Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, Exams of Sociology of Health and Illness

Download Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and more Exams Sociology of Health and Illness in PDF only on Docsity! BSC 108 Exam 2 (University of Alabama) with Verified Questions and Answers. The process of photosynthesis does what? - ANS captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules Equation for Photosynthesis in Words - ANS water + carbon Dioxide + light energy --> glucose + oxygen Equation for Photosynthesis - ANS 6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Water enters plants through? - ANS their roots Carbon Dioxide enters plants through? - ANS pores in the leaf called stomata Photosynthesis occurs in? - ANS chloroplast Structure of a chloroplast - ANS stroma, thylakoid membrane, grana, inner and outer membrane Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the? - ANS inner thylakoid membrane The primary function of plant pigments is? - ANS to absorb solar energy What happens in light dependent reactions? - ANS Energy from sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (ATP) Where do light dependent reactions take place? - ANS thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts What is a light independent reaction called? - ANS Calvin Cycle What happens in light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? - ANS Uses CO2 and the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to produce sugar/glucose. In the Calvin Cycle, ATP is used to? - ANS provide the energy for sugar synthesis In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH is used for? - ANS electrons in the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugar Where do light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur? - ANS the area in the chloroplast called the stroma Leaves are green because? - ANS chlorophyll molecules absorb violet-blue and red light, but reflect or transmit green-yellow light Process of light dependent reactions - ANS chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and ejects an electron, which is passed down an electron chain, and water is split, releasing O2 Requirements for light dependent reactions - ANS H2O, ADP, and NADP+ Products for light-dependent reactions - ANS O2 and the energy-storing compounds ATP and NADH Requirements for light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) - ANS ATP, NADPH, CO2, a five-carbon sugar called RuBP, and the enzyme rubisco Products for light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) - ANS Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G3P), which can be used to make glucose Carbon dioxide is fixed during? - ANS The Calvin Cycle How is C4 photosynthesis different from C3 photosynthesis? - ANS C3 photosynthesis produces a three-carbon compound via the Calvin Cycle while C4 photosynthesis makes an intermediate four-carbon compound that splits into a three-carbon compound for the Calvin Cycle C3 Photosynthesis - ANS The most common form of photosynthesis- a one-stage process in which atmospheric CO2 is used to form 3-phosphoglycerate, a three-carbon sugar C4 photosynthesis - ANS The two-stage photosynthetic pathway in which CO2 is first fixed in mesophyll cells to form 4-carbon acids, and then the 4-carbon acids are broken down into 3-carbon acids in the bundle sheath cells Examples of C4 plants - ANS sugarcane and corn Why do some plants use C4 photosynthesis? - ANS It is an adaptation for hot and dry weather Photosynthesis - ANS the process that stores energy in the form of glucose Cellular Respiration - ANS the process that releases energy from glucose An oxidation reaction involves? - ANS the loss of electrons A reduction reaction involves? - ANS the gain of electrons Glucose from food is converted to? - ANS Co2, releasing energy that is used to produce ATP in the process of cellular respiration What is the function of the spindle apparatus? - ANS to help separate sister chromatids in mitosis by attaching to the centromere of a duplicated chromosome and pulling sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell Four stages of mitosis - ANS prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase Prophase - ANS first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus Metaphase - ANS second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Anaphase - ANS the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Telophase - ANS the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. The cell cycle is regulated by what? - ANS a molecular control system that directs the sequential events of the cycle How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? - ANS three What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle? - ANS G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint Why are there checkpoints in the cell cycle? - ANS To check for errors prior to moving forward Cancer - ANS an error in the cell cycle in which a cell gets past a checkpoint and divides uncontrollably, forming a tumor Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) are called? - ANS gametes What are all cells other than reproductive cells called? - ANS somatic cells (body cells) Homologous Chromosomes - ANS two chromosomes composing a pair, one from the mother and one from the father Homologous chromosomes have the same? - ANS characteristics X and Y are what? - ANS the sex chromosomes and determine an individual's sex Other than X and Y, other chromosomes are called? - ANS autosomes Haploid cells - ANS A cell containing only one set of 23 chromosomes (n) Diploid cells - ANS A cell containing two sets of 23 chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are Haploid or Diploid cells? - ANS Haploid cells Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are produced during? - ANS meiosis Gametes (sperm and egg cells) fuse during? - ANS fertilization Gametes (sperm and egg cells) produce what during fertilization? - ANS diploid zygote (fertilized egg) What is created from the diploid zygote (fertilized egg)? - ANS Mitosis and development creates a multicellular diploid adult Where does meiosis occur in males? - ANS in the testes as part of spermatogenesis (sperm production) Where does meiosis occur in females? - ANS in the ovaries as part of oogenesis (production of eggs) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid by? - ANS dividing a diploid parent cell into 4 haploid daughter cells in two consecutive divisions Stages of Meiosis - ANS Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, and cytokinesis Stages of Meiosis II - ANS Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and cytokinesis prophase II - ANS The first phase of meiosis II- Identical to mitotic prophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I When does DNA replicate? - ANS before meiosis I, during the S or synthesis phase of interphase DNA does not replicate again before? - ANS meiosis II Meiosis I separates - ANS homologous chromosomes Meiosis II separates - ANS sister chromatids Mitosis results in? - ANS two identical daughter cells Meiosis results in? - ANS four sex cells (haploid cells) Meiosis involves? - ANS two successive cell divisions with no replication of genetic material between them In meiosis, daughter cells are? - ANS genetically different Meiosis only occurs in? - ANS animals, plants, and fungi Meiosis creates? - ANS Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells No recombination/crossing over occurs in prophase during? - ANS Mitosis Recombination/crossing over of chromosomes in prophase I occurs during? - ANS Meiosis In metaphase I during meiosis, what happens? - ANS pairs of chromosomes line up along the equator In metaphase during mitosis, what happens? - ANS individual chromosomes line up along the equator During anaphase I in meiosis, what happens? - ANS the sister chromatids move together to the same pole During anaphase II in meiosis, what happens? - ANS the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles During anaphase in mitosis, what happens? - ANS the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles Synapsis - ANS event that occurs during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes pair with their counterparts and remain bound due to the exchange of genetic information Synapsis does not occur in - ANS mitosis Crossing over - ANS chromosomes exchange sections of DNA Crossing over does not occur in - ANS mitosis In which phase of meiosis do Tetrads align along cell equator? - ANS metaphase I Three origins of genetic variation - ANS independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization