Plant Biology and Physiology, Exams of Nursing

Download Plant Biology and Physiology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! BIO 121 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK 300 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ What are three functions of proteins? - ...ANSWER...Movement (work horses of life) Oxygen carrying Structure What are the main decomposers in an ecosystem? - ...ANSWER...Fungi & bacteria There is mercury in seafood. The seafood having the highest concentrations of mercury are where in the food chain? - ...ANSWER...At the top of the food chain What is one lesson from the pyramid of numbers? - ...ANSWER...Eating grain-fed beef is an inefficient means of obtaining the energy trapped by photosynthesis What is a population? - ...ANSWER...The members of one species that inhabit a particular area at a given time How does carbon in the air get into organic molecules? - ...ANSWER...Photosynthesis If the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere was 300 parts per million (ppm) in 1950 and will be 400 ppm in the year 2020, what percent increase will have taken place? And what is the formula to determine this? - ...ANSWER...Formula: difference/original x 100 100/300 x 100 = 33 What are two ways that carbon is released into the atmosphere? - ...ANSWER...1. Cellular respiration 2. Burning of wood & fossil fuels What is noteworthy or interesting about the nitrogen cycle? - ...ANSWER...The nitrogen cycle begins with living organisms and their organic states & decomposers break those organisms down once they are dead to turn the nitrogen in them to an inorganic state. Finally, plants take up that nitrogen & return it to an organic state Morphine can dock on a brain receptor normally serving as a dock for a natural brain chemical named endorphin. This best demonstrates what? - ...ANSWER...That shape determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another What is one calorie? - ...ANSWER...The amount of heat energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of liquid water by 1 degree Celsius Name a chemical functional group - ...ANSWER...Hydroxyl OH Amino NH3 What are the four major groups of large organic molecules? - ...ANSWER...Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids How many molecules of water are needed to completely breakdown a polymer that is 8 monomers long? - ...ANSWER...One molecule less than there are monomers. In this case, 7 molecules You are living in the late 1800s and you want to find out which wavelengths of light are most useful for photosynthesis. You have bacteria you are able to see with a microscope that congregate where there is more oxygen. What would you do to find out which wavelengths of light are most useful for photosynthesis? What else would you need? What would you see? - ...ANSWER...I would need a form of light and different color filters, maybe from a prism in order to produce different color wavelengths to test which would be most conducive to photosynthesis. I would see that green wavelengths are least effective but that blue, indigo, violet & red are the most useful wavelengths for photosynthesis What is a vesicle? - ...ANSWER...A membrane sac in transit What is an endomembrane system? - ...ANSWER...Membranes of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, vesicles, and plasma membrane What are ribosomes? - ...ANSWER...The site of protein synthesis in all cells; the "dots" in our process flow chart What is the nucleolus? - ...ANSWER...Makes the ribosomes What is the golgi apparatus? - ...ANSWER...Modifies and packages products form the endoplasmic reticulum What is the nucleus? - ...ANSWER...Houses nearly all chromosomes What is endosymbiosis? - ...ANSWER...When prokaryotic cells got inside of early eukaryotic cells and became a part of the eukaryotic cells Name one structural feature or component shared by both plant and animal cells but not found in prokaryotic cells - ...ANSWER...The nucleus A healthy cell is hypertonic, surrounded by a hypotonic solution. What kind of cell is it most likely? - ...ANSWER...A plant cell Imagine a "U-Tube" shown in class. The water levels are the same in side A and side B prior to pouring some salt into side B. The selectively permeable membrane allows the passage of the solvent but not the passage of the solute. What will happen immediately after the salt, which dissolves easily is poured into side B? - ...ANSWER...Water moves from side A to side B What is active transport? - ...ANSWER...Moves something against its concentration gradient If a paramecium swims from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, what does it's contractile vacuole do? - ...ANSWER...Becomes less active At equilibrium, describe the flow of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane - ...ANSWER...Water moves in both directions across the membranes at equal rates Which of the following molecules cross easily through biological membranes without the help of a protein? - ...ANSWER...Oxygen What happens during cotransport? - ...ANSWER...A membrane protein, a cotransporter, transports two different solutes, one down its concentration gradient and the other against its concentration gradient What is the first law of thermodynamics? - ...ANSWER...Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy is observed in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. What is an example of potential energy? - ...ANSWER...A brick on the top shelf of a closet What is feedback inhibition? - ...ANSWER...The end product of a metabolic pathway, when abundant, shuts down the metabolic pathway by binding to an enzyme crucial to a step early in the pathway How does ATP generally energize a cellular process? - ...ANSWER...By transferring a phosphate group to another molecule What are some facts about enzyme inhibitors? - ...ANSWER...Have been used by terrorists Are used to kill bacteria Attach to the enzyme changing its shape and blocking the active site If you have two curves on a graph representing the activation energy and one is higher and one is lower, which curve represents the reaction when there is no enzyme to help along the reaction? - ...ANSWER...The curve that is higher, activation energy is higher in this case In a graph measuring optimal temperature for two enzymes, what measurement is on the (Y) axis? - ...ANSWER...Rate of reaction: faster is higher and slower is lower Most enzymes are ____ and names of enzymes end in ____ - ...ANSWER...Proteins & "ase" If electrons are donated to a molecule, the molecule receiving the electrons are...? - ...ANSWER...Reduced remember LEOGER Loss Electron Oxidized Gain Electrons Reduced Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei reforming at opposite poles of what was originally one cell. The cell is most likely a (an)... - ...ANSWER...Plant cell in the process of cytokinesis Mitosis is for or is part of what two things? - ...ANSWER...Growth & asexual reproduction Each chromosome is composed of two chromatids during which two phases? - ...ANSWER...Prophase & metaphase What was the outcome of the kinetochore experiment? - ...ANSWER...While chromosomes move toward poles the spindle depolymerizes at the chromosomes In the cells in some organisms, at some stages of development, mitosis occurs without cytokinesis. This will result in what? - ...ANSWER...Cells with more than one nucleus If you start with one nucleus containing 46 chromosomes at the end of one round of mitosis, how many nuclei will there be? How many chromosomes will there be per nucleus? - ...ANSWER...Two nuclei & 46 chromosomes each Where are the two chromatids of a chromosome attached to each other? - ...ANSWER...At the centromere What are homologous chromosomes? - ...ANSWER...Chromosomes with the same genes in the same order In meiosis, when does synapsis occur? - ...ANSWER...In prophase I Which of the following is the most common for a human male? XX or XY? - ...ANSWER...XY One nucleus contains 14 chromosomes prior to meiosis. After meiosis is completed, how many nuclei are there and how many chromosomes per nucleus are there? - ...ANSWER...There are 4 nuclei after complete meiosis and 7 chromosomes per nucleus Meiosis II is similar to mitosis in that... - ...ANSWER...Sister chromatids separate during anaphase Meiosis and fertilization are part of the life cycle of what kinds of organisms? - ...ANSWER...All sexually reproducing organisms Two dice are rolled simultaneously; what are the chances that both will show 6? - ...ANSWER...1/36 To get this you square the 6 Which process is responsible for the fact that any one chromosome you contribute to a gamete is a mix of chromosomes from your two parents? - ...ANSWER...The process of crossing over The individual with genotype AaBbCCDdEE can make many genetically different gametes. What is the major reason for this? - ...ANSWER...Different possible arrangements of chromosomes early in meiosis An organism that is homozygous for a particular gene has what? - ...ANSWER...Has two copies of the same allele of that gene The allele for red flowers is dominant while the allele for white flowers is recessive. You have a red-flowered plant of unknown genotype. You perform a test cross and about half of the F1 progeny are red and about half are white. What is the genotype of the red- flowered parent? - ...ANSWER...By crossing Rr x rr you get half Rr and half rr The answer is Rr What are the chances of a carrier homozygous recessive and a homozygous not afflicted couple having a baby with cystic fibrosis? - ...ANSWER...By crossing Cc x CC you get... CC: 50% Cc: 50% indicating that the chance of this couple having a baby with the disease is 0% You cross a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant, and all the F1 individuals have pink flowers. You can conclude: - ...ANSWER...Incomplete dominance A man was born with 6 fingers on each hand and 6 toes on each foot. His wife and their daughter have the normal number of digits. Extra digits is a dominant trait. What fraction of this couple's children would be expected to have extra digits? - ...ANSWER...50% of their children will be expected to have this trait In the pedigree on the test, does alkaptonuria appear to be caused by a dominant allele or by a recessive allele, or is there not enough information to determine whether the disorder is recessively or dominantly inherited? - ...ANSWER...This trait is caused by a recessive allele Consider the locus that codes for carbohydrates on the surface of red blood cells. What is an example of codominance? - ...ANSWER...IAIB What causes Down Syndrome? - ...ANSWER...An error during meiosis Does vaccinating a child increase the chances of the child developing autism? - ...ANSWER...No, it does not In a dihybrid cross one gene is part of one chromosome pair and a different gene is part of another chromosome pair. In other words, we What is the correct order of the central dogma? - ...ANSWER...DNA, transcription, mRNA, translation, proteins Given the order of codons: AUA GGG UCU AGU UAA, what is the primary structure of the corresponding polypeptide chain? - ...ANSWER...Ile Glu Ser Ser "Stop" True or false, the hydra is an animal that asexually produces new individuals from the parent's side - ...ANSWER...This is true Where are plants present in everyday life? - ...ANSWER...Sheets, wood for furniture, soap, shampoo, towel, milk, breakfast cereal, tea, coffee, hot chocolate, toothpaste, herbal tea, facial tissue, dental floss, shoes, paper, fossil fuel, food What kinds of herbal teas are there? - ...ANSWER...Bergamot Jasmine Chamomile Echinacea Hibiscus Mint When does the witch hazel plant flower? - ...ANSWER...In the fall What is proven about house plants? - ...ANSWER...People who live around house plants have a mortality rate x12 lower than those who don't live with plants How are plants incorporated into dinners? - ...ANSWER...Meat: animals ate plants Herbs and spices Potato, beans, peas, carrots How do developing countries use plants? - ...ANSWER...Food, shelter, tools, ceremony, fire, toys What is true about Southern Mexico? - ...ANSWER...80% of their thoughts are about plants What is a summary of our use of plants? - ...ANSWER...We rely on hundreds of species of plants Food: direct and indirect Plants: clean up contaminants Medicine Oxygen: from photosynthesis What are annuals? Biennials? Perennials? - ...ANSWER...Annuals: complete their life cycle in a year or less (seed, seeding, plant within a year) Biennials: require two growing seasons Perennials: live for many years (shrubs, trees) In plants, what do shoots rely on? - ...ANSWER...Water and minerals absorbed by the root system In plants, what do roots rely on? - ...ANSWER...Sugar produced by photosynthesis in the shoot system What are apical meristems? - ...ANSWER...Perpetually embryonic, located at the tips of roots and shoots and in the axillary buds of shoots A dome-shaped mass of dividing cells at the tip What is primary growth? - ...ANSWER...When apical meristems elongate shoots and roots (growth in length) growth occurs just behind the root tip, root tip covered by a root cap (protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil What are nodes? - ...ANSWER...Where branches from off of stems What are internodes? - ...ANSWER...In-between nodes on the stem What is the vascular cambium? - ...ANSWER...A meristem that produces secondary growth that adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem What is the cork cambium? - ...ANSWER...A meristem that produces secondary growth and replaces the epidermis with cork, which is thicker and tougher What is secondary growth? - ...ANSWER...Growth in diameter The secondary plant body consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium Characteristic of gymnosperms Secondary xylem accumulates as what? - ...ANSWER...Wood, and consists of cells that carry or carried water, and fibers. -early wood, formed in the spring, has thin cell walls to maximize water delivery -late wood, formed in late summer, has thick walled cells and contributes more to stem support What are the functions of modified stems? - ...ANSWER...Asexual reproduction & store food and water On a cactus, stems are flattened and photosynthetic functioning like what? - ...ANSWER...Functioning like leaves What is a rhizome? - ...ANSWER...An underground stem, more or less horizontal; leafy shoot and roots sprout in new location ie: hammonasset marsh Bud scales Color attracts pollinators Carnivore (traps on plants, i.e. pitcher plant) Asexual reproduction What are stomata? - ...ANSWER...The microscopic holes in the epidermis of leaves that allow gas exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf What are spongy mesophyll? - ...ANSWER...Where gas exchange occurs What is the vascular tissue of a leaf? - ...ANSWER...Veins of the leaf that function as the leaf's skeleton carry out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots as well as xylem and phloem What is the purpose of hairs on plants? - ...ANSWER...Outgrowths of the epidermis and can help with defense against insects ie: pea pods experiment, hairiest ones have 10% damage slightly hairy 25% damage bald pods 40% damage What are fiber cells in plants? - ...ANSWER...Rigid because of thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin, long. Provide support and are dead at functional maturity What are xylem? - ...ANSWER...Water conducting cells are dead at maturity What are some useful stems to humans? - ...ANSWER...Food, lumber, fibers, animal homes What different kinds of lumber are there? - ...ANSWER...Softwoods (gymnosperms) & hardwoods (angiosperms) Both produce seeds but only flowering plants produce flowers Is it true that plants can call for help? - ...ANSWER...Yes it is true, plants can call insects that then eat the insect that is eating the plant ie: a leaf damaged by caterpillars releases compounds that attract parasitoid wasps. the wasps inject their eggs into the caterpillars that are feeding on the plants What are some important functions of roots? - ...ANSWER...Anchoring the plant Absorbing minerals and water Storing organic nutrients What is a taproot? - ...ANSWER...Consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots, or branch roots What are fibrous roots? - ...ANSWER...Thin lateral roots with no main root (monocots have) In most plants, where does absorption of water and minerals occur? - ...ANSWER...Near the root hairs, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area How are bacteria used to modify plants? - ...ANSWER...Genes for useful traits, such as pest resistance, delayed ripening, and increased nutritional value can be transferred form one plant variety to another using bacteria as a vector Continents were barren prior to the invasion of land by plants some 500 million years ago except for what? - ...ANSWER...Prokaryotes Land was not colonized by macroscopic organisms until ____% of the way through the time-line of earth's existence - ...ANSWER...89% of the way through What is the major function of the cuticle? - ...ANSWER...Protection, reduces water loss What is the major function of the stomata? - ...ANSWER...Gas exchange What are some characteristics of moss? - ...ANSWER...A spore germinates Rhizoids anchor the haploid multicellular plant to substrate The height of the plant is constrained by lack of vascular tissues Mature haploid plants produce flagellated sperm in antheridia, and an egg in each archegonium Sperm swim through a film of water to reach and fertilize the egg Ferns and other vascular seedless plants were the first what? - ...ANSWER...The first plants to grow tall Bryophytes were the prevalent vegetation during the first ____ years of plant evolution - ...ANSWER...The first 100 million years How did vascular plants begin to diversify? - ...ANSWER...Vascular tissue allowed these plants to grow tall Seedless vascular plants are characterized by what? - ...ANSWER...Life cycles with dominant diploid phase Well-developed roots and leaves Conifers, such as pine, fir, and redwood Cycads - ...ANSWER...Large cones and palm like leaves Thrived during the mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today Ginkgo biloba - ...ANSWER...A single living species, has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree Conifers - ...ANSWER...By far the largest group of gymnosperms Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round The pine tree is the diploid phase and produces male and female cones Male cones are small and produce pollen grains (haploid phase) The familiar larger cones contain ovules (haploid phase). Ovules, if fertilized become seeds What are angiosperms? - ...ANSWER...Seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits Are the most widespread and diverse of all plants Originated at least 140 million years ago What are monocots? - ...ANSWER...Flowers with 3 or 6 petals What are dicots? - ...ANSWER...Flowers with 4 or 5 petals Coevolution between angiosperms and animals - ...ANSWER...Most flowering plants have adaptations that attract animals that pollinate or disperse seeds Many animals have adaptations that help them find and consume nectar and fruit. Consuming fruit often results in dispersal of seeds by animals Coevolution: the joint evolution of two interacting species, each in response to selection imposed by the other The angiosperm lifecycle - ...ANSWER...The pollen grain is the male haploid phase, produced within the anthers The female haploid phase, the embryo sac, developed within an ovule Pollination - ...ANSWER...In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma pollination can be by wind, water, bee, moth, and butterfly, fly, bird, bat or water Double fertilization - ...ANSWER...Occurs right after one pollen tube discharges two sperm into the ovule One sperm fertilizes the egg The other sperm combines with two nuclei in the center of the embryo sac and initiates development of food-storing endosperm Seed development, form, and function - ...ANSWER...After double fertilization, each ovule develops into a seed The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seeds In most monocots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by the seedling In most dicots, the food reserves of the endosperm are exported to the cotyledons What is a cotyledon? - ...ANSWER...In dicots, the embryo consisting of a root and seed leaves What is a seed coat? - ...ANSWER...A hard protective shell that encloses the embryo and its food supply Once a seed has been fertilized what does it to? - ...ANSWER...Enters a state of dormancy What is a hypocotyl? - ...ANSWER...Below the cotyledons, the embryo axis terminates the radicle (embryonic root). What is the epicotyl? - ...ANSWER...Embryo axis above the cotyledons Seed germination and seedling development - ...ANSWER...Dormancy increases the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling The breaking of seed dormancy requires environmental cues, such as temp or lighting changes Germination depends on the uptake of water The radicle (embryonic root) emerges first What is a coleptile in corn plants and other monocots? - ...ANSWER...A tube that pushes up through the soil first before the foliage leaves come out In many dicots, what forms in the hypocotyl? - ...ANSWER...A hook forms and growth pushes the hook above the ground With exposure to light, the hook straightens and pulls the cotyledons and shoot the tip up which human disease can be cause by a fungus? pneumonia athlete's foot ringworm thrush - ...ANSWER...all of the above the global decline of amphibians is linked to the spread of a _____ fungus - ...ANSWER...chytrid many fungi are _____, associating with photosynthetic organisms to form mycorrhizae or lichens - ...ANSWER...symbiotic lichens are _____ associations of a fungus with _____ - ...ANSWER...symbiotic; an alga or bacterium lichens have different body forms. ____ lichens appear "shrubby," _____ lichens look "leafy," and _____ lichens look like colored powder - ...ANSWER...fruticose, foliose, crustose plants with active mycorrhizae - ...ANSWER...display enhanced absorption of water and minerals (especially phosphorus) this group shares the dikaryon stage in its life cycle which is evidence that it is a sister group to Ascomycota? - ...ANSWER...Basidiomycota which feature of the chytrids suggests that the fungi had an aquatic ancestor? - ...ANSWER...they have haploid gametes with flagella they have haploid zoospores with flagella both a and b which statement about microsporidia is false? - ...ANSWER...they infect their host by invading the cells with branching hyphae members of the zygospore fungi - ...ANSWER...have hyphae without regularly occurring septa Rhizopus is a type of mold that has coenocytic hyphae and only one diploid cell (the zygote) during its lifecycle. it is therefore likely to belong to which group? - ...ANSWER...Zoopagomycetes (Zygomycota) fungi that appear to reproduce only asexually are - ...ANSWER...Mucoromycetes (Glomeromycota) which statement about the economic usefulness of fungi is false? - ...ANSWER...some species produce oxygen via fermentation which of the following groups has the common name club fungi, has complete cross-walls, and includes puffballs, mushrooms, wheat-rust, and smut fungi? - ...ANSWER...Basidiomycota in which of the following groups of fungi are asci contained within within a specialized fruiting structure (ascoma)? (includes molds, parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus, and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles) - ...ANSWER...Ascomycota which characteristic does not link the green algae with land plants? - ...ANSWER...protected embryp the plants classified as embryophytes include - ...ANSWER...land plants although the earth is estimated to be 4-5 billion years old, and although life first appeared a little less than 4 billion years ago, land plants did not appear until about ______ years ago. - ...ANSWER...400-500 million several important adaptations evolved in the common ancestor of land plants to allow the successful colonization of land. which change is not one of those? - ...ANSWER...evolution of a carbohydrate storage molecule which evolutionary adaptation to land is not shared by all land plants? - ...ANSWER...water transport by xylem nonvascular land plants have never evolved to the size of vascular plants, most likely because they lack - ...ANSWER...an efficient system for conducting water and minerals a universal feature of the life cycles of land plants is - ...ANSWER...alternation of generations between haploid gametes and diploid sporophytes all land plants produce _____ by mitosis and ____ by meiosis - ...ANSWER...gametes; spores how can nonvascular plants survive without true roots, stems, and leaves? - ...ANSWER...both a and b they are small enough to allow minerals to diffuse through their bodies they live in moist habitats within vascular plants, the large, prominent plant is the ____, in nonvascular plants it is the ______ - ...ANSWER...sporophyte, gametophyte the ____ are the most ancient surviving land plant lineage - ...ANSWER...liverworts which group has gametophytes that are green, leaflike layers that lie flat on the ground? - ...ANSWER...liverworts which group has a gametophyte that is a branched, filamentous structure and has many species that contain hydroid cells? - ...ANSWER...mosses hornworts are the sister clade to the - ...ANSWER...vascular plants the vascular system in plants is most analogous to which animal system? - ...ANSWER...circulatory what is a major difference between tracheids and vessel elements? - ...ANSWER...tracheids are spindle shaped, vessel elements are larger in diameter the roots and shoots of plants show _____ growth, meaning that they continue to grow throughout life, in contrast, most leaves and flowers show _____ growth, meaning that they reach an adult stage and stop growing - ...ANSWER...indeterminate; determinate an acorn sprouts and a baby oak tree begins to grow. it grows up from a shoot and branches, and grows down to form branched roots. the best description for this oak tree's current growth is - ...ANSWER...primary growth in diameter of the stems and roots, which is produced by vascular and cork cambia, is called ____ growth - ...ANSWER...secondary plants obtain all of the following through the soil except - ...ANSWER...carbon one of the defining characteristics of an essential element is that it - ...ANSWER...is usually necessary for a plants survival macronutrients - ...ANSWER...are required in concentrations of at least 1 gram per kilogram of plant dry matter which element is a plant micronutrient - ...ANSWER...zinc in almost all plants, roots get most of their oxygen from - ...ANSWER...air spaces in the soil which of the following represents the correct size ordering of these three mineral particles of the soil, from smallest to largest? - ...ANSWER...clay < silt < sand which of the following represents the correct order of soil horizons that you would encounter if you started digging in your garden? - ...ANSWER...topsoil, subsoil, parent rock the richest topsoils for agriculture are composed of clay sand organic matter silt - ...ANSWER...all of the above which three elements are most commonly added to agriculture soils as fertilizers? - ...ANSWER...nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous which statement about arbuscules is false? - ...ANSWER...they are a significant source of fixed nitrogen for plants which step occurs early in the formation of both arbuscules and root nodules? - ...ANSWER...invasion of root cells, with no direct contact between plant and microbe cell contents the mycorrhizal relationship allows a plants roots to - ...ANSWER...increase the amount of soil that can be accessed for nutrients root nodules on plants of the legume family contain - ...ANSWER...rhizobia the mycorrhizal relationship typically increases the availability of _____ to plants - ...ANSWER...phosphorous in the absence of impermeable barriers, water in one area will move to an area of ____ water potential - ...ANSWER...lower (more negative) water potential - ...ANSWER...determines the direction of water movement between cells cell walls impregnated with water-repellent suberin are found in the cells of the - ...ANSWER...endodermis which of the following represents, in correct order, the steps in which a water molecule's path as it moves through a plant? - ...ANSWER...soil -> root -> xylem -> stem -> leaf the transpiration-cohesion-tension mechanism explains how - ...ANSWER...water is transported in the xylem which of the following represents, in correct order, the steps taken by a sucrose molecule as it travels in the phloem? - ...ANSWER...mesophyll -> source companion cells -> phloem -> sink companion cell -> sink which of the following is most useful for studying plant signal transduction pathways? - ...ANSWER...genetic screens of mutants suppose that seedless raspberries have been discovered in a mutant screen and commercialized. what plant hormone could be added to the developing fruits to make them grow larger to the normal size of the seeded fruit? - ...ANSWER...gibberilins in promoting normal germination ( and also in brewing, when production of sugars for alcoholic fermentation is desired ) gibberilins - ...ANSWER...mobilize stored foods which part of the grass seedling is sensitive to light? - ...ANSWER...the tip of the coleoptile which sequence represents the correct order of events that cause auxin to move in a polar direction in a plant system? - ...ANSWER...proton pumps in the cell membrane acidify the cell wall space, auxin picks up a proton in the acidic cell wall space, the non-ionized auxin