Philosophy Exam 1 Study Guide: Questions and Answers, Exams of Nursing

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What is Philosophy? What are the main areas of Philosophy? - Correct Answers ✅Philo = Love Sophia = Wisdom Philosophia = Love of Wisdom. (An organized system of thought.)

1. Epistemology 2. Metaphysics 3. Philosophical Ethics 4. Logic What is the traditional (tripartite) account of knowledge? What is Empiricism and Rationalism? - Correct Answers ✅Justified: Your beliefs must be justified Truth: Your beliefs must be true Belief: You must have a belief -Empiricism: The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation. -Rationalism: Emphasizes the role of logic and reason in gaining knowledge. What are the three main areas in philosophical ethics? - Correct Answers ✅- Meta-ethics

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• Normative ethics
• Applied ethics What is an argument? What is the difference between deductive and inductive arguments? How do we evaluate in terms of form and content? - Correct Answers ✅Argument: A series of claims of 1 or more premises and a conclusion. Deductive Argument: If the premises are true, then the conclusion MUST be true -FORM: Valid/Invalid -FORM& CONTENT: Sound/Unsound Inductive Argument: If the premises are true, then the conclusion is PROBABLY true -FORM: Strong/Weak -FORM& CONTENT: Cogent/Non-Cogent What are the maxims by which Socrates lived? Can anything harm a good person, according to Socrates? - Correct Answers ✅1. Better to suffer injustice than to inflict it.

2. Nothing can harm a good person.
3. The unexamined life is not worth living.

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When all of these parts work together perfectly we have justice What is justice, according to Plato? - Correct Answers ✅- Harmony of Wisdom, Courage, and Temperance. -(A healthy well ordered soul, the will controlling desire in accordance with the council of reason.) Why is Plato's ideally just state paternalistic? Who are the rulers in this state? What is a noble lie? - Correct Answers ✅-He says that the just rulers can RULE for the good of everyone. Promote well being of individuals and is both intrinsically and instrumentally good. -Philosopher Kings -A falsehood knowingly told to maintain social harmony. (Lying for a good reason) What kind of epistemology does Plato defend? - Correct Answers ✅-Rationalism. -Divides knowledge(JTB) and mere beliefs (Opinions).

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What kind of metaphysics does Plato defend? - Correct Answers ✅-Essentialism. -Divides reality and mere appearances What is Plato's cave allegory? - Correct Answers ✅-The cardboard cutouts represent the essence of an idea. It is a perfect template. -The shadows on the wall represent the object of our senses, or the imperfect copies. Since the people are chained facing the wall they can only see the imperfect copies. Only a select few of people can get outside of the cave. When they break free of their chains they see that the shadows on the walls are wrong representations of the essence of that thing. The people that break free can go outside the cave and see the sun which represents the essence of good. What is an essence? - Correct Answers ✅-A quality that does make something what it is. -The intrinsic or indispensable properties that serve to characterize or identify something. What is virtue ethics? What is a virtue? What is the thesis of the unity if the virtues? - Correct Answers ✅-Form of normative ethics