Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Stages, Exams of Nursing

Download Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Stages and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! CHAPTER 6 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED 100% PASS 2024 LATEST UPDATED. Infants develop behavioral schemes, whereas children develop _____ schemes. A. mental B. adaptive C. physical D. active - SOLUTION A. mental Nine-year-old AJ enjoys participating in organized sports. He is developing an idea of belonging to a team. AJ's concept of being a team member is an example of a(n) A. disequilibrium. B. accommodation. C. scheme. D. assimilation. - SOLUTION C. scheme. The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals A. adjust old schemes to fit new information. B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge. C. try to balance conflicting information. D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. - SOLUTION D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of A. disequilibrium. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. equilibration. - SOLUTION B. assimilation. Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of A. disequilibrium. B. assimilation. C. organization. D. accommodation. - SOLUTION B. assimilation. Tim understands that cars are vehicles. Later, he hears others refer to buses, trucks, or ships as vehicles, and starts to call them vehicles, too. This change is an example of A. scheme. B. assimilation. C. accommodation. D. disequilibrium. - SOLUTION C. accommodation. The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals A. adjust old schemes to fit new information. B. ignore information contradicting previous knowledge. C. try to balance conflicting information. D. use their existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. - SOLUTION A. adjust old schemes to fit new information. Eventually children learn not to put everything in their mouths. This is an example of A. assimilation. B. disequilibrium. C. accommodation. D. equilibration. - SOLUTION C. accommodation. When people encounter information that conflicts with the schemes they have established, they experience ________. A. disequilibrium B. equilibrium C. accommodation D. organization - SOLUTION A. disequilibrium Daniel is confused when his mother prompts him to say hello to a person he doesn't know, because he understands the "don't talk to strangers" rule. Daniel experiences cognitive _________. B. secondary circular reactions C. coordination of secondary circular reactions D. tertiary circular reactions - SOLUTION A. internalization of schemes Madeline leaves her 3-month-old son with a childcare provider. Piaget would argue that Madeline's son does not miss Madeline because he has not developed A. attachment. B. object permanence. C. disequilibrium. D. equilibrium. - SOLUTION B. object permanence. Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this shows that Mimi A. is confused by the concept of object permanence. B. is making an A-not-B error. C. has not yet developed object permanence. D. has developed object permanence. - SOLUTION D. has developed object permanence. Baby Alec continues to fuss for over 5 minutes when his brother takes away a toy that he enjoys playing with. This can be used as evidence that Alec has developed A. disequilibrium. B. equilibrium. C. adaptation. D. object permanence. - SOLUTION D. object permanence. Which of the following would be impossible without the understanding of the concept of object permanence? A. rehabituation after being presented with a new and interesting toy B. starting a habitual action without the stimulus in the original reflex C. intentional action such as using a stick to bring a toy close D. thinking of your mother while she is at work - SOLUTION D. thinking of your mother while she is at work Trent watches his mother hide a block under one of two cups and lifts the correct cup to retrieve the block. When his mother hides the block under the other cup, he still lifts the original cup to search for the block. Trent has demonstrated a(n) A. A-not-B error. B. a complete understanding of object permanence. C. habituation to the first cup. D. disequilibrium. - SOLUTION A. A-not-B error. The research of Spelke and research of Baillargeon show that infants as young as 3 or 4 months old understand object permanence, because infants expect them to exist when the objects are hidden. However, critics question whether an infant's _____ is a valid measure of object permanence, because it merely demonstrates ______. A. lack of interest in the objects; cognitive competencies B. lack of interest in the objects; perceptual competencies C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies D. longer looking time; cognitive competencies - SOLUTION C. longer looking time; perceptual competencies Why does the finding that 4-month-old infants have intermodal perception challenge Piaget's theory? A. Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources at a much later age. B. Piaget believed that infants have the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources right after birth. C. Piaget believed that information from one sensory source is not connected to information from another sensory Source. D. Piaget believed that infants only rely on information from actions, not on perception. - SOLUTION A. Piaget argued that young infants develop the ability to coordinate sensory information from multiple sources at a much later age. If one adopts Spelke's Core Knowledge Approach, one would believe that A. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains during the first few months after birth. B. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to all different domains. C. children learn some basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains during the first few months after birth. D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains. - SOLUTION D. children are born with some innate basic knowledge that is applicable to specific domains. The preoperational stage lasts from ages A. 3 to 5. B. 4 to 7. C. 2 to 4. D. 2 to 7. - SOLUTION D. 2 to 7. Piaget labeled his second stage preoperational, because children at this stage A. cannot yet perform operations mentally that they are able to do physically. B. do not have symbolic thought, and can only deal with sensory information and physical action. C. cannot perform physical operations. D. do not have stable concepts and cannot reason. - SOLUTION A. cannot yet perform operations mentally that they are able to do physically. Five-year-old Marta draws a picture of a boat on the ocean at sunset. Marta is showing evidence of A. animism. B. egocentrism. C. operations. D. symbolic function. - SOLUTION D. symbolic function. Angie asks her grandmother over the phone, "Do you like the color of my new shirt that I'm wearing now?" This is an example of A. egocentrism. B. animism. C. operations. D. symbolic function. - SOLUTION A. egocentrism. Animism and egocentrism represent limitations in the preoperational child's thinking, because they indicate an inability to A. think symbolically. B. center attention on one characteristic. C. distinguish among different perspectives. D. to be fanciful and inventive in their drawings. - SOLUTION C. distinguish among different perspectives. Karl covers his stuffed toys before bedtime to make sure they are not cold. This is an example of B. 5 through 11. C. 8 through 14. D. 7 through 11. - SOLUTION D. 7 through 11. Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage? A. Logical thinking occurs in abstract terms. B. Reasoning is dominated by intuition. C. Reasoning is dominated by centration. D. Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example. - SOLUTION D. Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example. A reversible mental action on a real object is a A. formal operation. B. concrete operation. C. preoperation. D. centration. - SOLUTION B. concrete operation. Julio is able to put 5 numbers in the correct order as 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. This shows that Julie understands the concept of A. seriation. B. centration. C. conservation. D. transitivity. - SOLUTION A. seriation. Todd knows that he is taller than the person in front of him and shorter than the person behind him. Based on that knowledge, he concludes that the person behind him must be taller than the person in front of him. This is an example showing that Todd understands ________. A. transitivity B. seriation C. conservation D. centration - SOLUTION A. transitivity The formal operational stage appears between ages A. 5 and 8. B. 7 and 11. C. 11 and 15. D. 13 and 17. - SOLUTION C. 11 and 15. Marni thinks about how the world could be if everyone took more personal responsibility for the environment. Marni is in which of Piaget's stages? A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational - SOLUTION D. formal operational According to Piaget, adolescents capable of formal operational thinking differ from younger children in preoperational thinking in that younger children cannot A. solve problems. B. understand the concept of conservation. C. deal with operations in concrete situations. D. systematically and mentally test hypotheses. - SOLUTION D. systematically and mentally test hypotheses. Alene says, "If A is older than B, and B is older than C, then A must be older than C." Janis can not understand this. Alene explains, "If your friend John is older than you are, and you are older than your cousin Mary, then John must be older than Mary." Janis says, "I got it." In this example, Alene shows ______ thought, while Janis shows ______ thought. A. abstract; hypothetical B. concrete; abstract C. deductive; inductive D. abstract; concrete - SOLUTION D. abstract; concrete Piaget's ideas on formal operational thinking are being challenged, because A. many children never become concrete operational thinkers across all cultures B. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in underdeveloped countries C. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in America D. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in both America and other cultures - SOLUTION D. many adults never become formal operational thinkers in both America and other cultures Which of the following is true of the formal operational stage? A. Many children reach this stage before the age of 12. B. Many adults never become formal operational thinkers. C. Adolescent egocentrism is limited to a small proportion of adolescents. D. The concept of a personal fable occurs in a very small percentage of adolescents. - SOLUTION B. Many adults never become formal operational thinkers. Piaget argues that the initial development of formal operations is largely dominated by _____. A. assimilation B. accommodation C. perceptual coupling D. centration - SOLUTION A. assimilation While preparing his science project, Carlos systematically tests his best guess on his subject and draws conclusions from the results. What thinking process is he engaged in? A. hypothetical-deductive reasoning B. adolescent egocentrism C. abstract, idealistic thinking D. imaginary audience - SOLUTION A. hypothetical-deductive reasoning Adolescent egocentrism is characterized by A. the inability to take different perspectives. B. a heightened self-consciousness. C. the assimilation of others' perspectives into a new self-concept. D. the ability to speculate about ideal circumstances. - SOLUTION B. a heightened self-consciousness. Jillian feels like she is the center of attention and acts as though she were "on stage." This way of thinking is known as A. psychological invulnerability. B. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. C. the imaginary audience. D. the personal fable. - SOLUTION C. the imaginary audience. Halene is sure that all her classmates are staring at her new haircut. This is an example of A. a personal fable. B. intuitive thought. C. hypothetical-deductive reasoning. D. an imaginary audience. - SOLUTION D. an imaginary audience. In assessing the ability to conserve, research findings indicate that this skill A. is dependent solely on biological maturation. B. appears at approximately the same age and in the same sequence across cultures. C. improves with training and practice. D. is dependent primarily on quality of environment. - SOLUTION C. improves with training and practice. Which of the following do Neo-Piagetians argue should have more emphasis in cognitive developmental theory? A. social learning B. attention, memory, and strategy C. evolutionary adaptations D. critical periods - SOLUTION B. attention, memory, and strategy Like Piaget, Vygotsky believed that children A. progress through strict age-related stages of cognitive development. B. learn from watching older, more experienced individuals. C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding. D. are biologically predisposed to achieve a certain level of cognitive development. - SOLUTION C. actively construct their knowledge and understanding. Piaget's theory of development centered on children's actions and interaction with the physical world, while Vygotsky's focused on A. conservation. B. memory and attention. C. social interaction. D. trial and error - SOLUTION C. social interaction. Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for cognitive development. A. children's own maturation B. children's own exploration C. children's interactions with other people D. children's interactions with the physical environment - SOLUTION C. children's interactions with other people According to Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone, but that can be learned with guidance and assistance, is A. scaffolding. B. the zone of proximal development. C. a cultural tool provided by society. D. inner speech. - SOLUTION B. the zone of proximal development. Breanne is learning to walk. She can take a few steps if she walks by herself, but she can walk across the room if a parent holds her hands. The parent's hand holding is an example of __________. A. a zone of proximal development B. dialogue C. scaffolding D. inner speech - SOLUTION C. scaffolding Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does this method fit? A. Freud B. Piaget C. The Neo-Piagetians D. Vygotsky - SOLUTION D. Vygotsky Mr. Kaird incorporates peer tutoring in his classroom. This is an example of A. scaffolding. B. zone of proximal development. C. dialogue. D. inner speech. - SOLUTION A. scaffolding. Changing the level of support in the zone of proximal development is labeled A. constructing. B. training. C. scaffolding. D. dialogue. - SOLUTION C. scaffolding. When working with young children, adults often provide assistance, instruction, and other support. As children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, Vygotsky recommends that adults begin to withdraw these supports. This demonstrates the concept of A. the zone of proximal development. B. scaffolding. C. dialogue. D. inner speech. - SOLUTION B. scaffolding Vygotsky believed that private speech is A. an important tool of thought. B. a sign of delayed language development. C. socially paralyzing. D. a hindrance to problem solving. - SOLUTION A. an important tool of thought. Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework, particularly when he does hard questions. This can be an example of A. private speech. B. egocentrism. C. scaffolding. D. the zone of proximal development. - SOLUTION A. private speech. What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language? A. Thought and language emerge simultaneously and later separate. B. Thought depends on language, so they are tied throughout development. C. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development. D. Thought and language remain independent throughout development. - SOLUTION C. Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development. Vygotsky's theory states that children use speech not only for social communication but also for A. problem solving. B. self-regulation. C. planning and guiding one's own actions. D. All of these answers are correct. - SOLUTION D. All of these answers are correct. When self-talk becomes second nature to children and they can act without verbalizing, they have begun to use A. private speech.