Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development and Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development, Exams of Psychology

Download Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development and Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 / 84 CPCE Practice Questions with Correct Answers 1. Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are... A) Psychometric B) Psychodiagnostic C) Psychopharmacological D) Psychosocial: D) Psychosocial 2. In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists... A) Emphasize the id processes B) Refute the concept of the superego C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior D) Are sometimes known as radical behaviorists: C) Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior 3. The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encom- passes the entire life span was... A) Erik Erikson B) Milton H. Erickson C) A.A. Brill D) Jean Piaget, who created the four stage theory: A) Erik Erikson Has 8 stages representing a psychosocial crisis/turning point. Final stage does not begin until age 60 4. The statement, "the ego is dependent on the id," would most likely reflect the work of... A) Erik Erikson B) Sigmund Freud, who created the psychodynamic theory C) Jay Haley D) Arnold Lazarus, William Perry and Robert Kegan: B) Sigmund Freud (In Freudian theory, the id=the pleasure principle. Erikson emphasizes the power of control. Haley is known for strategic and problem-solving therapy. Lazaras is pioneer in behavior therapy. 5.Robert Perry: -Known for ideas related to adult cognitive development -Stresses dualistic thinking (conceptualize things as good or bad and right or wrong) -Enter adulthood and move into relativistic thinking (ability to perceive that not everything is right or wrong) 6. Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is.... A) formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor B) Formal operations, preoperations, concrete operations, sensorimotor 2 / 84 C) Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations 5 / 84 13.According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests... A) The heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift B) The child is ambidextrous C) The child is more cognizant of mass than weight D) One can undo an action, hence an object (glass of water) can return to its initial shape): D) One can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape 14.During a thunderstorm, a 6-year old in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me." This is an example of... A) Egocentrism B) Conservation C) Centration D) Abstract thought: A) Egocentrism (Child can't view the world from the vantage point of someone else) 15.Lawrence Kohlberg suggested... A) A single level of morality B) Two levels of morality C) Three levels of morality D) Preoperational thought as the basis for all morality: C) Three levels of morality (Preconventional, conventional and postconventional) 16.The Heinz dilemma is to Kohberg's theory as A) a brick is to a house B) Freud is to Jung C) The menninger Clinic is to biofeedback D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered: D) A typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered (Heinz dilemma used to assess moral development) 17.The term 'identity crisis' comes from the work of... A) Counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients B) Erikson C) Adler D) Jung: B) Erikson (RS=religious and spiritual) (Erikson's stages were defined by crisis) 6 / 84 18.Kohlber's three levels of morality are... A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional 7 / 84 B) Formal, preformal, self-accepted C) self-accepted, other directed, authority directed D) Preconventional, formal, authority directed: A) Preconventional, conventional, postconventional (Preconventional:child responds to consequences, conventional: individual wants to meet standards. Postconventional: concerned with universal, ethical principles) 19.Trust vs. mistrust is... A) An Adlerian notion of morality B) Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development C) essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism D)The basis of morality according to Kohlberg: B) Erikson's first stage of psy- chosocial development 20.A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage... A) Generativity vs. Stagnation B) Initiative vs. Guilt C) Identity crisis D) integrity vs. Despair: D) Integrity vs. Despair 21. In Kohlber's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by... A) psychosexual urges B) Consequences C) periodic fugue states D) Counterconditioning: B) Consequences 22.Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by... A) Psychosexual urges B) A desire to live up to society's expectations C) A desire to confrom D) B and C: D) B and C 23.Kohlber's highest level of morality is termed "postconventional morality'. Here the individual... A) must truly contend with psychosexual urges B) has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation C) has self-imposed morals and ethics D) a and b: C) has self-imposed morals and ethics 24.According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles... 10 / stagnation (Need to face the fact that they have not yet achieved their goals) 31.The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in the rhesus monkey is... A) Harry Harlow 11 / B) John Bowlby C) Lawrence Kohlberg D) all of the above: A) Harry Harlow (Monkeys were placed in isolation and developed autistic abnormal behavior) Be- lieved that attachment was innate 32.The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathemat- ical calculations" is... A) False B) True due to genetics C) True only in middle-aged men D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin: D) True according to research by Eleanor Macoby and Carol Jacklin 33.The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is... A) actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages B) generativity vs. stagnation C) Intimacy vs isolation D) a critical factor in which Erikson fails to mention: C) Intimacy vs. isolation 34.We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his/her peers? A) a 19-year-old male college student B) a 23-year old male drummer in a rock band C) a 57-year old female stockbroker D) a 13-year old male middle school student: D) a 13-year old male middle school student (conformity peeks in early teens) 35. In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys... A) a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a terry-cloth version B) the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate C) female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol D) male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol: B) a baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother (contact comfort is important to infant's attachment) 36.Freud postulated the psychosexual stages: A) id, ego and superego B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital 12 / C) eros, thanatos, regression and superego D) manifest, latent, oral and phallic: B) oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital 37. In adolescence.. A) females commit suicide more than males B) suicide is a concern but statistically very rare C) the teens who talk about suicide are not serious D) Males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often: D) males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often 38. In the general U.S. population... A) the suicide rate is 2/100,000 B) suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts C) suicide rates tend to increase with age D) Suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts and suicide rates tend to increase with age: C) suicide rates tend to increase with age 39.The fear of death... A) is greatest during middle age B) is an almost exclusively male phenomenon C) is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years D) occurs in the teen years: A) is the greatest during middle age 40. In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor... A) in the preconscious mind B) in the mind of the child in latency C) which evolves primarily during the oral age D) a and b: C) Evolves primarily during the oral stage (oral stage is the first psychosexual stage and attachment/bonding takes place early in life) 41.When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general... A) girls grow up to smile more B) girls are using more feeling words by age 2 C) girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age D) all of the above: D) all of the above 42.The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is... A) oral B) anal 15 / 49.Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage... A) abstract thinking emerges B) problems can be solved using deduction C) a and b D) the child has mastered abstract thinking but still feels helpless: C) a and b (ages 11+) 50. Kohlberg lists stages of moral development which fall into levels..... A) 6; 3 B) 6;6 C) 3;6 D) 3;3: A) 6;3 51.A person who lives by his/her individual conscience and universal ethical principles A) has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral develop- ment B) is in the preconventional level C) is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles D) a and c: D) a and c 52.Freud's Oedipus complex A) is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite- sex parent occur B) occurs during the phallic stage C) a and b D) is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from this theory: C) a and b 53. In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as... A) systematic desensitization B) covert desensitization C) in vivo desensitization D) the Electra complex: D) the Electra complex 54.The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is: A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital B) oral, anal, genital, phallic and latency C) oral, phallic, latency, genital and anal D) phallic, genital, latency and anal: A) oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital 55.Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing... 16 / A) Piaget's concept of conservation B) Erikson's trust vs mistrust paradigm 17 / C) Piaget's formal operations D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff: D) an apparatus known as a visual cliff 56.Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as... A) Organismic theorists B) statistical developmentalists C) empiricists D) all of the above: C) empiricists -Scientists can only learn from objective facts -Empiricism comes from the Greek word meaning experience 57.An empiricist view of development would be... A) psychometric B) behavioristic C) against the use of formal statistical testing D) a and c: B) behavioristic -the empiricist view is behavioristic 58. In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers... A) showed marked borderline personality traits B) surprisingly enough became friendly C) demonstrated a distinct lack of emotion D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers: D) ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers -Harlow discovered that contact was even more important than food 59.A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position? A) Behaviorism B) Organicism C) Statistical developmentalism D) all of the above: B) organicism 60. In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the... A) Sensorimotor stage B) formal operational stage C) preoperational stage D) acquisition of conservation: A) Sensorimotor stage -Object permanence 61.A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not 20 / C) reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior D) what adults see as violent, children perceive as caring: A) watching violence tends to make children more aggressive 67.A counselor who utilizes the term 'instinctual' technically means... A) behavior results from unconscious aggression B) women will show the behavior to a higher degree than men C) a and b D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species: D) behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species -instincts are species-specific innate behaviors 68.The word 'ethology', which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to... A) Piaget's famous case study methodology B) the study of animals' behaviors in their natural environment C) studies on monkeys raised in Skinnerian air cribs D) all of the above: B) the study of animals' behavior in their natural environment -used to try to explain behavior using Darwinian theory -research utilizing animals 69.A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of... A) ecocentrism B) centration C) formal abstract reasoning D) deductive processes: B) centration -occurs in preoperational stage -Inability to see world from anyone else's vantage point 70.Piaget felt... A) that homework depresses the elementary child's IQ B) strongly that the implementation of Glasser's concepts in 'Schools Without Failure' should be made mandatory in all elementary settings C) that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation: D) that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experi- mentation 71.Piaget's preoperational stage... 21 / A) is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning B) includes mastering conservation 22 / C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema D) all of the above: C) includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema 72.Sigmund Freud and Erikson agreed that... A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage B) developmental stages are primarily psychosexual C) developmental stages are primarily psychosocial D) a person can proceed to a higher stage even if a lower stage is unsolved: A) each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage 73.The tendency for adult females in the U.S. to wear high heels is best explained by... A) the principle of negative reinforcement B) sex-role socialization C) Lorenz's studies on imprinting D) ethological data: B) sex-role socialization 74.The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detach- ment, best describes the work of... A) Freud B) Adler on birth order C) Erikson D) Bowlby: D) Bowlby -felt that if the child was unable to bond with an adult by age 3, he/she would be incapable of having normal social relationships as an adult 75.A counselor who is seeing a 15-year-old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that... A) in general, boys possess better verbal skills than girls B) in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys C) in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls D) b and c: D) b and c 76.Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is... A) the primal scene B) preconscious psychic processes C) sibling rivalry D) BASIC-ID: C) sibling rivalry 77.A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, 25 / C) despair, which is in the sense that he/she has wasted life's precious 26 / opportunities D) the burden of generalized anxiety disorder: B) ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity vs. despair stage 83. Sen sorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as is to Erikson A) Integrity vs. Despair B) Kohlberg C) Trust vs. Mistrust D) play therapy: C) trust vs. mistrust 84.Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation? A) A. Lazarus B) H. Harlow C) J. Wolpe D) A. Ellis: B) J. Harlow -Best known for his work with rhesus monkeys -Surrogate mothers made from terry cloth and others made of wood and wire 85.When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client A) has "learned helplessness" syndrome B) Suffers from a phobia C) Suffers from a fixation D) is displaying the risky shift phenomenon: C) Suffers from a fixation 86.True of False: Phobia is often distinguished from anxiety: True -In anxiety, the client is unaware of the source of the fear 87.Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the: A) superego B) ego C) id D) eros: A) superego 88.Which theorists would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency? A) Carl Rogers B) B.F. Skinner C) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance D) Konrad Lorenz: D) Konrad Lorenz -Claims that we are naturally aggressive like the wolf or baboon 89. is the father of guidance: Frank Parsons 27 / 90.The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with: 30 / through early conflicts -psychoanalysts and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category 31 / 100. Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as: A) hysteria B) pica C) fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli D) dysfunctional repetition: C) fixed-action patterns (FAP) elicited by sign stimuli 101. Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which: A) the client is urges to relive a traumatic experience in an encounter group B) biofeedback training is highly recommended C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction D) the activity of meaning making is discouraged: C) the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction 102. Most experts in the field of counseling agree that: A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, coun- selors ought to be familiar with all the major theories B) Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality C) a counselor who incorporates Piaget's stages into his or her thinking would not necessarily need knowledge of rival therapeutic viewpoints D) a realistic counselor needs to pick one developmental theory in the same manner that he/she picks a psychotherapeutic persuasion: A) no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories 103. Equilibration is: A) a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes B) performed via the id according to the Freudians C) a synonym for the concrete operational thought D) the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation): The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation) 104. A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor ideally focus on: A) Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization B) building accurate empathy of family members C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs D) the identified patient: C) Maslow's lower-order needs, such as 32 / physiological and safety needs 35 / 120. Anne Roe: -Jobs meet our needs determined by our childhood satisfactions and frustrations -divided career fields into 8 categories and 6 levels Categories: arts/entertainment, general, technology, outdoor, science, business, organizations, and services industry -Levels- requiring most to least experience and knowledge: professional & manage- rial, semi-professional, skilled worker, semi-skilled worker, unskilled worker 121. Prior to the 1960s most counseling took place: A) in a group setting B) with the entire family present C) in a dyadic relationship D) in behavior therapy clinics: C) in a dyadic relationship -dyad: unit of two functioning as a pair 122. A group has: A) a membership which can be defined B) some degree of unity and interaction C) a shared purpose D) all of the above: D) all of the above 123. True or False: Meta-analysis research indicates that individual counseling still generally produces better results for depressed clients: True 124. The term 'group therapy' was coined in 1931 by: A) Frank Parsons, the father of guidance (also referred to as vocational guid- ance) B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama C) E.G. Williamson, associated with the Minnesota Viewpoint D) Fritz Perls, the father of gestalt therapy: B) Jacob Moreno, the father of psychodrama -Moreno's Theatre of Spontaneity (improvisation and drama as healing forces) 125. The first mutual aid, self-help group is : AA (Alcoholics Anony- mous) 126. Noted psychotherapy author and scholar Raymond Corsini once referred to the early 1940s as the 'modern era' of group work. In the 1940s the two organizations for group therapy were created and group work became a legitimate specialty. The groups are: A) NASW and NBCC 36 / B) AGSW and AAS C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psychodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the American Group 37 / Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 D) AACD and APA: C) the American Society for Group Psychotherapy and Psy- chodrama (ASGPP) spawned by the work of Jacob Moreno in 1942 and the Amer- ican Group Psychotherapy Association (AGPA) which resulted from the effort of Samuel Richard Slavson in 1943 127. Which theoriest's work has been classified as a preface to the group movement? A) Sigmund Freud B) C.G. Jung C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis D) Marsha Linehan, who created dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), originally used to deal with suicidal behaviors: C) Alfred Adler and Jesse B. Davis -Jesse B. Davis pioneered school guidance and became America's first school guidance counselor 128. Primary groups are: A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems B) always follow a person-centered paradigm C) generally utilized for long-term psychotherapy D) always focused on the client's childhood: A) preventative and attempt to ward off problems -secondary group problems are present but not severe -tertiary group deals with more serious difficulties 129. A group is classified as secondary. That implies that: A) it is preventive and attempts to ward off problems B) a difficulty or disturbance is present C) two therapists are utilized D) all of the above: B) a difficulty or disturbance is present 130. Group norms: A) exist only in encounter groups B) exist only in career counseling groups C) are not related to group cohesiveness D) govern acceptable behavior and group rules: D) govern acceptable behavior and group norms -Norms=expected behaviors 131. Group therapy initially flourished in the United States due to: A) Freud's lectures in this country B) a shortage of competent career counselors 40 / -Yalom pointed out that structured exercises can create a situation where group stages are passed over 41 / 136. One advantage of group work is that a counselor can see more clients in a given period of time. One disadvantage is that a counselor can be too focused on group processes and: A) individual issues are not properly examined B) the group becomes too behavioristic C) a and b D) the group focuses too much on content: A) individual issues are not properly examined 137. According to the risky shift phenomenon, a group decision will: A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion B) be more conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion C) often be aggressive or illegal D) violate the group's confidentiality norms: A) be less conservative than the average group member's decision, prior to the group discussion -risky shift phenomenon (group decisions tend to be more risky) 138. T-groups often stress ways employees can express themselves in an effective manner. The "T" in T-groups merely stands for: A) techniques B) taxonomy C) training D) testing: C) training 139. A counselor suggests that her client join an assertiveness training group. Most assertiveness training groups are: A) unstructured B) psychodynamic or person-centered C) focused heavily on existential concerns D) behavioristic and highly structured: D) behavioristic and highly structured -behavioral groups tend to be highly structured 140. Weight Watchers is a : A) T-group, also called a training group B) self-help or support group, as is AA C) psychotherapy group D) marathon group: B) self-help or support group, as is AA -self help groups attempt to cope with a given issue -support groups are conducted by organizations and might charge fees 42 / -self help groups are typically not run by organizations 45 / clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: A) an African American client and a white leader would sit close together 46 / B) a Latino/a client and an African American leader would sit close together C) an Asian American client and an African American leader would sit close together D) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together: D) an Asian American leader and an Asian American client would sit close together 153. A group setting has a flexible seating arrangement in which clients are free to sit wherever they wish. In this setting it is likely that: A) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in cutoff jeans will sit close together B) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together C) a white female client in a designer outfit and a white male client in a pair of old jeans and an undershirt will sit close together D) a male client in a designer suit and a female client in a jogging suit and old tennis shoes with holes in them will sit close together: B) a Cuban male client in a designer suit and an Asian male client in another brand of designer suit will sit close together -some evidence points out that social class means more than race in terms of group seating 154. Which statement made by a doctoral-level counselor is illustrative of a leader focused on process rather than product? A) "Jim seems more relaxed today" B) "Sally seems a bit self-critical this evening" C) "I hear a lot of sadness in Betty's voice" D) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice": D) "You wince whenever Jane raises her voice" -process=manner in which communication transpires 155. Which statement by a group leader in a residential center for adolescents focuses on product rather than process? A) "Ken has not stolen for a week and thus eligible for supplementary tokens" B) "Karen looks down when Bill discusses relationships" C) "It sounds like there is a deep sense of hurt" D) "Oh, so you fold your arms and sort of close up when Carey mentions the angry side of your personality": A) "Karen has not stolen for a week and thus is eligible for supplementary tokens" 156. Groups promote the concept of universality, which suggests that: A) we are unique and so are our problems B) there is a universal way to solve nearly any difficulty 47 / C) a and b D) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem: D) we are not the only ones in the world with a given problem -exam might substitute 'mutuality' for 'universality' 157. In the late 1930s researchers identified three basic leadership styles: A) directive, nondirective, and semi-passive B) autocratic, democratic and laissez faire C) relaxed, anxious and tense D) assertive, nonassertive and aggressive: B) autocratic, democratic and laissez faire 158. The autocratic or authoritarian leader may give orders to the group, while the laissez faire leader: A) assigns a group member as the authoritarian B) has a hands-off policy and participates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself C) has the most desirable style of leadership D) nearly always run open-ended groups: B) has a hands-off policy and partici- pates very little, with the group basically taking responsibility for itself 159. When comparing the autocratic, democratic and laissez fair styles: A) the autocratic is the most desirable B) the laissez faire is the most desirable C) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called a facilitator, is the most desirable D) there is no discernible difference in effectiveness: C) the democratic, or what Sam Gladding called the facilitator, is the most desirable 160. A group with more than one leader is said to utilize coleaders. Coleader- ship is desirable because: A) the group can go on even if one leader is absent B) two leaders can focus on group dynamics better than one leader since two individuals will have better observational skills C) leaders can process their feelings between sessions D) all of the above: D) all of the above 161. Coleadership A) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety B) increases burnout C) has no impact on burnout D) should not be used for open groups: A) reduces burnout and helps ensure safety 50 / C) at least two group leaders D) 9-12 members: B) less members than an adult group 168. Although the length of group counseling sessions will vary, most experts would agree that is plenty of time even when critical issues are being examined: A) three hours per session B) one hour per session C) six hours per session D) two hours per session: D) two hours per session 169. In terms of group risks: A) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client B) an ethical leader should never discuss risks with a client C) research has demonstrated that the less said about them, the better the group will interact D) an ethical leader allows the group to discover risks and work through them at their own pace: A) an ethical leader will discuss them during the initial session with a client 170. An adept group leader will: A) attempt to safeguard clients against risks B) work to reduce risks and dangers C) a and b D) let the group handle the dangers on their own: C) a and b 171. A group participant wants to drop out of a group. Since the group is "closed" most experts would agree that: A) the leader must insist that the client stay B) the client is allowed to withdraw C) the leader should allow other members to put pressure on the participant to stay D) a and c: B) the client is allowed to withdraw 172. During the initial session of a group the leader explains that no smoking and no cursing will be permitted. This is known as: A) setting ground rules B) ambivalent transference C) blocking D) scapegoating: A) setting ground rules 173. Group norms refer to: A) a statistically normal group composed of 8-12 members B) a statistically normal group composed of 12-14 members C) a normal group with no cultural differences 51 / D) the range of acceptable behavior within the group: D) the range of acceptable behavior within the group 174. The study of group operations is often called: A) group desensitization B) the hot seat technique C) group dynamics D) structuring the group: C) group dynamics 175. The word 'dynamic' means the group is: A) normal B) always changing C) static D) defined in an operational manner: B) always changing 176. A group leader who utilizes an abundance of group exercises is: A) probably not running an assertiveness training group B) is running an unstructured group C) is running a structured group D) is invariably running a self-help group: C) is running a structured group 177. Some theorists object to the word 'unstructured' in group work because: A) a group cannot not have structure B) only structured groups are effective C) unstructured groups are hardly therapeutic D) unstructured refers only to counseling and not to therapy groups: A) a group cannot not have structure 178. Some research demonstrates: A) structured exercises early in the group impaired later communication between group members B) structured exercises with feedback early in the group served to improve communication between group members C) autocratic and authoritarian leadership styles promote communication best D) structured exercises are never appropriate: B) structured exercises with feed- back early in the group served to improve communication between group members 179. In some literature, group cohesiveness, or "we-ness" is known as: A) group unity B) a sociogram C) Karpman's triangle D) the transition stage: A) group unity 180. Group members assume roles within a group. Which of the 52 / following is not a group role? A) Energizer 55 / 187. In a healthy group, members... A) assume a role and never change it B) have no roles C) are flexible and can change roles D) Spend a great deal of time practicing role reversal: C) are flexible and can change roles 188. In a group, task roles... A) help solve problems B) aid in terms of goal setting and keep the group focused C) are seen as positive D) all of the above: D) all of the above 189. Maintenance roles, like task roles, are positive since such roles... A) help to maintain the group B) are self-serving C) help promote autocratic leadership D) always stress the importance of the here and now: A) help to maintain the group 190. Self-serving or individual roles are negative inasmuch as... A) they promote democratic leadership B) they work against the group C) they serve the individual and not the group D) b and c: D) b and c 191. Although task roles and maintenance roles are indeed positive, the group can suffer if the group is not flexible and remains in one or the other role too long since... A) an effective group needs some self-serving roles B) if a group gets stuck in task roles, interaction suffers C) if a group gets stuck in maintenance roles, little work will be accomplished D) b and c: D) b and c 192. Group specialists define role conflict as... A) tension between two group members who have assumed different roles B) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he/she actually behaves C) tension between the group leader and a group member D) members criticizing other members between group sessions: B) a situation in which there is a discrepancy between the way a member is expected to behave and the way he/she actually behaves 193. A major group dynamic is group development. This is usually expressed in terms of... 56 / A) the number of hours of group conflict B) theories of group stages C) the Rosenthal effect D) the Hawthorne effect: B) the theories of group stages 194. Irvin Yalom is a famous existentialist therapist and a pioneer in the group movement. He suggested these four group stages: orientation, conflict, cohe- sion, and termination. In 1966 Tuckman and Jensen reviewed 25 years of re- search and came up with five stages: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Which stage in Tuckman and Jensen's paradigm is similar to Yalom's orientation stage?: A) Forming 195. The final stage suggested by theories of group stages generally deals with issues of: A) group tasks B) transition C) power and control D) separation and termination: D) separation and termination 196. The initial group stage has been called forming, orientation or the preaf- filiation stage. This stage is characterized by... A) avoidance-avoidance conflicts B) a tendency for members to compete with the leader for power C) approach-avoidance behavior D) members working on the interpretation of the unconscious behavior: C) approach-avoidance behavior 197. A client would generally feel the most suspicious of others in... A) the final stage of separation or termination B) the intimacy stage C) the group formation/exploratory stage D) a group with coleadership, also known as cofacilitation: C) the group forma- tion/exploratory stage 198. Fights between subgroups and members showing rebellion against the leader generally occurs in... A) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage B) the first stage known as the orientation stage or formation stage C) the separation stage D) the intimacy stage: A) the second stage known as the control stage or the transition stage 199. A hierarchy, or pecking order, among members occurs in... A) the stage of storming, also known as the power-control stage B) the orientation stage 57 / C) the separation stage D) the intimacy stage: A) the stage of storming 200. Group planning occurs... A) in the initial stage B) in the stage after the transition or conflict stage C) in the final stage, also known as the termination stage D) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group: D) before the group begins and continues throughout the life of the group 201. The final group stage (also called the termination stage) is geared to- ward... A) developing intimacy B) working through power and control issues C) exploration D) breaking away: D) breaking away * this phase has been called "consolidation" and occurs after the working stage 202. A group therapist is constructing a diagram to better understand the dynamics between subgroups and members. This is called... A) sculpturing B) ego state analysis C) charting a pictorial sociogram D) charting the variance: C) charting a pictorial sociogram *the study of measuring person-to-person relationships regarding what members in a group think or feel is known as "sociometry" 203. A group leader who asks each group member to recapitulate what he/she has learned during a given session is promoting... A) summarization, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed B) Clarification, the action of making certain that the leader and the group truly understand the key factors related to what a member is attempting to communicate C) blocking, the act of putting a halt to a group member's actions that might have a negative impact on other group members D) linking, the act of pointing out similarities between clients: A) summariza- tion, the act of briefly stating what has transpired or discussed 204. A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should rely on... 60 / 211. According to researchers, groups are effective... A) although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true B) due to increased transference in group work C) due to better morale in a group setting D) due to the emphasis on cognitive restructuring: A) although researchers cannot pinpoint precisely why this is true 212. A major limitation related to group work is that... A) REBT cannot be utilized in group therapy B) it is not really cost effective C) gestalt therapy cannot be used in a group setting D) a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm: D) a group leader can lose control and members could experience emotional harm *Other limitations include: a client may need individual therapy before they can benefit from group work, client may not be capable of trusting others enough to reveal, group can become a substitute experience for the real world, group counselor may not be as effective with a whole group of people. 213. A major advantage of group work versus individual work is that... A) members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less than individual counseling sessions. B) the leader has a less complex role than that of an individual counselor C) the group leader nearly always possesses more training than an individual counselor D) all of the above: A) members learn to give help in addition to receiving it and group sessions generally cost less *Groups are like a microcosm of society that offers vicarious learning and support 214. Which statement best depicts a major advantage of group work? A) group work usually focuses on the here and now B) group work is always time limited C) group work is always superior for career counseling D) the group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and in- teraction of everyday life: D) the group setting is somewhat analogous to the communication and interaction of everyday life 215. Which of these factors is not delineated by Irvin Yalom as a curative factor? A) altruism, universality and existential learning B) manifest dream content and insight into the unconscious mind 61 / C) catharsis, cohesiveness and instillation of hope D) imitative behavior and reenactment of family experiences: B) manifest dream 62 / content and insight into the unconscious mind *Yalom is an existential therapist. Choice "b" is psychoanalytic 216. In terms of research and the group leader's personality... A) extroverts are the most effective leaders B) introverts are the most effective leaders C) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree D) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm and common sense have a tremen- dous positive impact: C) qualities such as flexibility, enthusiasm and common sense may be helpful to a very small degree 217. R. K. Conye suggested that group intervention intended to... A) ferret out unconscious material B) enhance rational self-talk C) illuminate dysfunctional nonverbal behavior D) prevent, correct or enhance behavior: D) prevent, correct or enhance behavior 218. A group leader who wishes to assess the impact of the group ideally would... A) hand out a written evaluation form during the final session B) hold a follow-up session so members can share experiences C) have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change D) give each member a pretest and a post test utilizing a protective measure- : C) have an outside "observer" sit in during group sessions and consequently rate the level of behavioral change *research in group has been criticized from not using independent observers 219. A group leader who is counseling children under 10 years of age could best enhance the treatment process by... A) involving parents and asking them for input B) keeping the parents involved C) reminding the children to speak softly at all times D) b and c: A) involving parents and asking them for input *Parental involvement can reduce resistance and improve cooperation 220. When an adolescent complains about their parents in the group it is best to... A) jump on the bandwagon and agree with the child B) avoid taking sides but help them see the parents' point of view via a therapeutic technique such as role-playing 65 / college *research studies show that 50% of all college students have career difficulties 66 / 224. A dual-career family is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families? A) surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works B) dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working C) dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working D) surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families: B) dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working 225. In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman... A) generally has children before entering the workforce B) rarely if ever has children C) is not self-reliant D) is typically secure in her career before she has children: D) is typically secure in her career before she has children 226. Studies indicate that... A) students receive ample vocational guidance B) most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance C) students want more vocational guidance than they receive D) career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students: C) students want more vocational guidance than they receive 227. Statistics reveal that... A) on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma B) fewer workers possess a high school diploma than ever before C) blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs D) older workers are slower than younger workers and have fewer skills: A) on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma 228. When professional career counselors use the term 'leisure' they techni- cally mean... A) the client is having fun at work or away from work B) the client is relaxing at work or away from work C) the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work D) the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for 67 / obligations: D) the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations 229. In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples... A) dual-career families/couples have more leisure time B) dual-career families/couples have the same amount of leisure time as families/couples with one wage earner C) dual-career families/couples have less leisure time D) dual-career families/couples have more weekend leisure time: C) dual- ca- reer families/couples have less leisure time 230. A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman" is showing an example of... A) gender bias B) counselor bias C) the trait-and-factor theory D) developmental theory and career choice: A) gender bias 231. One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor ap- proach. It has also been dubbed as the actuarial or matching approach. This approach... A) attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives B) attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person C) attempts to match career behavior with attitudes D) attempts to match cognition with the workload: B) Attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person *Most popular career theories are based on the middle-upper class white males who are heterosexual and not disabled 232. The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with A) Parsons and Williamson B) Roe and Brill C) Holland and Super D) Tiedman and O'Hara: A) Parsons and Williamson *Theory assumes that an individual's traits can be measured so accurately that the choice of an occupation is a one-time process. Computer career guidance often adhere to the trait-and-factor model 233. The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that... 70 / B) based on a model of strict operant conditioning C) based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need D) based on the work of Pavlov: C) based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need 71 / 239. Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing... A) unconscious and preconscious B) fields and levels C) yin and yang D) transnational analysis nomenclature: B) fields and levels 240. All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except: A) Service B) Science C) Arts and entertainment D) Unskilled: D) unskilled 241. All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except: A) outdoor B) Semiskilled C) semiprofessional/small business D) Professional and managerial: A) outdoor 242. Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child... A) experiences neurosis or psychosis B) will eventually have a lot of jobs or lack of unemployment C) will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people D) will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed: C) will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people 243. Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice... A) lower-order needs take precedence over high-order needs B) self-actualization needs take precedence over lower-order needs C) all needs are given equal consideration D) the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need: A) low- er-order needs take precedence over high-order needs 244. Some support Roe's theory comes from... A) the BDI B) the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition C) the Rorschach and the TAT D) the gestalt therapy movement: C) the Rorschach and the TAT 245. In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that... A) genetics play a very minor role in career choice 72 / B) genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice C) genetics are important while upbringing is not D) genetics are important while the unconscious is not: B) genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice 246. According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and lev- els... A) the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision B) using the 'Strong' is the best method of explaining career choice C) early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice D) the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs: D) the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs 247. A 37-year old white male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's... A) career B) lifestyle C) job or position D) occupation: C) job or position *Job=position within an organization Occupation=similar jobs occupied via different people (psychologist Career=broadest category, lifetime positions 248. Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was... A) Krumboltz B) Schein C) Super D) Bordin: D) Bordin *Career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts 249. Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice... A) are indicative of neurotic symptoms B) are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment C) are related to a lack of present moment awareness D) are the result of irrational cognitions: A) are indicative or neurotic symptoms 250. Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. 75 / A) Artistic B) social 76 / C) enterprising D) realistic: B) social 257. Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be... A) artistic B) social C) enterprising D) realistic: C) enterprising 258. A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's typology A) artistic B) conventional C) social D) realistic: D) realistic 259. Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the type A) investigative B) social C) enterprising D) artistic: A) investigative 260. Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology? A) A 72-year old part-time, male ballet instructor B) A 29-year old female fiction writer C) A 33-year old female drill press operator D) A 41 year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band: C) A 33 year-old female drill press operator 261. Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words, the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the category A) artistic B) conventional C) realistic D) social: B) conventional 262. In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal 77 / orienta- tion, Holland believed that... A) every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories 80 / A) informal, formal and concrete B) fantasy (birth-age 11), tentative (ages 11-17), and realistic (age 17 to early twenties) C) sensorimotor, formal and concrete D) oral, anal and phallic: B) fantasy, tentative and realistic 268. The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes... A) id impulses B) the Critical Parent C) the self-concept D) ego strength: C) self-concept *Super and self-concept both start with "s" 269. Super's life-span theory emphasizes life stages... A) five B) four C) three D) nine: A) five *Growth (birth-4), Exploration (15-24), Establishment (24-44), Maintenance (44-64), and Decline (65+) 270. Super's life-span theory includes... A) the life-career rainbow B) the life-career stars C) the life-career moon D) the life-career psychosis: A) the life-career rainbow 271. Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of... A) John Crites B) Anne Roe C) John Holland D) Nancy Schlossberg: A) John Crites 272. The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by... A) John O. Crites B) John Holland C) David TIedman and Robert O'Hara D) Donald Super: C) David Tiedman and Robert O'Hara 273. John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career 81 / choice. This model is based mainly on the work of... A) Joseph Wolpe B) Albert Bandura 82 / C) Donald Super D) Karen Homey: B) Albert Bandura 274. The model Krumboltz suggested is... A) a human capital theory B) an accident theory of career development C) a status attainment theory D) a behavioristic model of career development: D) a behavioristic model of career development 275. A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely... A) analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations B) Give the client a standardized career test C) suggest a site visit to a work setting D) a and b: C) suggest a site visit to a work setting 276. A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision ap- proach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Getlatt refers to infor- mation as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems: A) predictive, value, and decision B) internal, external, and in-between C) predictive, external and internal D) internal and external: A) predictive, value and decision 277. In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with... A) personal likes, dislikes and preferences B) personal rules C) alternatives and the probability of outcomes D) the Self-Directed Search: C) alternatives and the probability of outcomes 278. Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on... A) fields and levels B) circumscription and compromise theory C) the career rainbow D) on the concept of career maturity, mainly: B) circumscription and compromise *Choice A=Anne Roe Choice C=Donald Super Choice D= John Crites 279. The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the United 85 / C) SIC 86 / D) OOH: D) OOH *focuses on outlook and useful trends or predictions 286. Gender issues impact career counseling such as career segregation. Men are over-represented in positions while women often have A) nursing; physician's positions B) pink-collar; executive positions C) CEO; positions as financial advisors D) labor and executive positions; pink-collar jobs: D) labor and executive posi- tions; pink-collar jobs 287. A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the fields is a victim of... A) unemployment B) underemployment C) the phi phenomenon D) the risky shift phenomenon: B) underemployment 288. According to the OOH, the highest-paying professional would be... A) a social worker B) a counselor C) a psychiatrist D) an I/O psychologist: C) a psychiatrist 289. In a lifetime the average person has... A) 10-15 jobs B) two jobs C) a single job and stays with it for his or her entire career D) about five jobs: A) 10-15 jobs 290. Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of... A) Anne Roe B) John Holland C) H.B. Gelatt D) Albert Bandura: D) Albert Bandura 291. The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are... A) computer-assisted career guidance systems (CACG) B) Paper and pencil career tests C) career theories proposed in the 1940s D) computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH: A) computer-assisted career guidance systems 87 / (CACG) 292. A client who likes her flower-arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best 90 / A) the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds B) the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds C) the client will be standing a lot D) the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily: A) the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds 299. The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that... A) most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards B) most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids C) most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads D) most jobs are not advertised: D) most jobs are not advertised 300. The SDS score will reveal A) career aptitude B) the personality via projective measures C) the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types D) spillover personality tendencies: C) the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types 301. As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing... A) David Tiedeman B) John Holland C) Anne Roe D) John Crites: B) John Holland 302. The Kruder Career Planning System (KCPS) would be appropriate for... A) K-12, postsecondary, and even adults B) children who have not completed the sixth grade C) kids who have taken the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) D) high school students: A) k-12, postsecondary and even adults 303. Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household form dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except... A) dual-earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual- career families B) dual-earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families C) dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families D) dual-career families have less competition: C) dual-career families earn more than dual-earner families 91 / 304. Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET 92 / Ability Profiler grew out of the... A) cognitive therapy movement B) humanistic psychology movement C) individual psychology movement D) trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling: D) trait-and- factor movement related to career counseling 305. A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described as... A) as a displaced homemaker B) as a victim of underemployment C) by conducting a job analysis D) as a victim of the hidden job market: A) as a displaced homemaker 306. According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination... A) women make more than men for doing the same job B) women make less than men for doing the same job C) men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation D) women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job: B) women make less than men for doing the same job 307. According to the concept of occupational sex segregation... A) most women hold high-paying executive jobs B) most women hold low-paying jobs with low status C) most women hold jobs which require a college degree D) men still make considerably less than women: B) most women hold low- pay- ing jobs with low status 308. A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests... A) positive transference B) negative transference C) counselor bias based on gender bias D) sex-wage discrimination: C) counselor bias based on gender bias 309. Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelli- gence, skills, and potential as a man will often... A) make the same job choice as a man B) choose a supervisory position more often than a man C) have lower career aspirations than a man D) choose a career well above her ability level: C) have lower career 95 / 316. A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume... A) should downplay the value of the cover letter B) should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective C) should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data D) should emphasize the importance of a cover letter: D) should emphasize the importance of a cover letter 317. The in-basket technique would be best... A) when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position B) when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices and careers C) when you are counseling a senior in high school who is unsure whether to go to college D) when you are counseling a senior in college who is contemplating graduate school: A) when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position *in-basket=job simulation 318. The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al. A) is very behavioristic B) is indicative of a client-centered approach C) is psychodynamic D) is appropriate, but not with disabled populations: A) is very behavioristic 319. Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs? A) Albert Ellis B) John O. Crites C) John Krumboltz D) Robert Hoppock: D) Robert Hoppock 320. ALl of the following are difficulties with career testing except: A) stereotyping B) the tests all take at least three hours to administer C) the counselor may rely too heavily on test results D) Many tests are biased in favor of white middle-class clients: B) the tests all take at least three hours to administer 321. According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination... A) women make more than men for doing the same job B) women make less than men for doing the same job C) men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation 96 / D) women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job: 322. Appraisal can be defined as... A) the process of assessing or estimating attributes B) testing which is always performed in a group setting C) testing which is always performed on a single individual D) a pencil and paper measurement of assessing attributes: A) the process of assessing or estimating attributes 323. A test can be defines as a systematic method of measuring a sample behavior. Test format refers to the manner in which test items are presented. The format of an essay test is considered a(n) format A) subjective B) objective C) very precise D) concise: A) subjective 324. The National Counselor Exam (NCE) is a(n) test because the scoring procedure is specific A) subjective B) objective C) projective D) subtest: B) objective 325. A short answer test is a(n) test A) subjective B) culture-free C) forced choice D) free choice: D) free choice 326. The NCE and the CPCE would be examples of a(n) test A) free choice B) forced choice C) projective D) intelligence: B) forced choice 327. The index indicates the percentage of individuals who answered each item correctly... A) difficulty B) critical C) intelligence 97 / D) personal: A) difficulty 328. Short answer tests and projective measures utilize free response items. The NCE and the CPCE uses forced choice or so-called items