Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration, Exams of Advanced Education

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UA BSC 108 Exam 2 Questions with 100% Correct Answers | Latest Version (2024/2025) Expert Verified The process of photosynthesis does what? - Correct Answer-captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy stored in sugars and other organic molecules Equation for Photosynthesis in Words - Correct Answer-water + carbon Dioxide + light energy --> glucose + oxygen Equation for Photosynthesis - Correct Answer-6H2O + 6CO2 + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Water enters plants through? - Correct Answer-their roots Carbon Dioxide enters plants through? - Correct Answer-pores in the leaf called stomata Photosynthesis occurs in? - Correct Answer-chloroplast Structure of a chloroplast - Correct Answer-stroma, thylakoid membrane, grana, inner and outer membrane Chlorophyll molecules are embedded in the? - Correct Answer-inner thylakoid membrane The primary function of plant pigments is? - Correct Answer-to absorb solar energy What happens in light dependent reactions? - Correct Answer-Energy from sunlight is absorbed and converted into chemical energy (ATP) Where do light dependent reactions take place? - Correct Answer- thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts What is a light independent reaction called? - Correct Answer-Calvin Cycle What happens in light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)? - Correct Answer-Uses CO2 and the ATP and NADPH from light dependent reactions to produce sugar/glucose. In the Calvin Cycle, ATP is used to? - Correct Answer-provide the energy for sugar synthesis In the Calvin Cycle, NADPH is used for? - Correct Answer-electrons in the reduction of carbon dioxide into sugar Cellular Respiration - Correct Answer-the process that releases energy from glucose An oxidation reaction involves? - Correct Answer-the loss of electrons A reduction reaction involves? - Correct Answer-the gain of electrons Glucose from food is converted to? - Correct Answer-Co2, releasing energy that is used to produce ATP in the process of cellular respiration Formula for cellular respiration in words - Correct Answer-glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy Formula for cellular respiration - Correct Answer-C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38ATP Aerobic respiration - Correct Answer-Respiration that requires oxygen Anaerobic respiration - Correct Answer-Respiration that does not require oxygen Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen? - Correct Answer- The electron transport chain Cellular respiration takes place in? - Correct Answer-the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms Structure of Mitochondria - Correct Answer-Outer membrane that covers the organelle and contains it like a skin, the inner membrane which folds over many times and creates layered structures called cristae, and the fluid contained inside the mitochondria called the matrix Three stages of Cellular Respiration - Correct Answer-glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain Where does glycolysis take place during cellular respiration? - Correct Answer-the cytosol of the cytoplasm Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur? - Correct Answer- the matrix of a mitochondrion Where does the electron transport chain occur? - Correct Answer-the inner membrane of the mitochondrion Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? - Correct Answer-the electron transport chain Glycolysis does what? - Correct Answer-splits a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) completes what? - Correct Answer- the breakdown of glucose, producing ATP and NADH NADH and HADH2 from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) deliver what? - Correct Answer-electrons to the electron transport chain, where ATP and H2O are produced How can ATP be synthesized without oxygen by fermentation? - Correct Answer-Fermentation and cellular respiration both begin the same way, with glycolysis ATP synthesized without oxygen by fermentation is also called? - Correct Answer-anaerobic respiration Fermentation produces what in yeast cells? - Correct Answer-ethanol Fermentation produces what in muscle cells? - Correct Answer-lactic acid Cell reproduction can function in? - Correct Answer-reproduction, growth and development, and repair and renewal Metaphase - Correct Answer-second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell Anaphase - Correct Answer-the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles Telophase - Correct Answer-the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. The cell cycle is regulated by what? - Correct Answer-a molecular control system that directs the sequential events of the cycle How many checkpoints are there in the cell cycle? - Correct Answer- three What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle? - Correct Answer-G1 checkpoint, G2 checkpoint, M checkpoint Why are there checkpoints in the cell cycle? - Correct Answer-To check for errors prior to moving forward Cancer - Correct Answer-an error in the cell cycle in which a cell gets past a checkpoint and divides uncontrollably, forming a tumor Reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) are called? - Correct Answer- gametes What are all cells other than reproductive cells called? - Correct Answer-somatic cells (body cells) Homologous Chromosomes - Correct Answer-two chromosomes composing a pair, one from the mother and one from the father Homologous chromosomes have the same? - Correct Answer- characteristics X and Y are what? - Correct Answer-the sex chromosomes and determine an individual's sex Other than X and Y, other chromosomes are called? - Correct Answer- autosomes Haploid cells - Correct Answer-A cell containing only one set of 23 chromosomes (n) Diploid cells - Correct Answer-A cell containing two sets of 23 chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent. Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are Haploid or Diploid cells? - Correct Answer-Haploid cells Gametes (sperm and egg cells) are produced during? - Correct Answer-meiosis Gametes (sperm and egg cells) fuse during? - Correct Answer- fertilization Gametes (sperm and egg cells) produce what during fertilization? - Correct Answer-diploid zygote (fertilized egg) What is created from the diploid zygote (fertilized egg)? - Correct Answer-Mitosis and development creates a multicellular diploid adult Where does meiosis occur in males? - Correct Answer-in the testes as part of spermatogenesis (sperm production) Where does meiosis occur in females? - Correct Answer-in the ovaries as part of oogenesis (production of eggs) Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid by? - Correct Answer-dividing a diploid parent cell into 4 haploid daughter cells in two consecutive divisions During anaphase I in meiosis, what happens? - Correct Answer-the sister chromatids move together to the same pole During anaphase II in meiosis, what happens? - Correct Answer-the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles During anaphase in mitosis, what happens? - Correct Answer-the sister chromatids are separated to opposite poles Synapsis - Correct Answer-event that occurs during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes pair with their counterparts and remain bound due to the exchange of genetic information Synapsis does not occur in - Correct Answer-mitosis Crossing over - Correct Answer-chromosomes exchange sections of DNA Crossing over does not occur in - Correct Answer-mitosis In which phase of meiosis do Tetrads align along cell equator? - Correct Answer-metaphase I Three origins of genetic variation - Correct Answer-independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, random fertilization Independent assortment of chromosomes - Correct Answer-The random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes during meiosis Random fertilization - Correct Answer-the combination of each unique sperm with each unique egg increases genetic variability What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? - Correct Answer- genetic variation trait - Correct Answer-A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes true-breeding - Correct Answer-term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate Hybridization - Correct Answer-Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms Alleles - Correct Answer-alternative versions of a gene dominant - Correct Answer-Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. recessive - Correct Answer-An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present How did Mendel cross-pollinate pea plants? - Correct Answer-he removed the male parts from one plant and dusted their pollen onto the female parts of another plant Function of a test cross - Correct Answer-to determine if this individual is homozygous dominant or heterozygous - a way to explore the genotype of an organism What does a test cross involve? - Correct Answer-breeding the individual in question with another individual that expresses a recessive version of the same trait The three generations that Mendel studied - Correct Answer-P generation, F1 generation, and the F2 generation P generation - Correct Answer-Parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross