PJM Test Questions 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT STUDY SET, Exams of Organization and Business Administration

Download PJM Test Questions 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT STUDY SET and more Exams Organization and Business Administration in PDF only on Docsity! PJM Test Questions 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 CORRECT STUDY SET d. 72 hours A fossil steam unit is considered fuel limited when it is not capable of running at its maximum capacity for the next a. 16 hours b. 120 hours c. 36 hours d. 72 hours d. 5 seconds, 57.5Hz Generation is disconnected after __ seconds when the frequency drops to ___ . a. 15, 61Hz b. 10, 60Hz c. 0, 60Hz d. 5, 57.5Hz b. the distribution system EXPLANATION: A 5% voltage reduction on distribution will provide an increase of 2-3% on the transmission system. Customers won't notice a 5% reduction on their end. When ordered, a 5% voltage reduction should be taken on: a. predetermined tie lines b. the distribution system c. the 500 kV system d. the 230 kV system a. Right Triangle - Pythagorean Theorem A² + B² = C² What is the equation to calculate MVA? a. Right Triangle - Pythagorean Theorem A² + B² = C² b. side angle side c. MW + MVAR d. trigonometry d. Lagging, Leading EXPLANATION: OUT is lagging, IN is leading. For a generator's VAR reserves, VARs out ability is the ____ Reserve, and VARs in is _____ Reserve. (Total VAR reserve = Lagging ability - VARs out OR + VARs in) a. start, finish b. spinning, non spinning c. Leading, Lagging d. Lagging, Leading b. notify and gain agreement of the outage with the affected company, then submit an eDART ticket. When scheduling a planned transmission line outage that spans two companies within the interconnection's control area, the requesting company should: a. notify PJM so they can make all necessary arrangements, and submit an eDART ticket b. notify and gain agreement of the outage with the affected company, then submit an eDART ticket. c. submit an eDART ticket and then notify the affected company. d. submit an eDART ticket only. c. 30 MW The Ferranti Effect is an _____ in voltage occurring at the ____ end of a long transmission line, above the voltage at the _____ end. This occurs when the line is energized, but there is a very light load or the load is disconnected. a. increase, sending, receiving b. increase, receiving, sending c. decrease, sending, receiving d. decrease, receiving, sending d. minimum generation When preparing a supplemental status report (SSR), a steam unit has 30 hours of fuel remaining. This unit should be reported as: a. a resource limited unit b. fossil/steam c. maximum scheduled generation d. minimum generation c. 50% EXPLANATION: Up to HALF of your Dynamic Reserve is composed of UFLS. Only ___ of dynamic reserve can be Under-Frequency Load Shed (UFLS) during restoration: a. 40% b. 60% c. 50% d. 10% d. 10, one When considering SMD (Solar Magnetic Disturbances) a DC measurement of ___ amps or greater must be seen at either Missouri avenue in Atlantic City and/or Meadow Brook Station near Winchester Virginia. It must also be confirmed by ___ additional source such as excess transformer neutral current at Meadow Brook, Bedington, Doubs and or Black Oak / Excess MVAR requirements at Salem/Hope Creek / High DC measurements at Limerick or Peach Bottom. a. 20, one b. 20, two c. 10, two d. 10, one a. 1,4,6,8,3,5,2,7 EXPLANATION: The CT with black-start capability, electrically close to a nuclear plant should be first. 71. Rank the following units for start-up priority from 1-8 (1 being the highest priority): A. Small CT with black-start capability that had been off-line prior to blackout that is electrically close to a nuclear plant B. Drum-type steam unit that was online prior to the blackout C. Coal-fired steam unit that has been offline for 2 weeks D. Nuclear unit that is off-line for re-fueling outage for 6 more weeks E. Large CT that was off-line prior to the blackout F. Supercritical steam unit that was on-line prior to the blackout G. Run-of-river hydro unit with plenty of water available electrically removed from other generation H. Nuclear unit that was on-line prior to the blackout a. 1,4,6,8,3,5,2,7 b. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 c. 8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1 d. 3,4,6,2,7,1,8,5 c. 5% voltage reduction Which of the following types of emergency assistance can be provided by PJM to adjacent control areas provided the adjacent control area has taken the same actions requested of PJM? a. manual load dump b. voluntary customer load curtailment c. 5% voltage reduction d. invoking load management programs False. An Instantaneous Reserve Check is used to get an instantaneous snapshot of the total capacity available within the system. True or False? b. Eco Min Actions prior to a Min Gen Declaration; All units must be at ____. a. Emergency Min b. Eco Min c. Eco Max d. Emergency Max c. every 30 minutes In cases where a data point ID fails for an extended period of time, the system operator will manually update the value: a. every 4 hours b. every hour c. every 30 minutes d. every 15 minutes b. From high voltage to low voltage, From high phase angle to low angle Bus A is at 134kV with a +10 degree phase angle. Bus B is at 132kV with a -10 degree phase angle. What direction do the VARs flow? What direction do the MWs flow? a. From low voltage to high voltage, From low phase angle to high angle b. From high voltage to low voltage, From high phase angle to low angle True For Double Tower contingencies, if a transmission owner wishes to operate to control for double circuit tower line contingencies, it may do so using its own internal equipment after communicating a. system voltage and load b. frequency and PJM area control error. c. load and interchange d. frequency and load d. generation is required above the highest incremental economic system cost Maximum emergency generation is declared by PJM when which of the following occurs? a. sales to outside systems are greater than the largest contingency b. neighboring control areas initiate a 5% voltage reduction c. system frequency is below 59.98 Hz and ACE shows undergeneration d. generation is required above the highest incremental economic system cost b. 500-550kV What is the normal voltage range for a 500kV line? a. 400-500kV b. 500-550kV c. 500-600kV d. 450-550kV b. 2500 MW PJM will issue a minimum generation alert when the expected generation level is within what value of normal minimum generation limits for a future period? a. 2000 MW b. 2500 MW c. 1500 MW d. 1000 MW a. Economic Minimum - Emergency Minimum Emergency Reducible Generation is defined as: a. Economic Minimum - Emergency Minimum b. Economic Maximum - Economic Minimum c. Emergency Maximum - Emergency Minimum d. Emergency Maximum - Economic Maximum c. Synchronized Reserve is less than the Synchronized Reserve requirement PJM issues a Voltage Reduction Warning and Reduction of Non-Critical Plant Load when: a. Scarcity Pricing is implemented b. Primary Reserve is less than the Primary Reserve requirement c. Synchronized Reserve is less than the Synchronized Reserve requirement d. Operating Reserve is less than the Operating Reserve requirement b. emergency rating EXPLANATION: A contingency cannot exceed the emergency rating. The PJM system is operated such that the contingency flow is less than the: a. load dump rating b. emergency rating c. warning rating d. normal continuous rating a. expected generation is within 2500 MW of normal minimum energy limits. A Minimum Generation Emergency Alert is initiated when: a. expected generation is within 2500 MW of normal minimum energy limits. b. expected generation is within 1000 MW of normal minimum energy limits. c. PJM projected LMP is at $10/MW. d. expected generation is within 2500 MW of emergency minimum levels. a. Bottom-Up Multiple Island EXPLANATION: Since the blackout has scaled across several systems, you cannot rely on them for help (therefore, no Top-Down or Combination will be helpful). Since there are a lot of load spots connected by long transmission lines, the best resolution is to use the Bottom-Up Multiple Island method. Your system has suffered a complete blackout. You receive information that your neighboring systems are also blacked out. Your system consists of several large load centers with black-start capable CTs available in each load center. These load centers are connected to each other by very long transmission lines. a. Bottom-Up Multiple Island b. Combination c. Bottom-up, Core Island d. Top-Down d. 180 MW EXPLANATION: 6% of 3000 = 180 Mw An islanded system has a load of 3000 MW. To increase frequency by 1 Hz, how much load should be shed? a. 80 MW b. 500 MW c. 350 MW d. 180 MW True PJM Assumes Frequency Control when the control of an interconnected area is too burdensome for any one Local Control Center True or False ? c. 59.75 and 61.00 Hz. During system restoration, frequency should be maintained between: a. 59.50 and 60.50 Hz. b. weather forecast, historical load data, and historical weather data EXPLANATION: The factors that forecast LOAD are above. Generator availability, voltage schedules, and outages affect GENERATION-- not load. Which of the following factors are used in forecasting load? a. weather forecast, historical load data, and generator availability b. weather forecast, historical load data, and historical weather data c. historical load data, historical weather data, and voltage schedules d. weather forecast, historical load data, and scheduled outages b. eDart What program is used to report outages? a. eMarket b. eDart c. EMS d. Oasis d. 30 After a loss of telemetry, the operator must update info every ___ minutes. a. 60 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30 b. Should be avoided Planned ICCP link outages between a Member Company EMS and PJM EMS during summer peak load conditions: a. Should be done between 10:30 and 14:30 b. Should be avoided c. Can be done with 4 hours notice d. Should be done before 11:00 AM c. 15 minutes How long does PJM have to correct a facility that is operating above the 4-hour emergency rating? a. 5 minutes b. 1 minute c. 15 minutes d. 10 minutes c. Can cause heating in Wye connected Transformers EXPLANATION: Ground-induced currents from a solar magnetic disturbance generates a DC voltage, which heats up Wye transformers via their grounding lead. Ground induced currents resulting from a Solar Magnetic Disturbance... a. Do not impact the PJM RTO b. Have no effect on transmission equipment c. Can cause heating in Wye connected Transformers d. Cause high system voltages a. generation capacity of 30 MW/mile of 500 kV line to be connected AND b. 20 MW load/mile of 500 kV line to be connected Which of the following are the minimum source requirements for voltage control? (PICK TWO) a. generation capacity of 30 MW/mile of 500 kV line to be connected b. 20 MW load/mile of 500 kV line to be connected c. generation capacity of 20 MW/mile of 500 kV line to be connected d. 30 MW load/mile of 500 kV line to be connected b. regulate EXPLANATION: a PAR is a Phase Angle Regulator. PARs ____ MW line flow: a. increase b. regulate c. decrease d. change d. a VAR load EXPLANATION: Loaded lines above their SIL require more MVARS to push MW through due to the line acting as an inductor. An EHV line is loaded above its SIL (surge impedance loading). This line can be considered: a. in contingency b. over it STE c. a VAR source d. a VAR load c. eDATA Real time bus prices may be monitored using: a. eSchedules b. eMKT c. eDATA d. eDART b. 100 MW EXPLANATION: (500 - 100) * 5% = 20 MW --> since 300 + 20 =< 500, you can use all 20 MW. d. planned generation outage EXPLANATION: Outages don't affect a LOAD forecast. Which of the following factors does NOT influence the load forecast? a. day of the week b. temperature c. weather d. planned generation outage a. ACE and frequency will remain the same A tie line with MW flowing into the PJM control area trips. The system operator will see which of the following occur? a. ACE and frequency will remain the same b. ACE will increase, frequency will increase c. ACE will decrease, frequency will remain the same d. ACE will decrease, frequency will decrease b. PJM has 8 for night and 8 for day (Total of 16) How many TDLs (Temperature Dependent Limits) does PJM have? a. PJM has 8 for night and 7 for day (Total of 15) b. PJM has 8 for night and 8 for day (Total of 16) c. PJM has 7 for night and 8 for day (Total of 15) d. PJM has 7 for night and 7 for day (Total of 14) False EXPLANATION: You may never violate thermal or voltage limits on a contingency basis. More than one contingency may violate EMERGENCY thermal or voltage limits. True or False? a. eliminates the capacitance charging of the line. AND b. increases MW flow on other EHV lines, thereby reducing their MVAR output. Which of the following reasons describes why opening a pre-studied EHV line has a positive effect in reducing system voltages? (PICK TWO) a. eliminates the capacitance charging of the line. b. increases MW flow on other EHV lines, thereby reducing their MVAR output. c. eliminates circulating VARs on transformers. d. helps increase reactive import capability. b. A measurement of 10 DC amps at Missouri Ave and excess VAR requirements at Salem Which of the following would cause PJM to implement the Solar Magnetic Disturbance procedure? a. A measurement of 10 DC amps at Meadowbrook b. A measurement of 10 DC amps at Missouri Ave and excess VAR requirements at Salem c. High DC measurements at Limerick d. (frequency Deviation (Hz) x Frequency Bias (MW/0.1Hz) x 10) + (Tie Schedule - Tie Actual) What is the equation to calculate ACE for Tie-Line Bias Control? a. (frequency Deviation (Hz) x Frequency Bias (MW/0.1Hz) x 10) + (Tie Actual) b. (frequency Deviation (Hz) + (Tie Schedule - Tie Actual) c. (frequency Deviation (Hz) x Frequency Bias (MW/0.1Hz)) + (Tie Schedule - Tie Actual) d. (frequency Deviation (Hz) x Frequency Bias (MW/0.1Hz) x 10) + (Tie Schedule - Tie Actual) a. 24 Hours In addition to DOE, a report for system disturbances must be filed with NERC and RFC within ________ of incidents or disturbances per NERC EOP-004-1. a. 24 Hours b. 72 Hours c. 12 Hours d. 48 Hours b. 30, 15 Control all constraints (actual and contingency) within __ minutes 100% and within __ minutes 80 % of the time. a. 5, 10 b. 30, 15 c. 15, 30 d. 10, 5 d. 1.7 Line charging for a 500kv line is ___ MVAR per mile. a. 2.1 b. 1.8 c. 2.0 d. 1.7 a. not bidding an available PJM capacity resource into the day ahead market Which of the following actions is a violation of PJM two settlement market rules? a. not bidding an available PJM capacity resource into the day ahead market b. making the economic high limit and the emergency high limit the same c. bidding a unit day ahead on a price-based schedule d. not bidding demand (load) into the day ahead market Supervisor Control & Data Acquisition What does the term SCADA stand for? a. by the first day of the month prior to the outage Monitoring LMP may give insights into a. system voltage b. system constraints c. time error d. system frequency a. Hz, Volts and the phase angle When synchronizing two voltages the operator must match ___. a. Hz, Volts and the phase angle b. Hz, the phase angle, Speed c. Speed, Volts and the phase angle d. Frequency, Hz and Volts c. Verify that auto reclosing is on for the 500kV system What is one of the actions an operator must take when a thunderstorm is approaching for the 500kV system? a. Get the supervisor b. Call PJM c. Verify that auto reclosing is on for the 500kV system d. Notify Reliability Coordinator d. 600 MW, 230 kV For generation you need ____ of electrically close generation connected ___ of higher. a. 500 MW, 200 kV b. 800 MW, 230 kV c. 700 MW, 230 kV d. 600 MW, 230 kV a. all-call What one-way communication system is used to disseminate information to local control centers? a. all-call b. email c. radio d. transaction management system a. Alerts, Warnings, and Actions What are the three categories of PJM's emergency procedures dealing with capacity shortages? a. Alerts, Warnings, and Actions b. Normal, Emergency, and Load Dump c. Warnings, Actions, and Constraints d. Alerts, Contingencies, and Actions d. normal minimum generation and emergency minimum generation. Emergency reducible generation is defined as the difference between: a. maximum emergency generation and minimum emergency generation. b. normal minimum and normal maximum generation. c. emergency minimum generation and normal maximum generation. d. normal minimum generation and emergency minimum generation. True EXPLANATION: at the SIL, the line is neutrally loaded with VARs. A line loaded at the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) is neither Inductive or Capacitive. True or False? b. 180 MW EXPLANATION: 300 * 5% = 15 MW 400 * 25% = 100 MW 100 * 15% = 15 MW and 50 MW of UFLS available Since 50 =< (15 + 100 + 15)/2, you can use all 50 MW of UFLS. Therefore, 15 + 100 + 15 + 50 = 180 MW A system has 300 MW of steam capacity, 400 MW of combustion turbine capacity, and 100 MW of hydroelectric capacity with load pick-up factors of 5%, 25%, and 15% respectively. Fifty (50) MW of load with under frequency load shedding enabled has been restored. a. 200 MW b. 180 MW c. 150 MW d. 100 MW c. 95 MW EXPLANATION: 600 * 5% = 30 MW 200 * 25% = 50 MW 100 * 15% = 15 MW The question asks about GOVERNOR RESERVE CAPACITY, not Dynamic Reserve, so omit the 50 MW of UFLS available. 30 + 50 + 15 = 95 MW During system restoration operations, a member company has a steam capacity of 600 MW, combustion turbine capacity of 200 MW, and 100 MW of hydro capacity. The load factors (governor response) are 5%, 25%, and 15% respectively. Also, 50 MW of load with underfrequency load shedding enabled has been restored. What is the total governor reserve capability of the company's steam, combustion turbine, and hydro units? False During the implementation of a Heavy Load Voltage Schedule Action, all generating units on the 500 kV and above would increase MVAR output to maintain levels within pre-determined limits. True or False? b. retain its status and priority as a planned outage. If inclement weather postpones the start of a planned outage, the outage will: a. have to be resubmitted the following week. b. retain its status and priority as a planned outage. c. be rescheduled as unplanned. d. be postponed indefinitely. b. Continue to monitor, and take non-cost actions to prevent contingency from exceeding the emergency limit If a post-contingency simulated loading exceeds the Normal Limit in a thermal overload situation, the PJM Dispatcher will: a. Use non-cost and off-cost actions and emergency procedures up to but excluding load dump b. Continue to monitor, and take non-cost actions to prevent contingency from exceeding the emergency limit c. Shed load, if necessary, to avoid post-contingency cascading d. None of the above. c. TX failure at Sub A Given substation "A" has a relay target for transformer differential and substation "B" has a transfer trip target what happened? a. TX failure at Sub B b. Relay trip at Sub A and Sub B c. TX failure at Sub A d. Transfer trip at Sub B b. ensure voltage regulators on generating units are in service on automatic. PJM issues a heavy load voltage schedule. Member companies who own generation facilities should: a. inform transmission providers to have marketers in their areas cut transactions. b. ensure voltage regulators on generating units are in service on automatic. c. instruct generating stations to curtail nonessential building loads. d. remove 230 kV capacitors from service. a. 32, 16, 8 During a Hot or Cold Weather Alert, the following units are considered resource limited, and must be bid in as "Max Emergency." What are the limitations in reference to "hours of fuel?" Steam units with less than __ hours of fuel; Oil, Kerosene or Diesel CTs with less than __ hours of fuels; and gas fired CTs with less than __ hours of fuel. a. 32, 16, 8 b. 8, 32, 16 c. 16, 32, 8 d. 32, 8, 16 c. Man Combustion Turbines Member actions during a Hot weather alert include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Defer any maintenance possible b. Place all fuel limited units in Max Emergency c. Man Combustion Turbines d. Report any fuel limited units d. Supplemental Reserve Contingency Reserve is any real power or MWs that can be attained within a 10 minute time period. All of the following categories make up Contingency Reserve EXCEPT for: a. Quick-start Reserve b. Spinning Reserve c. Demand Side Management d. Supplemental Reserve c. 59.75Hz - 61.00Hz During system restoration, what is the optimal frequency range? a. 59.65Hz - 61.50Hz b. 59.80Hz - 60.50Hz c. 59.75Hz - 61.00Hz d. 59.50HZ - 61.00Hz System Operating Limit What does SOL stand for? c. 20 MW What is the minimum connected load that should be carried per mile of energized 500 kV line during system restoration? a. 25 MW b. 10 MW c. 20 MW d. 15 MW c. inductive, reactor Under SIL heavy loaded lines absorb VARS. It is ______ or it acts as a ___ . a. inductive, capacitor b. source, capacitive c. inductive, reactor d. inductive, resistor a. eDart a. black start b. maximum emergency c. normally d. minimum emergency False, but we're gonna do it anyway. Acronyms and short-form expressions are okay to use when you are communicating with someone else within the utility industry. True or False? a. 20 MW Part of the minimum source requirements for 500kV load is that it must provide a minimum of ___ of load per mile of energized 500 kV line. a. 20 MW b. 80 MW c. 30 MW d. 50 MW d. only start if requested by PJM. In real time, a combustion turbine scheduled by PJM in the day ahead market should: a. check eDART to see when a unit should come on. b. follow their day ahead schedule exactly. c. hedge its position with a decrement bid. d. only start if requested by PJM. d. tie line bias control Which of the following control modes is normally used on PJM systems to develop an ACE when control area to control area tie lines are in service? a. flat frequency control b. flat tie line control c. are control error d. tie line bias control b. Top-Down EXPLANATION: Because the majority of the system is online, you can use the top-down method to restore power to the generating units in each pocket. This is double-confirmed in the fact that the system is deemed very stable. Your system has suffered a disturbance involving multiple transmission tripping's. The disturbance has left several blacked out "pockets" or "holes" in your system. Each pocket contains a large steam generation unit but no CTs or hydro units. Though your system suffered a loss of load during this event, the portion of the system remaining is very stable. a. Bottom-Up Multiple Island b. Top-Down c. Combination d. Bottom-up, Core Island d. 6 hours A Normal Alert Report must be submitted to DOE using the OE-417 Form within: a. 1 hour b. 4 hours c. 24 hours d. 6 hours a. 40% Under system restoration, the operator should keep cap banks off until ___ of load is restored. a. 40% b. 10% c. 50% d. 100% b. Dynamic Which of the following instabilities is characterized by continued oscillations over long periods of time? a. Steady State b. Dynamic c. Transient d. "First Swing" a. Weekly How often are routine satellite phone test performed? a. Weekly b. Monthly c. Quarterly d. Daily c. Available outside assistance during restoration The PJM Members are responsible for developing and maintaining the following in their restoration plan EXCEPT: a. The provision for a reliable black-start capability plan including available cranking and transmission paths b. The necessary operating instructions and procedures for restoring loads, including identification of critical load requirements c. Available outside assistance during restoration d. A Plan and procedures outlining the relationships and responsibilities of the personnel necessary to implement system restoration c. three There is/are ______ level(s) of Cross Zonal Coordination. a. one requirements d. Combining TO restoration plans into a combined plan for a newly defined restoration region b. Reliability requirements AND d. Efficiency opportunities Analysis on the benefit of pursuing the option of Cross Zonal Restoration Plans will be based on the following criteria: (PICK TWO) a. TO requirement b. Reliability requirements c. GO requirement d. Efficiency opportunities During a system restoration you have 400 MW of steam capacity restored, 600 MW of combustion turbine capacity restored and 200 MW of hydro capacity restored. You have restored 100 MW of load with under-frequency relays. Your largest contingency is a steam unit with a 250 MW capacity. Additionally, one of your CTs is fully loaded at 150 MW. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick-up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro, 25% for CT) a. 287.5 b. 262.5 c. 250 d. 300 c. 250 EXPLANATION: (400 - 250) * 5% = 7.5 MW (600 - 150) * 25% = 112.5 MW 200 * 15% = 30 MW 100 MW of UFLS 7.5 + 112.5 + 30 + 100 = 250 b. Voltage Reduction Warning This type of warning is issued when available Synchronized Reserves are less than the Synchronized Reserve requirement. a. Primary Reserve Warning b. Voltage Reduction Warning c. Manual Load Dump Warning & Reduction of Non-Critical Plant Load d. Max Emergency Generation Warning c. eDART will provide the updated information which the Transmission Owner must review How is a Transmission Owner informed that a change has been made to the reactive capability curve of a generator in his/her footprint? a. PJM will call the Transmission Owner b. PJM will make an announcement via the All-Call c. eDART will provide the updated information which the Transmission Owner must review d. The Transmission Owner must call each generator in their footprint every 6 months to verify if there have been any changes b. January 31st You wish to schedule a 45-day transmission outage, starting November 24th. By what date must the outage be submitted via eDART to be considered "on time"? a. September 30th b. January 31st c. March 31st d. December 24th of the previous year b. voltage AND c. frequency AND d. speed Synchronization, in the electric industry, is the process of matching the _____, _____, and _____ of a generator or other source to a "running" network. (PICK THREE) a. current b. voltage c. frequency d. speed a. Relatively small changes in MW flows or loading result in large voltage changes Which of the following is true concerning a voltage collapse scenario? a. Relatively small changes in MW flows or loading result in large voltage changes b. They can be caused by high voltages and a surplus of MVAR's on the transmission system c. The boundaries of the resulting system separation are easily predicted d. There are no indications of the potential for a voltage collapse that might warn an operator b. 22.5 MW EXPLANATION: 250 * 5% = 12.5 MW 50 * 25% = 12.5 MW --> since 12.5 > 10, only 10 MW is available 150 * 15% = 22.5 MW Because you have no UFLS available, drop your highest contingency 12.5 + 10 MW = 22.5 MW During a system restoration you have restored the following generation: a 250 MW steam unit loaded at 100 MW, a 50 MW CT currently loaded at 40 MW, a 150 MW hydro unit loaded at 120 MW. You have not yet restored any under-frequency load. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick- up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro, and 25% for CT) b. May require coordinating multiple islands c. Likely to result in Transmission overloads or other issues d. Affects a very large geographic area, and many customers e. Most commonly caused by human or switching errors a. Ensure distribution capacitors are in service AND c. Remove shunt reactors from service EXPLANATION: Both of these actions will raise system voltage. A Heavy Load Voltage Schedule Warning has been issued for the PJM RTO. Transmission Owners should: (PICK TWO) a. Ensure distribution capacitors are in service b. Take unit AVRs out of service and adjust voltage output to maximum c. Remove shunt reactors from service d. Adjust LTC's to max raise for voltage support During a restoration, you have all your relays in service, and your capacitors switched off. You have 800 MW of load restored, 1,400 MW of generation capacity (700 MW which is electrically close to a 500kV line you wish to energize. What is the maximum length of 500kV line that can be energized from your system? a. 46.7 miles b. Minimum source requirements are not met. No 500kV line can be placed in service. c. 16 miles d. 40 miles a. 46 miles EXPLANATION: 1400-800 = 600 MW Capacity > Demand, so... generation: 1400 MW / 30 MW/mi = 46.7 mi load: 1400 MW / 20 MW/mi = 70 mi the lower of the two is the limiting factor a. 405 MW EXPLANATION: "On Cost" capacity is Economic Maximum - Current Output; 145 - 140 = 5 550 - 400 = 150 400 - 150 = 250 5 + 150 + 250 = 405 MW You are a Generation Owner with the following units. PJM has just requested a Supplementary Status Report (SSR). What do you report as your total "On Cost" Steam Capacity? Unit Name Type Economic Max Emer Max Current Out Marconi 1 Steam 145 145 140 Minooka Steam 550 575 400 Barnes 1 Steam 400 410 150 a. 405 MW b. 1095 MW c. 1130 MW d. 440 MW c. Identify opportunities for a member company to tie to the Eastern Interconnection Which of the following would be a PJM role during a system restoration? a. Determine the LMP for those buses that have been restored b. Direct switching to restore cranking power to a member company's steam units c. Identify opportunities for a member company to tie to the Eastern Interconnection d. Monitor ACE for an isolated member company island a. 28 MVAR EXPLANATION: 150 - 122 = 28 MVAR A steam unit is online at 400 MW. Its D-Curve data shows that it is capable of providing 150 MVAR of Reactive capability at that power level. It is currently providing 122 MVAR to the system. What is the unit MVAR reserve, for Reactive Reserve Check (RRC) reporting? a. 28 MVAR b. 22 MVAR c. 400 MVAR d. 272 MVAR c. Holiday Of the following, which day is defined as having a decreased load demand based on length and duration? a. Monday b. Saturday c. Holiday d. Sunday a. 115 MW EXPLANATION: 500 * 5% = 25 MW (500-200) * 25% = 75 MW 200 * 25% = 50 MW, however --> 50 MW + 175 MW > 200 MW capacity so... (200 - 175) = 25 MW --> And largest contingency was 200 MW Steam... 200 * 5% = 10 MW 25 - 10 + 75 + 25 = 115 MW Since UFLS cannot exceed governor reserve (UFLS is up to half of dynamic reserve) you can use 115 MW of UFLS. During a system restoration you have 500 MW steam capacity restored, 500 MW of CT capacity restored. Your largest contingency is a 200 MW steam unit. One of the CT's is loaded at 175 MW with a capacity of 200 MW. What is the maximum amount of under-frequency relayed load that you can use as part of your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick-up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro, and 350 * 25% = 87.5 MW 300 * 15% = 45 MW (20 - 10) + 87.5 + 45 = 142.5 Since 150 > 142.5, you can only use 142.5 UFLS 142.5 + 142.5 = 285 MW During a system restoration you have 400 MW steam capacity restored, 350 MW of CT capacity restored, and 300 MW of hydro capacity restored. Your largest contingency is a 200 MW steam unit. You have restored 150 MW of under-frequency load. What is your total dynamic reserve? (Load pick- up factors are 5% for steam, 15% for hydro, and 25% for CT) a. 152.5 MW b. 142.5 MW c. 292.5 MW d. 285 MW a. Manual Load Dump This action is issued to provide relief when all other possible means of supplying internal load have been exhausted to prevent a catastrophe within PJM or to maintain tie schedules so as not to jeopardize the reliability of other interconnected regions. a. Manual Load Dump b. Maximum Emergency Generation c. Voltage Reduction d. Mandatory Load Management Reduction a. To keep all affected system personnel aware of the forecast and/or actual status of the PJM RTO AND d. To keep Members informed of actual capacity shortages or contingencies that may jeopardize reliability during real time operations What is the purpose of a capacity emergency warning? (PICK TWO) a. To keep all affected system personnel aware of the forecast and/or actual status of the PJM RTO b. To ask Members to take specific actions in order to provide relief to the PJM system c. To keep all affected system personnel aware of the forecast and/or actual status of the PJM RTO during day-ahead operations d. To keep Members informed of actual capacity shortages or contingencies that may jeopardize reliability during real time operations b. 345 kV Transmission Owners are required to report "hot line work" activities on facilities at what voltage level and above? a. 100 kV b. 345 kV c. 500 kV d. 230 kV a. Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes AND c. All remaining Capacity from online Generation The Generating Capacity reported on a Supplementary Status Report (SSR) includes which of the following? (PICK TWO) a. Capacity from offline Hydro and CT units that can be synchronized within 10 minutes b. Capacity from any offline units that can be synchronized within 30 minutes c. All remaining Capacity from online Generation d. Capacity from online generation that is available within 10 minutes c. EMS displays that summarize manually replaced data AND d. Using shift turnover/pass-down sheets at start of shift Some methods to keep on top of manually entered data include: (PICK TWO) a. Restoring value or point to service at shift change b. Manually updated data has no impact on operations c. EMS displays that summarize manually replaced data d. Using shift turnover/pass-down sheets at start of shift c. Station Service Transformers What is the usual power supply for BES Transformer oil pumps and fans? a. A distribution line feed b. SCADA c. Station Service Transformers d. Station Batteries b. Temperature AND c. Humidity Which of the following is most important when forecasting the effects of hot weather on customer demand? (PICK TWO) a. Cloud cover b. Temperature c. Humidity d. Wind b. Shed enough load to return flow below the Normal rating of 350 MVA by 1150 hours EXPLANATION: You need to get under the normal rating and you have 15 minutes to do so. A Minimum Generation Alert has been issued for the RTO. Using the following information, determine how much Emergency Reducible Generation should be reported: Total Emergency Max = 11,500 MW Total Economic Max = 10,750 MW Total Current Gen Output = 10,500 MW Total Economic Min = 5,500 MW Total Emergency Min = 3,150 MW a. 10,750 MW b. 5,000 MW c. 2,350 MW d. 7,350 MW c. To prevent or reduce the effects of line charging when energizing EHV transmission Select the statement that best describes why Minimum Source requirements have been established. a. To ensure system stability prior to interconnecting with another entity b. To reduce major frequency fluctuations when energizing load c. To prevent or reduce the effects of line charging when energizing EHV transmission d. To ensure that adequate Dynamic Reserves exist prior to interconnection with another entity True Transmission Owners must include available cranking power and transmission paths in their individual restoration manuals. True or False? a. Capacity resource of interruptible load for reliability AND c. Demand resource of interruptible load for reliability Which of the following are considered Emergency Mandatory Load Management Reductions? Check all that apply: a. Capacity resource of interruptible load for reliability b. Generating plant resources that can reduce plant load for reliability c. Demand resource of interruptible load for reliability d. Intermittent resources that can increase load for reliability a. Have a duration of greater than 5 days with a > 5 day restoration time AND d. Result in stability issues or bottled generation As part of PJM's Peak Period outage scheduling guidelines, Member TOs should avoid scheduling outages between June 15th and August 31st or January 1st and February 15th if the outage is expected to: (PICK TWO) a. Have a duration of greater than 5 days with a > 5 day restoration time b. Block reclosing on any EHV lines c. Have a duration of more than 30 days with a > 8 hour restoration time d. Result in stability issues or bottled generation a. Every 30 minutes AND c. Every 10 lines that have been restored How often should a Member Transmission Company file an updated restoration report with PJM? (PICK TWO) a. Every 30 minutes b. Every hour c. Every 10 lines that have been restored d. Every 5 lines that have been restored c. The answers on the "18 Questions" form EXPLANATION: The 18 Questions form is only for interconnecting with other member companies. When interconnecting small islands within your own company, which of the following does NOT need to be considered? a. Voltages at the point of interconnection b. Phase angle between the islands c. The answers on the "18 Questions" form d. Frequency of both islands c. Operational, Informational, Emergency Procedures There are three categories of messages issued by the PJM All-Call, they are: a. Operational, Weather, Emergency Procedures b. Scheduling, Emergency Procedures, Weather c. Operational, Informational, Emergency Procedures d. Informational, Scheduling, Weather c. Bottom-up multiple island approach Your entire system has blacked out due to an event. You receive word from PJM that the entire region is affected as well. Your black start resources are spread throughout your system, which covers a large area. Which restoration strategy would be the best for you to implement? a. Bottom-up core island approach b. Top-down approach c. Bottom-up multiple island approach d. Combination approach a. Correct the receiver by providing the instructions/message again, then verify they repeat it back correctly If the receiver of the message does not accurately repeat the information back during the 3-part communications process, the sender of the message should do the following: a. To provide safe shutdown power for the units b. To prepare and expedite the return of the unit c. To meet FERC requirements d. To provide adequate lighting for the plant operators to attempt a restart c. Assume an unavailability rate for scheduled generation EXPLANATION: frozen coal, delivery problems, etc During a Cold Weather Alert, PJM will take which of the following actions? a. Request Reclosing be placed in service for all EHV facilities b. Adopt Dynamic equipment ratings for all facilities c. Assume an unavailability rate for scheduled generation d. Schedule "fuel-limited" resources to run over the midnight period only b. February 28th (or 29th) You wish to schedule a 10-day transmission outage, starting September 14th. By what date must the outage be scheduled via eDART to be considered "on time"? a. December 14th of the previous year b. February 28th (or 29th) c. May 31st d. August 31st c. To change the excitation (increase or decrease) of a unit Which of the following best describes the function of a voltage regulator? a. To change the MW output (increase or decrease) of a unit b. To switch capacitors in and out of service c. To change the excitation (increase or decrease) of a unit d. To switch reactors in and out of service b. Temperature AND d. Humidity Which of the following is most important when forecasting the effects of hot weather on customer demand? (Select 2) a. Cloud cover b. Temperature c. Wind d. Humidity a. An SF-6 CB whose pressure has decreased to the point it can no longer trip safely and its tripping has been locked b. An oil CB whose pneumatic pump has failed. This device can trip, but will not reclose c. An air CB whose pressure has decreased past the alarm set point A low pressure alarm from a circuit breaker may indicate which of the following? (PICK THREE) a. An SF-6 CB whose pressure has decreased to the point it can no longer trip safely and its tripping has been locked b. An oil CB whose pneumatic pump has failed. This device can trip, but will not reclose c. An air CB whose pressure has decreased past the alarm set point d. A vacuum CB whose vacuum bottle has been broken b. 3 only Partial System Blackouts are characterized by which of the following? 1 - Most common type of blackout 2 - May require coordinating multiple islands 3 - Likely to result in Transmission overloads or other issues 4 - Affects a very large geographic area, and many customers 5 - Most commonly caused by human or switching errors a. 1 and 5 b. 3 only c. 4 only d. 2 and 4 d. Voice circuits or radios Which of the following is considered the most important form of communicating during system restoration? a. SCADA data from your EMS b. Face-to-face conversations c. Hard copy data (Fax, emails) d. Voice circuits or radios c. Coordinating internal schedules PJM monitors the progress of the restoration process and coordinates any needed assistance EXCEPT: a. Identifying opportunities for interconnection b. Coordinating and directing all 500 kV and above transmission restoration c. Coordinating internal schedules d. Developing and calculating ACE as required a. Advise substation personnel of the alarm during normal hours What would be the most appropriate response to receiving an alarm which indicates a DC ground? a. Advise substation personnel of the alarm during normal hours b. Advise PJM, and remove the affected substation from service as soon as possible c. Wait for the ground to dry out. This will automatically clear the alarm. d. Immediately call out substation personnel to find the ground location c. Prompt them to repeat the information back What should the sender of the message do if the receiver does not repeat the information back them? d. Instructions to take action for an issuance of a NERC Energy Emergency Alert or take action to control Interconnection Reliability Operating Limits (IROL) a. Substation light and power Which of the following types of load should be restored first upon getting a feed into a substation during restoration? a. Substation light and power b. Critical customers such as a hospital c. Under-frequency relayed load d. A large urban load center a. Uneconomic operation AND b. Security analysis failure Incorrect or bad data impacts to the system operation could include: (Select 2) a. Uneconomic operation b. Security analysis failure c. Frequency balance d. Equipment limits d. Tie line values will have to be periodically updated A technician is ready to start scheduled RTU work. This station serves local load and has one 69 kV tie to a neighboring control area. Voltage levels include 138 kV, 69 kV, and 12 kV. What data, if any, will need to be updated with PJM? a. No updates are required since this is not a EHV substation b. All data will need to be periodically updated c. All BES data will need to be periodically updated d. Tie line values will have to be periodically updated c. Voltage Reduction Alert This type of capacity alert is issued when the estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted synchronized reserve requirement. a. Primary Reserve Alert b. Minimum Emergency Generation Alert c. Voltage Reduction Alert d. Maximum Emergency Generation Alert b. Defer maintenance on critical BES facilities c. Request reclosing be placed into service on BES facilities d. Initiate Conservative Operations When severe weather is expected, PJM may take which of the following actions? Check all that apply: a. Increase the Reactive Transfer Limits b. Defer maintenance on critical BES facilities c. Request reclosing be placed into service on BES facilities d. Initiate Conservative Operations b. No significant changes on the system AND d. Small, gradual changes Steady State Stability is characterized by: (PICK TWO) a. Its initial "first" swing b. No significant changes on the system c. Large power flows d. Small, gradual changes c. Recall off-system capacity sales that are recallable AND d. Suspend regulation, as requested, and load all units to the Maximum Emergency Generation level, as required What actions should a PJM member take during a Maximum Emergency Generation event? (PICK TWO) a. Load Maximum Emergency Generation incrementally as required b. Issue the Maximum Emergency Generation Action c. Recall off-system capacity sales that are recallable d. Suspend regulation, as requested, and load all units to the Maximum Emergency Generation level, as required d. One-way communication The PJM All-Call process is a form of ___________used at PJM. a. Two-way communication b. Three-way communication c. Conference call d. One-way communication a. Strip heaters During cold weather conditions, which of the following equipment is considered among the highest sources of electrical demand? a. Strip heaters b. Heat pumps c. Lighting d. Gas furnaces a. A de-rate caused by a loss of a fan bank on a transformer Under what conditions would PJM request a Reactive Reserve Check (RRC)? a. Expected periods of Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMDs) b. Expected periods of inclement weather (thunderstorms, snow, etc) c. Expected periods of Low loads / High Voltages d. Expected periods of High loads / Low Voltages a. 138 kV resources and below Which reactive resources can be switched without PJM notification? a. 138 kV resources and below b. All capacitors c. All reactors d. 230 kV resources and above d. The realistic, usable capability that is sustainable during continuous long-term unit operation The unit min and max MVAR limits indicate: a. The amount of MVAR increase/decrease capability b. The min and max amount of MVARs that a resource has ever provided c. The realistic, usable capability that is sustainable during for 30 minutes d. The realistic, usable capability that is sustainable during continuous long-term unit operation a. Each island created during the restoration Frequencies monitored during system restoration should come from? a. Each island created during the restoration b. The source the System Control Center is fed from c. A central source on the system d. Value generated in the Energy Management System c. Request the additional facility notifications via eDART Companies can request information on outages of facilities they do not own, but which affect their system. Which mechanism is used to request the additional notifications? a. Request the additional facility notifications using "MyPJM.com" b. Have your SOS representative request the information c. Request the additional facility notifications via eDART d. Wait until the information on the outage is posted on OASIS b. Is a component of THI AND d. Does not change the temperature Which of the following are characteristics of humidity? (PICK TWO) a. Does not change how much energy is available for cooling b. Is a component of THI c. Can cause increased "lighting" load d. Does not change the temperature a. Status of automatic voltage regulator AND c. Expected duration of change According to NERC, Generator Operators must report reactive capability changes to the Transmission Operator within 30 minutes and include which of the following types of information: (PICK TWO) a. Status of automatic voltage regulator b. Status of power transfer capability c. Expected duration of change d. Maximum MW output capability b. Maximum Emergency Generation Alert A NERC Energy Emergency Alert (EEA) Level 1 is issued during which of the following capacity alerts? a. Voltage Reduction Alert b. Maximum Emergency Generation Alert c. Minimum Emergency Generation Alert d. Primary Reserve Alert c. To prepare and expedite the return of the unit Why would an off-site source of power to generating facilities be a priority during the restoration process? a. To provide safe shutdown power for the units b. To provide adequate lighting for the plant operators to attempt a restart c. To prepare and expedite the return of the unit d. To meet FERC requirements a. 60.1 Hz EXPLANATION: 60.2 - (30 / 1500 * 5) = 60.1 Using the following information, determine the drop in frequency of the island when the indicated load is restored. (Assume a 5% governor droop) Generation capacity on-line: 1,500 MW System Load: 950 MW System Frequency: 60.2 Hz Block of load to be restored: 30 MW a. 60.1 Hz b. 59.9 Hz c. 60.0 Hz d. 60.2 Hz a. Flow is above the Normal limit for 24 hours AND c. Flow is above the Long Term Emergency limit for 4 hours c. Load requirement d. Energy requirement a. Transmission lines tend to sag During extended hot weather events: a. Transmission lines tend to sag b. Power transformers will have a higher rating c. Transmission equipment will dissipate heat more readily d. CTs can produce more MWs b. Ensure all deferrable maintenance or testing affecting capacity or critical transmission is halted PJM Member Actions during a Primary Reserve Warning include which of the following: a. Review local procedures and prepare to dump load in the amount requested b. Ensure all deferrable maintenance or testing affecting capacity or critical transmission is halted c. Implement load management programs, in addition to interrupting curtailable customers d. Prepare for implementation of a Voltage Reduction Action a. 62.5 miles EXPLANATION: 1250 / 20 = 62.5 miles 2000 / 30 = 66.7 miles lower of the two = 62.5 this is a trick question and I don't like it. During a restoration, you have all your relays in service, and your capacitors switched off. You have 1,250 MW of load restored, 2,000 MW of generation capacity (950 MW which is electrically close to a 765kV line you wish to energize. You already have 40 miles of 500kV line energized. What is the maximum length of 765kV line that can be energized from your system? a. 62.5 miles b. 66.6 miles c. 26.6 miles d. 22.5 miles c. Determine the status of the generating units that have remained on-line As part of the restoration process you have verified your communications are functional and are starting to assess your generating units. Which of the following would be the first step in that process? a. Restore the auxiliary power to generating units that are off-line b. Determine the status of the generating units that are off-line c. Determine the status of the generating units that have remained on-line d. Begin start-up of off-line generation a. It allows for the restoration of several areas of the system at the same time b. You are reliant on your neighbor's ability to supply power d. Your system should be stable since it will be connected to the Eastern Interconnection Which of the following statements about the "Top Down" restoration methods are correct? (PICK THREE) a. It allows for the restoration of several areas of the system at the same time b. You are reliant on your neighbor's ability to supply power c. It will require multiple points of synchronization d. Your system should be stable since it will be connected to the Eastern Interconnection a. Additional equipment to monitor weather conditions Which of the following would be required for a company to use Dynamic Ratings for their equipment? a. Additional equipment to monitor weather conditions b. Installation of a new EMS to enable the new ratings c. FERC approval of the new ratings d. A change to the PJM Operating Manuals d. All lines greater than or equal to 500 kV To what voltage level of transmission lines do the PJM "Minimum Source Requirements" apply? a. All lines greater than or equal to 100 kV b. All lines greater than or equal to 345 kV c. All lines greater than or equal to 230 kV d. All lines greater than or equal to 500 kV a. Governor reserve & load that has been restored with under-freq relays Dynamic Reserves consists of: a. Governor reserve & load that has been restored with under-freq relays b. On-line generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes c. Customer load that can be shed within 10 minutes d. Quick-start generation that can be on-line within 10 minutes b. Transient Stability The ability of a generator or a group of generators to remain in synchronism immediately following a sudden, large system disturbance defines: a. Steady State Stability b. Transient Stability c. Dynamic Stability d. Oscillatory Stability