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THESE ARE SOME OF THE MORE

IMPORTANT PICTURES TAKEN

FROM THE NOTES ON CH 1

through CH 3

You should also go back and look over the homeworks and quizzes for

these chapters as review also.

http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_audesirk_bloe_7/

CH 1

PICTURES

Living Things Are Both Complex and Organized

Organized? Complex? Both?

Population

Population

Herd of Pronghorns

Herd of Pronghorns

Hawk

Hawk

Water

Water

Earth

Earth ’

’ s

s

surface

surface

Community

Community

Ecosystem

Ecosystem

Biosphere

Biosphere

Pronghorns

Pronghorns

Hawk

Hawk

Grass

Grass

Pronghorns

Pronghorns

Snake

Snake

Bushes

Bushes

Soil

Soil

Air

Air

Snake

Snake

Least complex

Most complex

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

You should be able to rank these levels of organization by terms or pictures.

Tissue

Tissue

Nervous

Nervous

Tissue

Tissue

Brain

Brain

Nervous

Nervous

System

System

Pronghorn Pronghorn

Antelope

Antelope

Organ

Organ

Organ System

Organ System

Organism

Organism

Least complex

Most complex

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

You should be able to rank these levels of organization by terms or pictures.

O

H H

CH

2

OH

Subatomic

Subatomic

Electron

Electron Neutron

Neutron Proton

Proton

Nitrogen

Nitrogen Carbon

Carbon Hydrogen

Hydrogen Oxygen

Oxygen

DNA

DNA Glucose

Glucose Water

Water

Nucleus

Nucleus Chloroplast

Chloroplast Mitochondrion

Mitochondrion

Nerve Cell

Nerve Cell

Atomic

Atomic

Molecular

Molecular

Organelle

Organelle

Cellular

Cellular

Least complex

Most complex

LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

You should be able to rank these levels of organization by terms or pictures.

The CELL: Smallest unit of LIFE

You should be able to identify each of these regions

Living Things Acquire and Use

Materials and Energy

Fig. 1-

Understand the “circular” pathways of many processes

Categorizing Life

You should be able to identify these three “branches” of the tree of life here.

cell wall

plasma

membrane

genetic material

(DNA)

1 micrometer

The domain Bacteria

The domain Archaea

10 micrometers

oral groove

(“mouth”)

contractile

vacuole

food

vacuoles

A protist (domain Eukarya)

3 domains

The Scientific Method Is the Basis for Scientific

Inquiry

What are the 6 steps

of scientific

method?

Francesco Redi’s experiment

6 steps

Applying the steps to an experiment by Redi

Fleming’s Discovery of Penicillin Highlights Real

Science in the 1920s

What did Fleming discover? Why is it important? Examples today?

Types of Reasoning Used in Science

Identify different types of reasonsing

CH 2

PICTURES

Table 2-

What are the most common elements in humans?

Hydrogen Helium

electron

proton

neutron

Examples of Atoms

You should be able to identify the 3 subatomic parts of an atom?

1 8

2 3 4 5 6 7

of Protons = # of Electrons

of outer shell electrons

Good Exam Question:

Fill in the blanks with values

Atom Atomic # # of protons # of

electrons

outer-shell

electrons

Hydrogen 1 1 1 1

Nitrogen 7 7

Carbon 6

H H

O

OXYGEN has 6

electrons in its

outermost shell

HYDROGENS each have 1 electron in their outermost shell

The single

electrons between

H and O form a

bond (sharing of 2

electrons)

You should understand hydrogen bonding and how/with what it forms

Free radicals

Some cellular reactions produce free radicals

A free radical is a molecule in which atoms have one or

more unpaired electrons in their outer shells

• Highly unstable and reactive -

steal electrons, destroying other molecules

• Cell death can occur from free radical attack

implicated in heart disease, Alzheimer’s, cancer, and

aging

• Antioxidants like vitamins C and E render free

radicals harmless

You should be able to tell me what a free radical is and where you would find one.

L

E

O

G

E

R

oss

lectrons

xidation

ain

lectrons

eduction

You should understand the gain/loss of electrons and WHICH electrons are used.

Ions and ionic bonds

Atoms that have lost or gained electrons are

charged, and are called ions

Atoms that have lost electrons become positively

charged ions (sodium: Na

); called “oxidation”

• Atoms that have gained electrons become negatively

charged ions (chlorine: Cl

); called “reduction”

• Oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each

other are bound into a molecule by ionic bonds

• Salt crystals are formed by a repeated, orderly

arrangement of sodium and chloride ions

You should understand how IONIC BONDING works.

The Formation of Ions and Ionic Bonds

Fig. 2-5

Electron transferred

Na



Cl



Cl



Na



Cl



Cl



Na



Na



Cl



(b) Ions

(c) An ionic compound: NaCl

Attraction between

opposite charges

• –
• –

11 p



11 n

• –
• –

17 p



18 n

Sodium ion (  ) Chloride ion ( – )

(a) Neutral atoms

Sodium atom (neutral) Chlorine atom (neutral)

• –

11 p



11 n

• –

   - - – - - 

•  - - – - 

17 p



18 n