiAnswer-peripheral- blockinerveiendingsiinitheithroat centrally-acting- blockiprocessingiofiinformationiinitheimedulla,ireducingifrequencyiofico ugh expectorantsi-iCorrectiAnswer- improveitheiabilityitoicoughiupimucusifromitheirespiratoryitract,imakei mucousilessiviscous sleepingiaidsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Zzzquil,iantihistamineicontainingidrugsithatihaveisedativeipropertiesian dianianalgesici(acetaminophen),idon'tieffectivelyitreatiinsomnia laxativesi-iCorrectiAnswer-stimulant- iincreaseimotoriactivityiofiintestinesiandiincreaseisecretioniofimucus bulkiforming-maintainisoftistool,istimulateiperistalsis anti-diarrheali-iCorrectiAnswer- addibulkitoiGIitractiandimayiabsorbitoxins

ex:ipepto-bismol loperamide-isyntheticiopioidithatidoesinotipenetrateiintoitheiCNS 0.5%ihydrocortisonei-iCorrectiAnswer-topicalianti- inflammatoryiforipoisoniivyioriinsectibites sunscreeni-iCorrectiAnswer-containsibenzophenone,ipara- aminobenzoiciacididerivationsiandicinnamiciacidsitoipreventiUViraysifro mipenetratingideepiintoitheiskin. OTCidrugiinteractionsi-iCorrectiAnswer-- iantihistaminesiandiCNSidepressants

• ASAiandioralianticoagulants
• Anti-acidsiinterfereiwithitetracyclines aloeiverai-iCorrectiAnswer-healingiofiwoundsiandiburns devilsiclawi-iCorrectiAnswer-treatiinflammatoryiconditions

stijohnsiworti-iCorrectiAnswer-treatimildidepression echinaceai-iCorrectiAnswer-preventianditreatitheicommonicold valeriani-iCorrectiAnswer- treatmentiofinervousitensioniandipaniciattacks ginsengi-iCorrectiAnswer- reduceibloodisugar,ienhanceimemoryiandilearning waterisolubleivitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-BivitaminsiandivitaminiC Fatisolubleivitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer-A,iD,iE,iK whyitakeivitamins?i-iCorrectiAnswer--growth

• pregnancy,imenstruation
• periodsiofihardiphysicaliwork
• stress
• hypothyroidism
• fever
• tissueiwastingidisorders

VitaminiAi-iCorrectiAnswer- growthiandidevelopment,irhodopsinirequirediforinightivision VitaminiEi-iCorrectiAnswer- essentialiforimanyireactions,iandiisianiantioxidantithatiprotectsicellsi(init heicardiovascularisystem)ifromifreeiradicals VitaminiDi-iCorrectiAnswer- increaseiabsorptionioficalciumiandiphosphate,iregulateicalciumilevels VitaminiCi-iCorrectiAnswer- contributesitoitheiframeworkithatiholdsicellsitogether,irequirediforibon eianditeethiformation,ihelpsiabsorbiiron Bivitaminsi-iCorrectiAnswer- foliciacidiandiB12iworkitogetheriinitheisynthesisiofiredibloodicells foodipreservativesi-iCorrectiAnswer-anti-bacterials

• smoke
• antibiotics
• sodiuminitrite antioxidants
• waterisoluble:ipreventsibrowningiofifruit

• lipidisoluble:ipreventsifatsifromibecomingirancid coloringiagentsi-iCorrectiAnswer-- addeditoiproductsiiniorderitoienhanceitheiappearance,itoxicityirareibutii fiallergicitoiaspiriniallergicitoitartrazine textureiagentsi-iCorrectiAnswer-improveitextureiofifood ex:isilicate,igums,iagar flavouringi-iCorrectiAnswer- substancesisuchiasiartificialiflavourings,iandismokeiuseditoienhanceitast e usuallyinonitoxiciexceptiforiMSGiwhichicausesitighteningiofimuscles,ihe adache,inausea sweetnersi-iCorrectiAnswer- aspartame,isaccharin,iimproveisweetnessiwithoutiaddingiextraisugar environmentalitoxicanti-iCorrectiAnswer- chemicalithatiisireleasediintoitheienvironmentiandicaniproduceiadversei healthieffectsionilivingiorganisms

acuteitoxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- adverseieffectsithatioccuriwithiniaishortiperiodiafteriexposureitoiaitoxic ant chronicitoxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- adverseieffectsithatioccurisomeitimeiafteriexposureitoiaitoxicantioriafter iextendediexposureitoitheitoxicant commonienvironmentalitoxicantsi-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iAiripollution 2.iParticulateimatter 3.iGaseousiairipollutants DDTi-iCorrectiAnswer- increaseineuronalisensitivity,iincreasesiCNSistimulation Organophosphorousi(malathion)i-iCorrectiAnswer- veryitoxicitoihumans:iirreversiblyiinhibitsiacteylcholinesteraseithusiacet ylcholineicannotibreakidowniandiAchiincreasesiinitheinervousisystemiw hichileadsitoidecreasedirespiration,iblurryivisioniandiincontinence TCDDi-iCorrectiAnswer- herbicideithatibindsitoiarylihydrocarbonireceptoriwhichiisiinvolvediiniex pressioniofimanyigenes

adverseieffectsiofiTCDDi-iCorrectiAnswer- poisoningimanifestsiasichloracne,iandimayicauseistillbirths/defects Paraquati-iCorrectiAnswer- herbicideithaticausesiimmediateiburnsitoimouthiandistomach,itargetsit heilungs leaditoxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- canicauseileadiencephalopathyiandipoorimotoricoordination chelatingiagentsi-iCorrectiAnswer- Medicationsithatibindiwithiheavyimetalsiinitheibodyiandicreateiaicompo undithaticanibeieliminated;iusediinicasesiofiingestionioripoisoning. Leadichelatori-iCorrectiAnswer-EDTA carcinogenesisi-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iInitiation

• geneticichange 2.iPromotion
• cellimultiplication 3.iProgression
• malignancy Goalsiofichemotherapyi-iCorrectiAnswer-prevent,icure,icontrol,irelieve

alkylatingiagentsi-iCorrectiAnswer-preventiDNAireplication mitoticiinhibitorsi-iCorrectiAnswer-preventicellidivision hormonesiandihormoneiantagonistsi-iCorrectiAnswer- controlihormonesiforicancersimediatedibyihormones,iex:ithyroidicancer biologicalicanceritreatmenti-iCorrectiAnswer-blockicytokines 3 ifeauturesioficanceri-iCorrectiAnswer-1.iabilityitoidivideiindefinitely 2.iabilityitoiinvadeinormalitissue 3.iabilityitoimetastasize methylimercuryitoxicityi-iCorrectiAnswer- bindsitoinerveicelliproteinsiandileadsitoinerveicellideath. noichelatoriforimethylimercury mercuricimercuryiposioningi-iCorrectiAnswer- lessiharmfulithanimethylimercuryipoisoning,ichelator:icharcoal