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A comprehensive study guide for plato's works, featuring 12 key quotations with detailed explanations and correct answers. It covers important concepts like the socratic method, the theory of forms, and the nature of knowledge and opinion. Valuable for students preparing for exams on plato's philosophy.
Typology: Exams
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1.T"TYouTsaid,TITbelieve.TthatTitTwasTbyTvirtueTofToneTcharacteristicTthatT impiousTthingsTareTimpious,TandTpiousTthingsTpious.T...TteachTmeTwhatT thatTcharacteristicTitselfTis,TinTorderTthatTbyTconcentratingTonTitTandTusi ngTitTasTaTmodel,TITmayTcallTpiousTanyTactionTofTyourTorTanyoneTelse'sTt hatTisTsuchTasTit,TandTmayTdenyTtoTbeTpiousTwhateverTisn'tTsuchTasTit."T (EuthyphroT6d-e)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTbecauseTitTcallsTforTaTstandardTfromTwh ichTSocratesTcanTmeasureTanyTclaimTagainst.TTheTessenceTof,TtheTchara cteristicTitselfTisTwhatToneTcanTmeasureTtheTvalueTofTtruthTorTfalsityTfro mTratherTthanTrelyingTonTexamples.TToTbeTtheTjudgeTofTactionsToneTsh ouldThaveTaTstandardTtoTlookTupTto. 2.T"IfTaTpersonTknowsThowTtoTdoTtheTthingsTthatTareTpleasingTtoTtheTgo dsTinTprayerTandTsacrificeT- TthoseTareTtheTonesTthatTareTpious."T(EuthyphroT14b)T- TCorrectTAnswer- WeThaveTheardTthisTfromTEuthyphroTonceTinTtheTtext,TheTcontinuesTtoT giveTexamples.TWhileTweTmightTnowTknowTthatTprayerTandTsacrificeTar eTpiousTacts,TweTknowTnothingTofTtheTessenceTofTpiety.TThisTshowsTthe TlackTofTstrokeTinTdefinitionTwhenTfindingTtheTmeaningTofTpiety. 3.T"I'mTonlyTtooTawareTthatTI'veTnoTclaimTtoTbeingTwiseTinTanythingTeit herTgreatTorTsmall."T(ApologyT21b)T-TCorrectTAnswer-
SocratesTadmitsTnotTbeingTwiseTinTanythingTasTthisTgoesTagainstThisTphi losophy.THeTfirstTtriesTtoTfindTsomeoneTwhoTappearsTtoTbeTwise,TbutTu nderTexaminationTweTfindTthemTtoTbeTunwise.TThisTunveilingTofTignora nceTisTfromTwhereTSocratesTwouldTbeginTtheirTsearchTforTtruth,TbutTinT showingTthatTtheTotherTpersonTisTunwiseTtheyTareTinsulted.TAsTSocrate sTclaims,TtheTOracleTofTDelphiTsaidTthatTnoToneTisTwiserTthanTSocrates,T whichTmeansTtoTsayTthatTSocratesTisTwiseTonlyTbecauseTheTacceptsThisT ignoranceTwhenTpursuingThisTSocraticTmethod.TSocratesTisTwiserTasTheT doesTnotTpretendTtoTaTknowledgeTthatTheTdoesn'tTpossess. 4.T"NeitherTtoTdoTwrongTorTtoTreturnTaTwrongTisTeverTright,TnotTevenTt oTinjureTinTreturnTforTanTinjuryTreceived"T(CritoT48d)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitThingesTonTtheTdecisionTofTwhatTSo cratesTwillTdoTinTtermsTofTdoingTwrongTorTrightTinTfaceTofThisTexecution .TSocratesTactsTonTtheTprincipleTthatTitTisTbetterTtoTsufferTthanTtoTdoTan TinjusticeTbecauseTthereTisTnoTjusticeTinTthisTsituation.TInTbeingTcondem nedTbyTtheTpeopleTofTtheTcityTSocratesTacceptsTtheirTlawsTandTwouldTn otTbreakTtheirTlawsTasTthisTwouldTbeTinjustice,TheTisTconcernedTinTactin gTjustlyTandTthisTisTtheTonlyTconsiderationTthatThasTanyTweight. 5.T"AsTtheTwholeTofTnatureTisTakin,TandTtheTsoulThasTlearnedTeverythin g,TnothingTpreventsTaTman,TafterTrecallingToneTthingTonlyT- TaTprocessTmenTcallTlearningT- TdiscoveringTeverythingTelseTforThimself,TifTheTisTbraveTandTdoesTnotTtir eTofTtheTsearch,TforTsearchingTandTlearningTare,TasTaTwhole,Trecollectio n."T(MenoT81d)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitTrelatesTtoTSocrates'TTheoryTofTRec ollection.TSocratesTwantsTtoTexplainTtheTprocessTofTlearningTasTaTproce ssTofTremembering.TThisTstandsTasTsupportTforTtheTmethodTofThypothe
sisTthroughTinquiry.TIfTlearningTsomethingTisTmerelyTrecallingTit,TthenTi nquiryTitselfTisTtheTfirstTstep,TitTisTtheTprocessToneTgoesTthroughTbefore Trecollecting.TJustTasTwithTtheTmethodTofThypothesisToneTclaimsTtoTaTtr uthTthatToneTbelievesTtoTbeTtrue,TworkingTbackwards,TtheTinquiryTitself TisTcontingentTonTaTclaimTwhichToneTbelievesTtoTbeTtrue.TInTrecallingTfo rToneselfTwhatToneThasTlearnedTtheyTareTrecollectingTtheirTownTknowl edge. 6.T"SoTweTmust,TitTappears,TinquireTintoTtheTqualitiesTofTsomethingTthe TnatureTofTwhichTweTdoTnotTyetTknow.THowever,TpleaseTrelaxTyourTrul eTaTbitTforTmeTandTagreeTtoTinvestigateTwhetherTitTisTteachableTorTnotT byTmeansTofTaThypothesis."T(MenoT 86 Td-e)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTquotationTisTimportantTinTtheTpassageTasTMenoThasTcontinuedTtoTi gnoreTtheTwaysTinTwhichTSocratesTasksTforTanTessenceTratherTthanTexa mples.TSocratesThereTisTintroducingTaTmethodTofThypothesisTasTanTalte rnativeTwayTtoTtackleTtheTquestion.THeTisTcompromisingTwithTMenoTby TusingTthisTmethodTborrowedTfromTgeometers.TSocratesTintroducesTth eTmethodTasTaTformTofTreductionTofToneTquestionTtoTanotherTwhoseTa nswerToneTassumesTtoTbeTtrue.THereTSocratesTintendsTtoTmakeTaTdistin ctionTofTanTattributeTofTvirtueTandTtheTvirtue'sTnature. 7.T"IsTnotTanythingTthatTisTcompositeTandTaTcompoundTbyTnatureTliable TtoTbeTsplitTupTintoTitsTcomponentTparts,TandTonlyTthatTwhichTisTnonco mposite,TifTanything,TisTnotTlikelyTtoTbeTsplitTup?"T(PhaedoT78c)T- TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitTrelatesTtoTtheTArgumentTforTImmo rtalityTofTSoul.TThisTsupportTofTtheTargumentTclaimsTthatTthingsTwhichT areTvariablesTareTcomposite,TandTtheseTcompositeTthingsTareTlikelyTtoT beTbrokenTup.TTheyTareTlikelyTtoTbeTbrokenTupTasTtheyTareTliableTtoTdu
eTtoTtheirTmanyTdifferentTparts.TOnTtheTotherThandTthoseTwhichTareTno ncomposite,TwhichTareTinvariableTcannotTbeTbrokenTupTorTchanged.TSo cratesTultimatelyTgoesTtoTsuggestTthatTtheTbodyTisTcompositeTandTtheTs oulTisTnoncomposite.TJustTasTtheTFormsTmustTbeTnoncomposite,TtheyTa reTnotTmadeTupTofTdifferentTpartsTandTareTneverTchanging,TsoTisTtheTso ul.TWeTcannotTseeTtheTsoul,TratherTweTseeTtheTbody,TandTSocrates'Tfina lTconclusionTcanTbeTscrutinizedTunderThowTweTviewTdeathTasTinTconcer nsTtoTendingTtheTbodyTorTendingTtheTsoul.TThisTquotationTalsoTgivesTits elfTtoTaTclaimTonTphysicalTobjectsTasTtheyTareTcompositeTandTliableTtoTb eTsplitTup,TtheyTareTconstantlyTchanging. 8.T"OneTdayTITheardTsomeoneTreading,TasTheTsaid,TfromTaTbookTofTAnax agoras,TandTsayingTthatTitTisTMindTthatTdirectsTandTisTtheTcauseTofTever ything."T(PhaedoT97b)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitToffersTaThistoricalTrecollectionTofTS ocrates'TearlierTteachingsTandThowTheTcomesTtoTcreateThisTprocessTofTh ypothesis.TAnaxagoras,TasTaTnaturalTphilosopher,TdealtTwithTthingsTinTt heTphysicalTworldTexplainingTthemTasTdueTtoTtheTcauseTandTorderTofTth eTMind.TThisTseemsTparadoxicalTtoTSocratesTasTitToffersThimTknowledg eTbutTnotTself- knowledge;ToneTcanTcontinueTtoTexplainThowTsomethingTisT(andTthisTin TitselfTisTaTnecessaryTconditionTforTwhatToneTisTdiscussing),TbutTcomesT noTcloserTasTtoTwhyTitTisTso.TSocrates,TwhileTenjoyingTtheTclaimsTofTAna xagoras,TseesTthatThisTexplanationTdoesTnotTguideThimTcloserTtoTtheTtr uth.TThisTleadsTSocratesTtoTadoptingTaTsecondTprocessTtowardsTknowle dgeTwhichTisTtheTmethodTofThypothesis. 9.T"TakingTasTmyThypothesisTinTeachTcaseTtheTtheoryTthatTseemedTtoTm eTmostTcompelling,TITwouldTconsiderTasTtrue,TaboutTcauseTandTeverythi
ngTelse,TwhateverTagreedTwithTthis,TandTasTuntrueTwhateverTdidTnotTs oTagree.T...TITturnTbackTtoTthoseToft- mentionedTthingsTandTproceedTfromTthem.TITassumeTtheTexistenceTofT aTBeautiful,TitselfTbyTitself,TofTaTGoodTandTaTGreatTandTallTtheTrest"T(Ph aedoT100a-b).T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTSocratesTillustratesThowToneTisTtoTgo TaboutTinTadoptingTaT"methodTofThypothesis".TItTisTinTassumingTwhatev erTprincipleTorTconceptionTseemsTstrongestTandTthenTseeingTwhatTfollo wsTfromTitTthatTtheTmethodTofThypothesisTworksTon.TInTassumingTtheTe xistenceTofT"aTBeautiful",T"aTGood",T"aTGreat"TSocratesTisTchoosingTthe TmostTcompellingTprincipleTfromTwhichTheTcanTbeingThisTmethodTofThy pothesis.TThisTisTsimilarTtoThowTheTintroducesTtheTForms,TratherTthanTt ryingTtoTproveTtheirTexistence,TheTmerelyTassertsTthatTitTisTinTtheTassu mptionT(inThypotheticalTthinkingTitself)TthatTtheyTexist.TSocratesTisTtryi ngTtoTfillTinTtheTgapsTwhichTweTcomeTtoTfaceTfromThisTearlierTmethodT withTexamplesTandTexplanations. 10.T"Didn'tTweTsayTearlierTthatTifTsomethingTturnedToutTbothTtoTbeTand TnotTtoTbeTatTtheTsameTtime,TitTwouldTlieTinTbetweenTwhatTpurelyTisTan dTwhatTinTeveryTwayTisTnot,TandTthatTneitherTknowledgeTnorTignorance TwouldTdealTwithTit;TbutTwhateverTitTwasTagainTthatTturnedToutTtoTlieTb etweenTignoranceTandTknowledgeTwould?"T(RepublicT5.T478d)T- TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitTisTaTsupportTforTSocrates'TArgume ntTbetweenTKnowledgeTandTOpinion.TInTthisTsupportTSocratesTattempt sTtoTshowTthatTopinionTisTinTaTgrayTareaTofT"whatTis"TbetweenTknowled geTandTignorance.TInTthisTsupportTknowledgeTisTonlyTsoTifTitTisTknowled geTofT"whatTis"TwhileTignoranceTisTtheToppositeTtheT"whatTisTnot".TWeT canTseeTthatTopinionTliesTbetweenTboth,TandTweTcanTconcludeTfromTth atTthatTopinionTliesTbetweenT"whatTis"TandT"whatTisTnot".TTheTdifferen
ceTinTfacultiesTbetweenTknowledgeTandTopinionsTshowsTthatTtheyTareT attachedTtoTdifferentTobjectsTrespectively.TIfTweTtakeTopinionTasTsome thingTwhichTisTbetweenT"whatTis"TandT"whatTisTnot"TtheTobjectTtoTwhic hTitTrefersTtoTmustTfollowTtheTsameTcondition,TweTcanTseeTtheTexistenc eTofTsensibleTobjectsTfromTthisTconclusion. 11.T"ByTtheTotherTsubsectionTofTtheTintelligibleTITmeanTwhatTreasonTits elfTgraspsTbyTtheTpowerTofTdialecticalTdiscussion,TtreatingTitsThypothes es,TnotTasTfirstTprinciples,TbutTasTgenuineThypothesesT...TinTorderTtoTarr iveTatTwhatTisTunhypotheticalTandTtheTfirstTprincipleTofTeverything."T(R epublicT6.T511b)T-TCorrectTAnswer- ThisTquotationTisTimportantTasTitTrelatesTtoThowTPlatoTshowsTtheTrelati onTbetweenTtheTphysicalTworldTandTtheTworldTofTForms.TTheTphysicalT worldTisTaTreflectionTofTtheTmoreTrealTandT"true"TworldTofTForms.TKno wledgeTofTtheTphysicalTworldTisTnotToneTtheTsameTplaneTasTknowledgeT ofTForms,TitTisTofTaTlowerTorder.TThisTisTanTascensionTofTaTrelativeTtruthT andTrealityTtoTtheThighestTrelativeTtruthTandTreality,TfromTopinionT(beli efTconcerningTvisibleTthings)TtoTknowledgeT(understandingTofTonlyTtheT intelligible).TTheTpsycheTviewsTallThypotheses,TalwaysTmovingTtowards TaTfirstTprinciple. 12.T"SoTanotherTcharacterTofTlargenessTwillThaveTmadeTitsTappearance, TalongsideTlargenessTitselfTandTtheTthingsTwhichThaveTaTshareTofTit;Tand ToverTandTaboveTallTthose,Tagain,TaTdifferentTone,TbyTwhichTtheyTwillTal lTbeTlarge.TAndTthenTeachTofTtheTcharactersTwillTnoTlongerTbeToneTforTy ou,TbutTunlimitedTinTmultitude."T(ParmenidesT132a-b)T- TCorrectTAnswer-ThisTisTanTimportantTquotationTasTitTisTaTself- criticismTbyTPlatoTforThisTownTtheoryTofTForms.TThisTquotationTisTtheT"l argenessTregress"TwhichTconcernsTtheTqualitiesTofTobjectsTandTtheTorig
inalTForm.THigherTformsTunderTwhichTtheToriginalTformTandTparticularT objectsTparticipateTinTforTtheTsameTqualityTcanTgoTonTindefinitely.TTheT originalTcommonTqualityTofTtheseTobjectsTcanTneverTbeTexplained.TObj ectsTandTtheTqualitiesTwhichTtheyThaveTareTmadeTinTtheTimageTofTtheTF orms,TsoTifToneTthingTisTtheTimageTofTanotherTtheTtwoTobjectsTmustTres embleToneTanother.TThereTisTaThigherTFormTwhichTexplainsTtheTresemb lanceTandTthisTcanTgoTonTforever,TtheTcommonTqualityTcanTnotTbeTexpl ainedTifTcontinuouslyTbeingTregressedTintoTanTinfiniteTnumberTofTForm s.TAccordingTtoTPlatoTanythingTthatTtakesTpartTinTmanyTthings,TobjectsT themselves,TmustTitselfTbeTmany.TButTthisTcontradictsTOnenessTwhichT PlatoTassumesTtoTbeTtrue.